高稳定性Ni/SBA-15催化剂的结构特征及其对二氧化碳重整甲烷反应的催化性能

 采用浸渍法制备了Ni含量为2.5%～20%的系列Ni/SBA-15催化剂,在常压连续流动固定床反应器上考察了催化剂对二氧化碳重整甲烷制合成气的催化性能,并用X射线衍射和N2吸附法研究了Ni/SBA-15催化剂的结构特征. 结果表明, Ni/SBA-15催化剂具有很高的CH4和CO2转化率, 12.5%Ni/SBA-15催化剂在800 ℃反应600 h后活性没有明显下降,但反应710 h后CH4的转化率下降了约50%, CO2的转化率下降了约25%. 其活性下降的主要原因是催化剂积炭. 在高温条件下反应时, SBA-15的介孔结构也没有遭到破坏,分子筛的孔壁能有效阻止活性组分Ni的团聚. SBA-15孔中组装一定量的Ni活性组分后,除了SBA-15的介孔外,还会形成另外一种较小的孔,但这不影响SBA-15的有序介孔结构,只是其孔径、孔容和BET比表面积降低.     

介孔Ni-β-Mo2C/SBA-16催化剂在CH4/CO2重整制合成气反应中的催化性能

采用等体积浸渍将双金属活性组分负载到介孔分子筛SBA-16上,通过热分解制备了负载型催化剂Ni--Mo2C/SBA-16.N2吸附-脱附、X射线粉末衍射和透射电镜等结果表明,引入活性组分后,样品依然保持原有的有序介孔结构,活性组分高度分散于载体上,没有团聚.在CH4/CO2重整制合成气反应中,Ni--Mo2C/SBA-16催化剂具有较高的CH4和CO2转化率,以及CO和H2选择性,有明显的抗积炭作用.     

氮化SBA-16负载镍基催化剂的制备及其对甲烷二氧化碳重整反应的催化性能

通过软模板法合成了SBA-16分子筛,采用高温氨气氮化的方法使有序介孔硅材料中的氧原子部分被氮原子取代,得到氮化的SBA-16载体(SBA-16-N)。采用满孔浸渍法制备了镍基催化剂,并将制得的Ni/SBA-16和Ni/SBA-16-N催化剂用于甲烷二氧化碳重整反应。通过透射电镜、氮气物理吸附、X射线衍射、X射线光电子能谱和二氧化碳程序升温脱附等手段研究了载体和催化剂的结构,并利用热重分析对反应之后回收催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,高温氮化后的分子筛中掺入了氮元素,增加了载体的碱性,改善了载体对反应气体的吸附活化能力,增强了载体与金属之间的相互作用,从而提高了催化剂的活性和抗积炭性能。     

α-和γ-环糊精改性法制备的Ni/SBA-15催化剂的物化性质及其在甲烷二氧化碳重整中的催化性能

以多羟基有机物α-或γ-环糊精为分散促进剂制备了Ni/SBA-15催化剂,通过N2吸附-脱附、X射线衍射、透射电镜、程序升温还原和热重等手段对该催化剂的物理化学性质进行了表征,并将其应用于甲烷二氧化碳重整(CRM)制合成气反应。结果显示,与采用传统浸渍法制备的Ni/SBA-15催化剂相比,采用α-或γ-环糊精改性法制备的催化剂具有更小的NiO颗粒,并在CRM中显示出更高的催化活性及更强的抗积碳性能。机理研究表明,采用传统浸渍法制备Ni/SBA-15催化剂时,浸渍液中的Ni2+主要在浓度梯度的作用下逐渐进入到SBA-15孔道内部, Ni2+水合物容易团聚,分散程度较低;而采用α-或γ-环糊精改性方法制备催化剂时,在水溶液中Ni2+与环糊精形成包覆物,环糊精携带Ni2+进入SBA-15孔道内,并且环糊精的存在使得Ni2+之间相互隔离,以高度分散形态存在于SBA-15孔道表面,有利于后续热处理中NiO在载体上较好地分散。     

