Monolithic catalysts for the fixed-bed hydrogenation of polymers

Monolithic catalysts were successfully applied in a true fixed-bed hydrogenation of polymers such as SBS rubbers and polystyrene.     

Trichlorostannyl complexes of iridium with both P-donor and N-donor ligands: Preparation and activity as hydrogenation catalysts

Bis(trichlorostannyl) complex IrH(SnCl₃)₂(PPh₃)₂ (1) was prepared by allowing the chloro-derivative IrHCl₂(PPh₃)₃ to react with SnCl₂·2H₂O in ethanol. Instead, treatment of phosphite complexes IrHCl₂P₃ [P = P(OEt)₃ and PPh(OEt)₂] with SnCl₂·2H₂O gave stannyl derivatives IrCl₂(SnCl₃)P₃ (2). Pyrazole-trichlorostannyl complexes IrHCl(SnCl₃)(HRpz)P₂ (3, 4) (R = H, 3-Me; P = PPh₃, PⁱPr₃) were prepared by allowing chloro-derivatives IrHCl₂(HRpz)P₂ to react with SnCl₂·2H₂O. 1,2-Bipyridine-trichlorostannyl complexes IrHCl(SnCl₃)(bpy)P (5) (P = PPh₃, PⁱPr₃) were also prepared. Complexes 1-5 were characterised spectroscopically (IR, ¹H, ³¹P, ¹¹⁹Sn NMR) and a geometry in solution was also established. The trichlorostannyl iridium complexes were evaluated as catalyst precursors for the hydrogenation of 2-cyclohexen-1-one and cinnamaldehyde. The influence of the stannyl group, as well as the steric hindrance of both N-donor and P-donor ligands in the catalytic activity of the complexes is discussed.     

Polymer-supported palladium and platinum species as hydrogenation catalysts

The synthesis of new hydrogel copolymers and their use for anchoring Pd and Pt species is described. The supported catalysts are effective for the reduction of alkenes, dienes, alkynes, and nitroaromatics under mild conditions. The catalysts have been characterized by chemical analysis, particle size measurement, IR, TGA, and x-ray photoelectron spectra. Relative reactivities and the effects of substrate structure, solvents, catalyst loading, particle size of the catalysts, and partial pressure of hydrogen have been determined. The kinetics of hydrogenation have been analyzed using concepts useful under slurry reaction conditions. The recycling efficiencies of the catalysts and product analysis to establish selectivities have been assessed. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Polymer-supported palladium and rhodium species as hydrogenation catalysts

The synthesis of new copolymers containing amino and heterocyclic ligands and their use for anchoring Pd and Rh species is described. The supported catalysts are effective for the hydrogenation of alkenes, dienes, alkynes, and nitrobenzene under very mild conditions. The catalysts have been characterized by chemical analysis, particle size measurement, IR, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Relative reactivities and the effects of substrate structure, solvents, catalyst loading, anchoring ligands, metal species, and particle size on the rates of hydrogenation have been determined using a wide variety of substrates. The kinetics of hydrogenation have been analyzed using concepts suitable under slurry reaction conditions. Comparisons between different oxidation states of the same metal and between different metal species have also been made. The recycling efficiencies of the catalysts have been determined and found to be very good. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Chiral rhodium carboxylates as asymmetric hydrogenation catalysts

The comparative catalytic activities of a few chiral rhodium carboxylato complexes in combination with chiral and achiral phosphines are described. In the hydrogenation of α-acetamidocinnamic acid and its methyl ester, differences are observed in turnover numbers and enantioselectivities. Diastereomeric interactions between chiral carboxylato and chiral phosphine moieties resulting in different rates are clearly seen. Arrhenius plots of (+) and (-) DIOP [DIOP = 2,3 isopropylidene 2,3 dihydroxy-1,4bis (diphenylphosphino) butane] with rhodium (-) mandalato complex give markedly different activation energies.     

