热波传递过程中的熵产分析

傅里叶导热定律导出的温度演化方程将得出无限大的热扰动传播速率。为了克服这个问题,一些修正导热模型被提出,可以得到双曲型温度方程,保证有限的热波传播速率。但是,新的传热模型得出的温度演化将使现有的不可逆热力学中熵产不能保持正定。拓展不可逆热力学通过修正熵以及熵产的表达式,使双曲导热也能得到正定的熵产率。热质理论用力学的概...     

半透明梯度折射率介质内辐射熵传递方程及其数值模拟

在非相干辐射条件下,基于Planck光谱辐射熵强度定义,导出半透明梯度折射率介质内光谱辐射熵传递方程,以及局部辐射熵产率理论表达式.基于离散坐标法对辐射熵传递方程进行数值求解.以一维半透明梯度介质平板为例,对辐射熵方程及其算法进行验证.平板整体无因次辐射熵产的计算结果与宏观热力学定律的结果一致.     

虚时路径积分的广义四阶拆分方法及其谐振子分析

虚时路径积分方法是计算实际体系量子热力学性质的有效工具. 本文重点分析讨论了基于二阶和四阶拆分的虚时路径积分的有效性,给出谐振子体系配分函数统一的解析形式,进而得到其热力学性质和主要误差的表达式. 通过去除谐振子配分函数的主要误差,广义对称四阶拆分中的自由参数得以固定,以此计算实际体系的热力学量可以达到期望的三阶精度.     

多孔介质对流干燥外部传热传质的非平衡热力学理论

从非平衡热力学理论出发,以广义热力学力作为传质过程驱动势,建立了描述多孔介质恒速干燥阶段外部对流传热传质过程的热力学理论模型,并进行了数值计算,计算值与已有的实验数据吻合较好;同时,还将计算结果与传统的理论进行了比较,结果表明,非平衡热力学理论更能反映过程的物理本质。     

计入固液界面作用的润滑热力学模型与分析

摩擦与润滑过程是典型的能量耗散过程, 在机理上与非平衡热力学中的熵增、耗散结构等理论颇有相似之处. 通过热力学分析可以对一些典型的摩擦磨损过程做出合理的机理揭示与推测. 本文利用热力学理论对典型的润滑过程进行了建模分析. 采用分离压模型表征和计入了微尺度下的固液界面作用, 揭示分析了润滑热力学模型与润滑状态Stribeck曲线的联系. 从分析计算结果来看, 润滑Stribeck曲线的摩擦系数最低点与系统热力学上的熵增率最低点具有相当好的对应关系, 而润滑状态从弹流润滑向薄膜润滑的转变过程, 可以用耗散结构理论加以机理解释. 文中的热力学模型和方法能够有效地体现出润滑过程中多物理要素跨尺度非线性耦合的作用, 对实际工程与实验有着重要的指导作用.     

高温超导体的热力学性质的研究

以一个修正的依赖时间的金兹堡朗道理论和层状模型去研究高温超导体的热力学性质.计算各向异性超导体的热容量等一些热力学量,并且得到了超导体的熵、能、热容量的具体表达式,并与最近的实验数据进行比较,结果一致符合 关键词： 热容量 热力学量 高温超导体     

满足热力学第三定律的修正的黑洞的熵公式

认为黑洞的熵正比于视界面积的熵公式S=A/4不能满足热力学第三定律,提出了新的熵公式,它既能满足热力学第三定律,又能推出黑洞的温度的表达式. 关键词： 黑洞 熵 热力学第三定律     

纳米多晶体的热力学函数及其在相变热力学中的应用

以往关于纳米材料热力学的研究，绝大多数以界面的热力学函数表征整体纳米材料的热力学性质，这种近似处理，对于尺寸超过几十纳米的较粗纳米材料，在相变热力学中对特征转变温度和临界尺寸等重要参量的预测，将导致很大误差. 应用“界面膨胀模型”和普适状态方程，研究了纳米晶界的热力学特性，进一步发展了纳米晶整体材料热力学函数的计算模型，给出了单相纳米多晶体的焓、熵和吉布斯自由能随界面过剩体积、温度，以及晶粒尺寸发生变化的明确表达式. 以Co纳米晶为例，分析了界面与整体纳米多晶体热力学函数的差异，确定了相变温度与晶粒尺寸的依赖关系，以及一定温度下可能发生相变的临界尺寸. 关键词： 纳米多晶体 热力学函数 相变热力学     