α-和γ-环糊精改性法制备的Ni/SBA-15催化剂的物化性质及其在甲烷二氧化碳重整中的催化性能

以多羟基有机物α-或γ-环糊精为分散促进剂制备了Ni/SBA-15催化剂，通过N2吸附-脱附、X射线衍射、透射电镜、程序升温还原和热重等手段对该催化剂的物理化学性质进行了表征，并将其应用于甲烷二氧化碳重整(CRM)制合成气反应。结果显示，与采用传统浸渍法制备的Ni/SBA-15催化剂相比，采用α-或γ-环糊精改性法制备的催化剂具有更小的NiO颗粒，并在CRM中显示出更高的催化活性及更强的抗积碳性能。机理研究表明，采用传统浸渍法制备Ni/SBA-15催化剂时，浸渍液中的Ni2+主要在浓度梯度的作用下逐渐进入到SBA-15孔道内部， Ni2+水合物容易团聚，分散程度较低；而采用α-或γ-环糊精改性方法制备催化剂时，在水溶液中Ni2+与环糊精形成包覆物，环糊精携带Ni2+进入SBA-15孔道内，并且环糊精的存在使得Ni2+之间相互隔离，以高度分散形态存在于SBA-15孔道表面，有利于后续热处理中NiO在载体上较好地分散。     

催化剂Ce-SO2-4/SBA-15的固相合成及其催化性能

以介孔分子筛SBA-15为载体,采用固相研磨法将Ce和SO2-4 同时掺杂在SBA-15中,合成了Ce-SO2-4/SBA-15负载型催化剂(Cat).用IR, XRD, TEM,低温N2吸附-脱附,TG和NH3-TPD等方法对Cat的结构性质及其表面酸性进行了研究.结果表明,Cat保持高度有序的一维六方介孔结构,且具有弱酸中心和中强酸中心.用Hammett指示剂法测得其表面酸强度为0.99～1.80,表明Cat为固体酸.将Cat用于催化合成乙酸正丁酯,正交实验结果表明:在冰乙酸0.126 mol, n(冰乙酸): n(正丁醇)=1.0 : 1.2, Cat 375 mg,回流反应140 min的较佳反应条件下,酯化率达97.45%.     

Nd,Ce和La改性对Ni/SBA-15催化剂在CH4/CO2重整反应中性能的影响

以稀土金属Nd,Ce或La的氧化物为助剂,采用β-环糊精浸渍法对Ni/SBA-15催化剂进行了改性,并运用X射线衍射、N₂吸附-脱附、程序升温还原和热重等手段考察了改性的催化剂在CO₂重整CH₄制合成气反应中的催化性能. 结果表明,Nd等稀土金属氧化物的添加对催化剂孔结构和晶相结构等性质影响不大,但可影响NiO的还原; Nd的添加使NiO与载体之间以Ni-Nd-O形式相互作用,促进了活性组分NiO的还原. 其中,Nd的添加量为5-10 wt%时所制备的催化剂在重整反应中的催化活性最高,且具有很强的抗积碳性能. La和Ce氧化物促进的Ni催化剂也表现出类似的性质和催化性能.     

羟基磷灰石负载Ni催化剂中Ni含量对催化甲烷二氧化碳重整制合成气性能的影响

以低温沉淀方法制备的羟基磷灰石(HAp)为载体,采用浸渍法制备了一系列不同Ni含量的Ni/HAp催化剂,并采用BET、H2-TPR、XRD、SEM、FT-IR、TEM和TG-DTA技术对催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,NiO含量为13%的催化剂表现出最好的催化甲烷二氧化碳重整制合成气活性,在850℃、空速3.6×104mL/(h·gcat)的反应条件下,甲烷和二氧化碳的转化率在10 h内分别稳定在72%和83%。这主要归因于催化剂中金属和载体之间的强相互作用。虽然反应后的催化剂表面有少量的积炭,但这些积炭多以丝状炭存在,并不会影响催化剂的活性和稳定性。     

WxC/SBA-16催化剂的制备、表征及催化加氢脱硫性能

以正硅酸乙酯为硅源, 仲钨酸铵为钨源, P123和F127为混合模板剂,采用水热晶化法一步合成了不同钨含量(以n(Si):n(W)表示)的WO3/SBA-16, 然后经甲烷/氢气(V(CH4)/V(H2)=1/4)混和气体程序升温还原碳化(TPC), 制备出了WxC/SBA-16(x=1, 2)催化剂. 采用XRD、N2-吸附/脱附、TEM和FTIR等分析测试技术对样品的结构进行了表征, 并以噻吩作为模型化合物, 对WxC/SBA-16催化剂的加氢脱硫催化活性进行了评价. 结果表明, 在一定钨含量的条件下, WO3/SBA-16和WxC/SBA-16样品仍然保持立方笼状介孔结构, 当n(Si):n(W)为30-10时, 碳化钨的物相为W2C; n(Si):n(W)为7.5时, 碳化钨的物相为W2C和WC. WxC/SBA-16催化剂表现出了良好的加氢脱硫催化性能.     