Mixed ligand platinum complexes as hydrogenation catalysts

PtLL′Cl₂ (L = PPh₃, L′ = sulphides, amines) are more effective catalysts for the hydrogenation of styrene to ethylbenzene, in the presence of SnCl₂·2H₂O than PtL₂Cl₂ or PtL′₂Cl₂; this effect is attributed to the ability of the weaker ligand L′ to function as a leaving group in the catalytic hydrogenation cycle.     

Preparation and characterization of ultrafine Fe-Cu-based catalysts for CO hydrogenation

The ultrafine particles of a new style Fe-Cu-based catalysts for CO hydrogenation were prepared by impregnating the organic sol of Fe（OH）3 and Cu（OH）2 onto the activated Al2O3, in which the organic sol of Fe（OH）3 and Cu（OH）2 were prepared in the microemulsion of dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid sodium（S）/n-butanol（A）/toluene（O）/water with V（A）/V（O） = 0.25 and W（A）/W（S） = 1.50. This catalyst was characterized by particle size analysis, XRD and TG. The results of particle size analysis showed that Fe（OH）3 particles with a mean size of 17.1 nm and Cu（OH）2 particles with an average size of 6.65 um were obtained. TG analysis and XRD patterns suggested that 673 K is the optimal calcination temperature. CO hydrogenation produced C＋OH with a high selectivity above 58 wt% by using the ultrafine particles as catalyst, and the total alcohol yield of 0.250 g·ml^-1 ·h^-1 was obtained when the contents of Al2O3 and K were 88.61 wt% and 1.60 wt%, respectively.     

Colloidal metal dispersions as catalysts for selective surface hydrogenation of biomembranes, 1. Preparation and characterization of palladium catalysts

Paliadium sols containing largely uniform, nanosize metallic, particles stabilized by poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) were found to be active microheterogeneous catalysts for hydrogenation of water soluble olefinic substrates as well as of unsaturated lipid dispersions. The same metallic particles were supported on the surface of crosslinked insoluble poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) and served as easily removable macroheterogeneous hydrogenation catalysts.     

Molecularly imprinted polymers as biomimetic catalysts

The quest for synthetic biomimetic catalysts able to complement the activity of enzymes has attracted substantial research efforts, and the molecular imprinting approach is one of the attractive techniques that are currently being investigated. In the last 3 years, there has been considerable interest in studying in greater detail the parameters that control and influence the catalytic activity of imprinted polymers and applying molecular imprinting to a wider range of polymeric matrices. This article reports on some of the interesting examples available in the literature regarding the use of metal-containing polymers, microgels and nanogels and thermoresponsive polymers.     

Chelated amines as ligands in olefin hydrogenation catalysts

Activities of catalysts obtained in the reaction of [MCl(C₈H₁₄)₂]₂, (M=Rh, Ir) with amines NH₂(CH₂)_nNH₂, (N=2–5), (CH₃)₂NC₂H₄(CH₃)₂ and 1.8=diaminonaphthalene have been examined. The most efficient catalyst was obtained with 1.3-diaminopropane.

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, [MCl(C₈H₁₄)₂]₂. (M=Rh, Ir) NH₂(CH₂)_nNH₂, (n=2–5). (CH₃)₂NC₂H₄(CH₃)₂ 1,8-. , 1,3-.

     

Epoxyallyl polymers: Preparation,structure, and properties

Ways to prepare epoxyallyl polymers with a structure of interpenetrating networks (IPNs) were considered. It was shown that the constructability and high adhesive and cohesive characteristics of obtained polymers evoke interest in the practicality of curing and structuring study for epoxyallyl IPNs and the properties of materials based on them.     

