基于改进鲸鱼优化算法的近红外光谱波长变量选择方法及其应用

该文在群体智能的鲸鱼优化算法（WOA）基础上,提出了一种改进的鲸鱼优化算法（iWOA）用于近红外光谱波长的选择。首先引入混沌策略初始化种群,避免算法过早陷入局部最优;其次引入一种非线性时变Sigmoid传递函数和贪心算法思想,提升算法探优能力,使得模型获得更好的预测精度。为验证算法的有效性,以玉米脂肪、蛋白质、淀粉、水4个指标的近红外光谱数据进行偏最小二乘（PLS）建模分析,并与其他算法进行对比。结果表明,iWOA算法能在最短时间内,有效地筛选出波长变量,降低模型的复杂度,提升模型的预测精度。在玉米脂肪、蛋白质、淀粉、水含量的预测上,与全光谱相比,模型的预测集均方根误差（RMSEP）分别从0.077 2、0.122 4、0.334 4、0.059 5降至0.033 2、0.050 7、0.139 2、0.004 4,预测精度分别提升了57.0%、58.6%、58.3%、92.6%;算法选出的波长数目分别为：84、69、87、66。     

应用遗传算法和PLS的近红外光谱预测玉米中淀粉含量的研究

以普通玉米籽粒为试验材料,在应用遗传算法结合偏最小二乘回归法对近红外光谱数据进行特征波长选择的基础上,应用偏最小二乘回归法建立了特征波长测定玉米籽粒中淀粉含量的校正模型．试验结果表明,基于11个特征波长所建立的校正模型,其校正误差（RMSEC）、交叉检验误差（RMSECV）和预测误差（RMSEP）分别为0.30％、0.35％和0.27％,校正数据集和独立的检验数据集的预测值与实际测定值之间的相关系数分别达到0.9279和0.9390,与全光谱数据所建立的预测模型相比,在预测精度上均有所改善,表明应用遗传算法和PLS进行光谱特征选择,能获得更简单和更好的模型,为玉米籽粒中淀粉含量的近红外测定和红外光谱数据的处理提供了新的方法与途径．     

应用近红外光谱和偏最小二乘回归法预测玉米中淀粉含量

以普通玉米籽粒为试验材料,应用偏最小二乘回归法建立了基于近红外光谱数据的测定玉米籽粒中淀粉含量的校正模型。校正模型的校正误差（RMSEC）、交叉检验误差（RMSECV）和预测误差（RMSEP）分别#30．31％、0．42％和0．29％,校正数据集和独立的检验数据集的预测值与实际测定值之间的相关系数分别达到0．9255和0．9310,表明所建立的校正模型具有较高的预测精度和较好的推广性,为玉米籽粒中淀粉含量的快速、无损测定提供了新的途径：     

变量选择方法对近红外光谱校正模型优化极限的研究

变量选择经常被用于优化近红外光谱线性校正模型,消除冗余信息,提升回归的准确性和可解释性。该文研究并设计了一种基于蒙特卡洛的方法,用于评估不同线性校正方法在变量选择的子空间中能达到的最优程度,寻找变量选择对线性校正模型的优化极限。该方法通过获得验证指标——预测均方根误差（RMSEP）的分布图,揭示变量选择方法在数据集上的优化效果与优化极限。将该方法应用于3组样品的近红外光谱建模研究,结果表明：在烟草-果胶数据集上的可优化率约为24.98%,RMSEP降低了15.2%;在小麦-蛋白质数据集上的可优化率约为13.90%,RMSEP降低了9.5%;在玉米-淀粉数据集上的可优化率约为14.05%,RMSEP降低了57.1%。应用该方法可以快速得到变量选择方法在模型上的优化极限,为变量选择方法的设计、应用和评估提供参考。     

基于可扩展的自表示学习波段选择算法在近红外光谱回归建模中的影响研究

该文提出了一种基于可扩展的自表示学习（SOP－SRL）波段选择与偏最小二乘（PLS）建模的定量模型分析方法,以安胎丸指标含量阿魏酸、黄芩苷和汉黄芩苷为研究对象,通过SOP－SRL选取代表性波段,采用PLS建立近红外光谱回归模型,并与相关系数法（CC）、正则化自表示学习算法（RSR）和稀疏子空间聚类法（SSC）3种波段选择算法的建模结果进行对比,以校正决定系数（R2c）、校正均方根误差（RMSECV）、预测决定系数（R2p）和预测均方根误差（RMSEP）为评价标准,对回归模型的预测性能进行评估。结果显示,SOP－SRL在3种数据集上均取得了较好的结果,建模波段从全波长的800分别减少到70、67、87;RMSEP分别从0.080 1、6.349 5、0.742 5下降到0.065 3、3.620 8、0.407 3,分别下降了18%、43%、45%;相应的R2p分别从0.911 9、0.879 4、0.915 8提高到0.938 8、0.952 6、0.970 1,分别提高了3%、8%、6%。结果表明,经SOP－SRL波长选择后模型的预测能力相比于其他几种算法得到显著提升,基于SOP－SRL的PLS模型可以实现安胎丸指标含量的快速检测。     