介孔Ni/CaO-ZrO2纳米复合物催化甲烷和二氧化碳重整

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了一种具有高热稳定性的介孔Ni/CaO-ZrO2纳米复合物.此纳米复合物在甲烷/二氧化碳重整中表现出较高的活性和稳定性,且经连续运行50h后,其催化活性没有明显降低,稳定性显著高于Ni/Al2O3或Ni/SiO2负载型催化剂.这是由于反应过程中纳米Ni颗粒尺寸被有效稳定以及碱性组分CaO的存在,催化剂中相互嵌合的Ni,ZrO2和CaO的颗粒尺寸均为10nm左右,堆积形成了海绵状的介孔结构.CaO的存在使催化剂具有较强的碱性,促进了反应物CO2的化学吸附和解离.     

Effect of Ni Loading and CexZr1-xO2 Promoter on Ni-Based SBA-15 Catalysts for Steam Reforming of Methane

A series of Ni/SBA-15 catalysts with Ni contents ranging from 5wt% to 20wt% as well as 10wt%Ni/10wt?xZn-xO2/SBA-15 (z=0, 0.5, 1) were prepared. The structures of the catalysts were characterized using XRD, TPR, TEM and BET techniques. The catalytic activities of the catalysts for steam reforming of methane were evaluated in a continuous flow microreactor. The results indicated that both the Ni/SBA-15 and the Ni/CexZr1-xO2/SBA-15 catalysts had good catalytic activities at atmospheric pressure. The 10wt%Ni/SBA-15 catalyst exhibited excellent stability at 800癈 for time on stream of 740 h. After the reaction, carbon deposits were not formed on the surface of the catalyst. There existed a regular hexagonal mesoporous structure in the Ni/SBA-15 and the Ni/CexZr1-xO2/SBA-15 catalysts. The nickel species and the CexZr1-xO2 component were all confined in the SBA-15 mesopores. The CexZr1-xO2 could promote dispersion of the nickel species in the Ni/CexZr1-xO2/SBA-15 catalysts.     

Carbon Dioxide Reforming of Methane to Synthesis Gas Over Ni/MgO-Al2O3-AlPO4 Catalysts

Carbon dioxide reforming of methane to synthesis gas was studied over Ni/MgO-Al₂O₃-AlPO₄ catalysts. The conventional Ni/Al₂O₃ and Ni/MgO-Al₂O₃ catalysts were included for comparison. These catalysts were characterized by nitrogen adsorption and hydrogen chemisorption. The results show that Ni/MgO-Al₂O₃-AlPO₄ was more active than the other two catalysts especially at high reaction temperatures. MgO-Al₂O₃-AlPO₄ has a large pore diameter with a very uniform pore size distribution. It can overcome the pore diffusion effect under high temperature reaction conditions.     

甲烷与二氧化碳催化重整制取合成气催化剂

甲烷自然资源丰富,并且也可利用生物质通过发酵制备,而将甲烷与二氧化碳催化重整制取合成气是同时利用两种温室气体的一条有效途径,对清洁能源和环保具有重大意义。近年来,由于该方法与其他技术相比具有较大优势,催化剂、反应机理及一些非常规手段的研究引起了科学界广泛关注。本文概述了近几年来甲烷与二氧化碳催化重整催化剂的活性组分、载体、助催化剂、催化剂积炭行为及制备方法等研究新进展,归纳了影响催化剂抗积炭能力的因素,重点介绍了负载型双金属催化剂、复合氧化物催化剂、介孔型催化剂、金属氧化物载体的活性及稳定性,催化剂制备方法对催化活性和抗积炭能力的影响,催化剂抗积炭方法及等离子体技术的应用等研究,包括普遍认为反应主要受到表面氧原子、表面氢原子与催化剂表面活性位三者影响的反应机理,并展望了双金属催化剂、钙钛矿型催化剂、介孔型催化剂及等离子体协同催化技术的应用及催化机理的研究等发展前景。     

Syngas Production by Methane Reforming with Carbon Dioxide on Noble Metal Catalysts

A series of noble metal catalysts (Ru, Rh, Ir, Pt, and Pd) supported on alumina-stabilized magnesia (Spinel) were used to produce syngas by methane reforming with carbon dioxide. The synthesized catalysts were characterized using BET, TPR, TPO, TPH, and H2S chemisorption techniques. The activity results showed high activity and stability for the Ru and Rh catalysts. The TPO and TPH analyses indicated that the main reason for lower activity and stability of the Pd catalyst was the formation of the less reactive deposited carbon and sintering of the catalyst.     