Single-chain polymers as homogeneous oxidative photoredox catalysts

Single-chain polymer nanoparticles (SCNPs) are emerging as versatile catalytic platforms that provide excellent control over solubility. The confined nature of SCNPs can improve the rate of catalysis. While significant headway has been made in thermally-induced transition-metal catalysis with SCNPs, light-activated SCNP catalysts have received little attention. We are developing triarylpyrylium tetrafluoroborate (TPT)-functionalized SCNPs as oxidative photocatalysts. Herein, we comprehensively study the impact of light source on both SCNP compaction and TPT absorbance through gel-permeation chromatography and UV/Vis spectroscopy. We observe that compaction is expedited using light sources that excite the photocatalyst (e.g., blue LEDs), which is attributed to the ability of TPT to dimerize sytrenics under similar photoredox conditions. The resultant metal-free SCNP photocatalysts enable the oxidation of benzyl alcohols in good yields. The SCNP is further investigated for the amidation of 4-bromobenzaldehyde, wherein it affords higher yields of the benzamide product compared to both small-molecule and unfolded polymer controls. We attribute the combined results to the colocalization of the TPT photoredox catalyst and pyrene electron relay within the SCNP, which likely aids in single-electron transfer processes. The scope of amidation reactions was also extended to other aryl aldehydes, wherein deactivated substrates afforded the highest yield of the desired amide.     

Review: Recent advances of one-dimensional coordination polymers as catalysts

This review aims to provide reports of one dimensional (1-D) coordination polymers that have been used as catalysts in various organic reactions in the last decade, covering the literature from 2007 and onwards. The CPs have been mainly categorized into homometallic and heterometallic compounds; additional parameters such as the metal and ligand selection for the CP are discussed to provide a more detailed look into each system.     

Preparation method effect on the properties of Ziegler-type hydrogenation catalysts based on bis(acetylacetonato)cobalt

The turnover frequency and turnover number of Ziegler-type systems based on Co(acac)₂ · nH₂O (n = 0, 0.5, and 2) and AlEt₃ or AlEt₂(OEt) are reported in relation to the Al: Co molar ratio and to the concentrations of the initial components. Proton donor compounds have an effect on the catalytic characteristics of the systems. ESR data are presented for the interaction of Co(acac)₂ with organometallic compounds (AlEt₃, AlEt₂(OEt), Li(n-Bu), and (C₆H₅CH₂)MgCl) in the presence of various arenes. Seven preparation methods and a formation scheme are suggested for catalytic species that are active in styrene hydrogenation and are based on Co(acac)₂ combined with AlEt₃ or AlEt₂(OEt) and.     

Preparation of high-performance nanosized palladium hydrogenation catalysts using white phosphorus and phosphine

The nature and properties of nanosized palladium hydrogenation catalysts modified with elemental phosphorus and phosphine (PH₃) were studied.     

"Polysiloxane-Pd" nanocomposites as recyclable chemoselective hydrogenation catalysts

Polysiloxane-encapsulated "Pd"-nanoclusters were generated by reduction of Pd(OAc)(2) with polymethylhydrosiloxane, which functions as a reducing agent as well as a capping material for production and stabilization of catalytically active "Pd"-nanoparticles. Chemoselective hydrogenation of functional conjugated alkenes was achieved by in-situ- or ex-situ-generated polysiloxane-stabilized "Pd"-nanoclusters under mild reaction conditions in high yields. Electron microscopy, UV-vis, and NMR studies of the reaction mixture during the catalytic transformation were performed and, in conjunction with catalyst poisoning experiments, demonstrated unequivocally the role of polysiloxane-encapsulated "Pd"-nanoclusters as the real catalytic species. The recyclability of the "Pd"-nanoclusters was established by reusing the solid left after the reaction.     

Preparation and use of MeO-PEG-supported chiral diphosphine ligands: soluble polymer-supported catalysts for asymmetric hydrogenation

Two new chiral MeO-PEG-supported (R)-BINAP and (3R,4R)-Pyrphos ligands were synthesized and employed in the Ru(II)- and Rh(I)-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of 2-(6′-methoxy-2′-naphthyl)propenoic acid 5 and prochiral enamides 10. The results showed that these new soluble polymeric catalysts exhibited high catalytic activity and enantioselectivity. Enantiomeric excesses (e.e.s) in the ranges 90–96% and 86–96% were achieved in the hydrogenation of 5 and 10, respectively. Furthermore, these catalysts could be recovered easily and the recycled catalysts were shown to maintain their efficiency in subsequent reactions.