广义不确定性原理下费米气体低温热力学性质

在考虑到广义不确定性原理时, 统计物理中的态密度必须做出修正, 这导致对传统统计物理的所有结果都有不同程度的修正. 在高能、高温条件下, 此修正是颠覆传统观念的, 在低温条件下, 也有一定的修正. 研究了低温条件下考虑到广义不确定性原理时, 理想费米气体和具有弱相互作用费米气体的热力学性质, 分别给出理想费米气体和弱相互作用费米气体的化学势、内能和定容热容的解析表达式, 并以铜电子气体为例进行了具体数值计算, 将计算结果与不考虑广义不确定性原理时的费米气体的热力学性质进行了比较, 探讨了广义不确定性原理对系统热力学性质的影响. 考虑到广义不确定性原理后费米气体的化学势、费米能和基态能增大, 热容减少, 内能随温度的增加先增大, 到某一温度(对于铜电子气体, T/T_F0～0.3)时, 增值为零, 温度再增加内能减少. 这些修正的具体数值主要由粒子数密度决定, 粒子数密度越大, 修正越大.     

(火积)理论在热功转换过程中的应用探讨

分析和讨论了(火积)理论在热功转换过程的应用及其局限性.对Carnot循环的分析表明,Carnot循环中系统的(火积)是平衡的,但(火积)和熵之间不存在dG=T2dS这样的联系.对于一般热力学过程,分析表明,在热量传递到内可逆循环中间接对外做功时,现有的(火积)理论可用于系统的分析.讨论了热功转换过程分析中(火积)理论与熵理论的不同.分析表明,两个理论的分析角度及优化输出功的前提条件是不同的.熵产从可用能损失的角度分析热功转换过程,而(火积)理论则从热量势能消耗的角度.当输入系统的可用能给定或者输入系统的热量及热量进、出系统的热力学力给定时,熵产最小化对应于输出功最大;对于(火积)理论,则当输入系统的热量及热量进、出系统的温度给定时,最大(火积)损失对应于最大输出功.同时,它们各自均有局限性.当相应的前提条件不满足时,最大(火积)损失或最小熵产可能不与最大输出功相对应.     

TheH theorem and irreversible thermodynamics

Following a method first introduced by Prigogine, theH theorem is written as the law of increase of entropy for a slightly inhomogeneous gas. It is shown that the local rate of entropy production for such a gas is simply a homogeneous quadratic form of the generalized forces associated with the various irreversible processes with coefficients possessing all the properties of the phenomenological coefficients of irreversible thermodynamics. The local rate of entropy production is explicitly evaluated for a simple monatomic gas and is compared with the corresponding expression of irreversible thermodynamics.     

The discovery of thermodynamics

Abstract

Based on the idea that a scientific journal is also an “agora” (Greek: market place) for the exchange of ideas and scientific concepts, the history of thermodynamics between 1800 and 1910 as documented in the Philosophical Magazine Archives is uncovered. Famous scientists such as Joule, Thomson (Lord Kelvin), Clausius, Maxwell or Boltzmann shared this forum. Not always in the most friendly manner. It is interesting to find out, how difficult it was to describe in a scientific (mathematical) language a phenomenon like “heat”, to see, how long it took to arrive at one of the fundamental principles in physics: entropy. Scientific progress started from the simple rule of Boyle and Mariotte dating from the late eighteenth century and arrived in the twentieth century with the concept of probabilities. Thermodynamics was the driving intellectual force behind the industrial revolution, behind the enormous social changes caused by this revolution. The history of thermodynamics is a fascinating story, which also gives insights into the mechanism that seem to govern science.     

热惯性对热弹性行为影响的渐近分析

当热作用时间或受热器件结构尺寸呈现微尺度特征时, 热流运动的惯性效应将对热量的传递过程产生显著地影响. 基于热质的概念, 依据牛顿力学原理引入用于描述热质运动的热波方程, 结合各向同性材料的本构关系, 构建了计及热流运动惯性效应的广义热弹性动力学模型. 利用超常传热的微尺度特征, 采用解析的方法对半无限大体外表面受热冲击作用的一维问题进行了渐近求解. 通过对热波、热弹性波的传播和各物理场分布的分析以及与已有广义热弹性理论预测结果的对比, 揭示了热流运动的惯性效应对热弹性行为的影响. 结果表明：热量的传递除了受到热流加速的时间惯性影响之外, 热流运动的空间惯性也对传热行为产生影响, 当计及空间惯性时, 热波、热弹性波的波速、波前位置, 各物理场的建立时间、阶跃峰值及阶跃间隔均受到不同程度的影响. 关键词： 热惯性 热质运动 广义热弹性动力学模型 渐近分析     