Pt／SBA-15、Pt／SBA-16催化剂的合成、表征及甲烷催化燃烧性能

以Na2SiO3.9H2O为硅源,H2PtCl6为铂源,水热法一步合成了Pt质量分数约1%的Pt/SBA-15和Pt/SBA-16催化剂.采用XRF、XRD、HRTEM等方法对样品进行了表征.在微型固定床反应器中考察了催化剂的甲烷催化燃烧性能.结果表明:合成的Pt/SBA-15和Pt/SBA-16样品分别具有SBA-15和SBA-16的高度有序的介孔结构;通过这种简便、低成本的方法可将Pt颗粒高分散地引入到样品的孔道内;催化剂表现出了较好的甲烷催化燃烧性能,在常压、原料气为含3.5%CH4的空气和GHSV=6000mL/(gcat.h)的反应条件下,在大约580℃下甲烷即可完全转化.     

不同方法制备的Ni／ZrO2-CeO2-Al2O3催化剂对CH4-CO2重整反应的催化性能

 采用水热合成法、溶胶凝胶法和共沉淀－负载法制备了相同NiO含量的Ni／ZrO2－CeO2－Al2O3催化剂，考察了它们在CH4－CO2重整反应中的催化性能及稳定性，测定了积碳量．用CO2程序升温脱附方法测试了它们的CO2吸附性能，用H2程序升温脱附方法测试了表面Ni的分散度．结果表明，随温度升高，CH4和CO2转化率降低的顺序是：溶胶凝胶法≈共沉淀－负载法＞水热合成法，并且反应产物中n（CO）／n（H2）比随温度升高而降低．水热法和共沉淀－负载法制备的催化剂稳定性好，且前者的活性比后者高；溶胶凝胶法制得的催化剂活性较高，但易失活．积碳量大小顺序是：水热法＞溶胶凝胶法＞共沉淀－负载法．与其他方法制备的催化剂相比，水热法制备的催化剂对CO2的吸附量更大，\r\n而且积碳主要存在于载体上，从而保证了催化剂的稳定性．     

Study on the Reaction Mechanism for Carbon Dioxide Reforming of Methane over supported Nickel Catalyst

The adsorption and dissociation of methane and carbon dioxide for reforming on nickel catalyst were extensively investigated by TPSR and TPD experiments. It showed that the decomposition of methane results in the formation of at least three kinds of surface carbon species on supported nickel catalyst, while CO2 adsorbed on the catalyst weakly and only existed in one kind of adsorption state. Then the mechanism of interaction between the species dissociated from CH4 and CO2 during reforming was proposed.     

Studies on the Adsorption and Dissociation of Methane and Carbon Dioxide on Nickel Catalysts

The adsorption and dissociation of methane and carbon dioxide for reforming on nickel catalysts were extensively investigated by TPSR, TPD, XPS and pulse reaction methods. These studies showed that the decomposition of methane results in the formation of at least three kinds of surface carbon species on supported nickel catalysts. Carbidic Cα, carbonaceous Cβ and carbidic clusters C-γ surface carbon species formed by the decomposition of methane demonstrated different surface mobility, thermal stability and reactivity. Carbidic Cα is a very active and important intermediate in carbon dioxide reforming with methane, and the carbidic clusters Cγ species might be the precursor of surface carbon deposition. The partially dehydrogenated Cβ species can react with H2 or CO2 to form CH4 or CO. On the other hand, it was proven that CO2 can be weakly adsorbed on supported nickel catalysts, and only one kind of CO2 adsorption state is formed. The interaction mechanism between the species dissociated from CH4     

Carbon dioxide reforming of methane over Ni/Mo/SBA-15-La2O3 catalyst: Its characterization and catalytic performance

The Ni/Mo/SBA-15 catalyst was modified by La2O3 in order to improve its thermal stability and carbon deposition resistance during the CO2 reforming of methane to syngas. The catalytic performance, thermal stability, structure, dispersion of nickel and carbon deposition of the modified and unmodified catalysts were comparatively investigated by many characterization techniques such as N2 adsorption, H2-TPR, CO2-TPD, XRD, FT-IR and SEM. It was found that the major role of La2O3 additive was to improve the pore structure and inhibit carbon deposition on the catalyst surface. The La2O3 modified Ni/Mo/SBA-15 catalyst possessed a mesoporous structure and high surface area. The high surface area of the La2O3 modified catalysts resulted in strong interaction between Ni and Mo-La, which improved the dispersion of Ni, and retarded the sintering of Ni during the CO2 reforming process. The reaction evaluation results also showed that the La2O3 modified Ni/Mo/SBA-15 catalysts exhibited high stability.