基于灰狼算法的近红外光谱变量选择方法研究

基于群体智能的灰狼优化(GWO)算法具有参数少、结构简单、易于实现的优点,但在光谱领域的应用较少。该研究将GWO算法引入近红外光谱的变量筛选中,以玉米数据为例,考察了GWO算法中狼群性能、迭代次数、狼群数量及运算效率,并建立了偏最小二乘(PLS)模型对玉米样品中蛋白质、脂肪、水分以及淀粉含量的测定。结果显示,GWO算法运算效率很高,经过参数调优后建立PLS模型,其蛋白质、脂肪、水分及淀粉的保留变量数分别为19、19、14、34,预测均方根误差(RMSEP)从全波长PLS建模的0.245 8、0.122 4、0.339 8、1.105 8分别下降到0.147 7、0.080 1、0.176 2、0.739 8,分别下降了40%、35%、48%、33%,相关系数也相应地提高。因此,GWO算法不仅优化速度快,选择变量数少,还可以显著提高PLS模型的预测精度,是一种近红外光谱变量选择的有效方法。     

基于迭代缩减窗口自助软收缩算法的近红外光谱变量选择方法研究

该文针对近红外光谱因冗余变量导致的标定模型预测性能差的问题,提出了一种迭代缩减窗口自助软收缩（ISWBOSS）算法。该方法使用窗口对变量进行划分,随机抽取窗口并利用其中的变量建立子模型,计算窗口内变量回归系数的归一化并作为权重继续进行加权采样,从而逐步实现变量空间的软收缩。同时在迭代过程中不断缩减窗口大小对特征变量进行精确搜索。通过在玉米数据集上进行验证,并与全谱法、遗传算法、竞争自适应重加权采样法和自助软收缩法建立的偏最小二乘模型对比,结果表明,新方法不论在准确性还是稳定性上都具有显著优势。以玉米蛋白质含量预测为例,与自助软收缩算法相比,ISWBOSS的预测均方根误差从0.041 8降至0.010 3,且达到最优模型所需的迭代次数更少,运算效率更高。该方法对提高近红外光谱标定模型的性能具有一定的指导意义。     

基于麻雀搜索算法结合深度前馈神经网络的近红外模型转移方法研究

该文提出了一种基于麻雀搜索算法结合深度前馈神经网络（SSA－DFN）的近红外光谱模型转移方法。使用深度前馈神经网络拟合不同仪器采集到的光谱之间的非线性函数映射,并将麻雀搜索算法用于网络各层连接权值和阈值的初始化,通过种群中个体位置的迭代更新,求得连接权值和阈值的最优初始值;通过多次调整深度前馈神经网络模型的超参数,使网络拟合效果趋于最优,最终确定转移函数。为验证方法的有效性,分别从烟叶近红外光谱谱图、主成分投影和预测结果的角度,将SSA－DFN方法与分段直接校正算法（PDS）、典型相关性分析算法（CCA）转移前后的效果进行了对比。结果表明SSA－DFN方法转移后的从机光谱与原主机光谱重合度最高,转移后主、从机总糖、烟碱含量的预测结果差异不显著,预测平均误差从8.32%、9.15%分别降至4.65%、4.82%,预测均方根误差（RMSEP）和决定系数（R2）等指标均优于PDS和CCA,取得了最佳的转移效果,可满足企业需求。结果表明该方法是一种有效的模型转移方法。     

PDS用于不同温度下的近红外光谱模型传递研究

采用合适的计算方法可降低测定环境对近红外光谱校正模型稳健性的影响。该文以喷气燃料为研究对象,考察了分段直接校正算法对所建模型预测结果的影响,通过选择转移样品数及窗口宽度,建立了最佳的校正模型和光谱转移参数。结果表明,在20℃下建立近红外光谱校正模型,直接预测30℃下喷气燃料的密度,预测集样品均方根误差（RMSEP）为0.2031,而30℃近红外光谱采用分段直接校正算法模型转移后,预测集样品均方根误差（RMSEP）降低为0.1354,预测结果得到明显改善,有效地解决了样品温度对近红外光谱分析结果的影响。     

近红外光谱结合化学计量学快速测定羊栖菜抗氧化活性

基于近红外光谱技术建立了快速、高效的羊栖菜抗氧化活性评价方法。采用紫外-可见分光光度法测定了6批共150个羊栖菜样本的抗氧化活性,包括1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（DPPH）自由基清除能力、2,2’-联氮-双-3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸（ABTS）自由基清除能力和铁离子还原能力（FRAP法）。采用NIRS和偏最小二乘法（PLS）建立了3个抗氧化活性指标的定量校正模型,并采用不同光谱预处理方法和竞争性自适应重加权采样（CARS）方法优化模型性能。将校正集相关系数（RC）、预测集相关系数（RP）、校正集均方根误差（RMSEC）和预测集均方根误差（RMSEP）作为校正模型的评价指标。结果表明,3个定量校正模型的预测精度均较理想,RP和RMSEP分别为0.968和2.42%、0.967和0.73%、0.979和3.60μmol/L。基于NIRS和CARSPLS所构建的方法可以成功用于羊栖菜的抗氧化活性测定,具备分析快速、操作简便、经济环保的优点,对保障羊栖菜品质、提升羊栖菜品质控制水平有一定的指导意义。     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.     

Chemistry of heterocyclic compounds at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, over 50 years (Review)

The review contains a concise historical account and information on the most significant researches undertaken by the staff at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds. Dedicated to Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences B. A. Trofimov on his 70th jubilee. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 10, pp. 1443–1502, October, 2008.