Minimization of Entropy Generation Rate in Hydrogen Iodide Decomposition Reactor Heated by High-Temperature Helium

The thermochemical sulfur-iodine cycle is a potential method for hydrogen production, and the hydrogen iodide (HI) decomposition is the key step to determine the efficiency of hydrogen production in the cycle. To further reduce the irreversibility of various transmission processes in the HI decomposition reaction, a one-dimensional plug flow model of HI decomposition tubular reactor is established, and performance optimization with entropy generate rate minimization (EGRM) in the decomposition reaction system as an optimization goal based on finite-time thermodynamics is carried out. The reference reactor is heated counter-currently by high-temperature helium gas, the optimal reactor and the modified reactor are designed based on the reference reactor design parameters. With the EGRM as the optimization goal, the optimal control method is used to solve the optimal configuration of the reactor under the condition that both the reactant inlet state and hydrogen production rate are fixed, and the optimal value of total EGR in the reactor is reduced by 13.3% compared with the reference value. The reference reactor is improved on the basis of the total EGR in the optimal reactor, two modified reactors with increased length are designed under the condition of changing the helium inlet state. The total EGR of the two modified reactors are the same as that of the optimal reactor, which are realized by decreasing the helium inlet temperature and helium inlet flow rate, respectively. The results show that the EGR of heat transfer accounts for a large proportion, and the decrease of total EGR is mainly caused by reducing heat transfer irreversibility. The local total EGR of the optimal reactor distribution is more uniform, which approximately confirms the principle of equipartition of entropy production. The EGR distributions of the modified reactors are similar to that of the reference reactor, but the reactor length increases significantly, bringing a relatively large pressure drop. The research results have certain guiding significance to the optimum design of HI decomposition reactors.     

Thermodynamics of the black holes under the extended generalized uncertainty principle with linear terms

In this paper, we employ the extended generalized uncertainty principle with linear terms (LEGUP) to investigate the thermodynamics properties of the Schwarzschild and Reissner–Nordström (RN) black holes. Firstly, by constructing the theoretical framework of LEGUP, the minimal temperature of the Schwarzschild black hole and the modified mass–temperature function for the black hole are calculated. Furthermore, the heat capacity function for the Schwarzschild black hole is obtained. After that, we compare LEGUP black hole thermodynamics with EGUP black hole and with the usual forms. Besides, the modification of black hole entropy is discussed, which involves a heuristic analysis of particles absorbed by the black hole. Finally, we derive the LEGUP-corrected temperature, heat capacity and entropy functions of the RN black hole.     

Entropy Bound Derived from the New Thermodynamics on Holographic Screen

We introduce a new interpretation of chemical potential and show that holographic entropy is entropy bound, which is supported by two ideal cases discussed in detail. One is sparse but incompressible liquid like a star of uniform density and the other is a screen at infinity in spherically symmetric spacetime. Our work is based on the new scenario of entropy force and holographic thermodynamics, and the Brown-York quasi-local energy.     

强迫耗散系统的有序结构和系统的发展(Ⅰ)，最小熵产生原理和有序结构

一个系统的发展总是由不可逆热力过程和非线性动力过程所驱动.将大气动力学方程组同考虑了动能变化的Gibbs关系结合起来构建的熵平衡方程，才能更好地描述大气系统的不可逆热力过程和非线性动力过程.至今非平衡态热力学仅利用Onsager线性唯象关系证明了最小熵产生原理.利用新建立的熵平衡方程和大气动力学方程的性质证明，最小熵产生原理在热力学线性区和非线性区都是普遍成立的.且当热量输送平衡、水汽输送平衡和动量输送平衡时，系统达到不可逆过程最弱的最小熵产生热力学状态.当系统又是动力平衡且无平流时，这种最小熵产生态就是 关键词： 非线性热力学 熵产生 最小熵产生原理 有序结构     

Thermodynamical Aspects of Modified Holographic Dark Energy Model

We investigate the unified first law and the generalized second law in a modified holographic dark energy model. The thermodynamical analysis on the apparent horizon can work and the corresponding entropy formula is extracted from the systematic algorithm. The entropy correction term depends on the extra-dimension number of the brane as expected, but the interplay between the correction term and the extra dimensions is more complicated. With the unified first law of thermodynamics well-founded, the generalized second law of thermodynamics is discussed and it is found that the second law can be violated in certain circumstances. Particularly, if the number of the extra dimensions is larger than one, the generalized law of thermodynamics is always satisfied; otherwise, the validity of the second law can only be guaranteed with the Hubble radius greatly smaller than the crossover scale rcof the 5-dimensional DGP model.