Quasi-solitons as nonstationary self-similar solutions of the Korteweg-de Vries-Burgers equation

The Korteweg-de Vries-Burgers equation (KdV-B) is studied analytically and numerically for weak dissipation in the nonstationary case (self-similar solutions). Starting the analytical study from the system (S) of two kinetic equations equivalent to KdV-B equation in the exact adiabatic approximation of a symmetrically damped solitary pulse, we renormalize this system by taking into account the asymmetry produced by the damping (tail) and obtain a simple mechanical picture describing qualitatively and quantitatively the properties of the tailed quasi-solitons: the leading pulse is described by an oscillation in a potential well, while the asymmetry is obtained from a transition between two nearby energy levels located at the top of the well. The superposition properties of the quasi-solitons are discussed in the adiabatic approximation, using a Bäcklund transformation directly deduced from system (S). All these analytical results are checked by the numerical study which shows in particular that the tail, once built, becomes completely disconnected from its “mother” soliton and behaves like noise.     

On the modulation instability development in optical fiber systems

Extensive numerical simulations were performed to investigate all stages of modulation instability development from the initial pulse of pico-second duration in photonic crystal fiber: quasi-solitons and dispersive waves formation, their interaction stage and the further propagation. Comparison between 4 different NLS-like systems was made: the classical NLS equation, NLS system plus higher dispersion terms, NLS plus higher dispersion and self-steepening and also fully generalized NLS equation with Raman scattering taken into account. For the latter case a mechanism of energy transfer from smaller quasi-solitons to the bigger ones is proposed to explain the dramatical increase of rogue waves appearance frequency in comparison to the systems when the Raman scattering is not taken into account.     

Emergence of rogue waves from optical turbulence

We provide some general physical insights into the emergence of rogue wave events from optical turbulence by analyzing the long term evolution of the field. Depending on the amount of incoherence in the system (i.e., Hamiltonian), we identify three turbulent regimes that lead to the emergence of specific rogue wave events: (i) persistent and coherent rogue quasi-solitons, (ii) intermittent-like rogue quasi-solitons that appear and disappear erratically, and (iii) sporadic rogue waves events that emerge from turbulent fluctuations as bursts of light or intense flashes.     

准孤子对在色散缓变光纤中传输特性的数值研究

用分步富里叶变换法求解色散缓变光纤的光孤子NLS方程，在一定条件下孤子对在该光纤中演变为准孤子，其幅值和宽度发生周期性变化，没有出现通常情况下的周期性离合现象。     

Scattering of two-dimensional dark quasi-solitons by smooth inhomogeneities in a Bose-Einstein condensate

It is theoretically shown that creation of artificial inhomogeneities allows one to control dynamics of two-dimensional dark quasi-solitons in a Bose-Einstein condensate. A method to calculate trajectories of these quasi-solitons is proposed. It allows control parameters to be selected for the potentials responsible for formation of the Bose gas density distributions required for the scattering through the given angle.     

Theoretical model of terahertz radiation generation by laser pulses with tilted wave fronts

A theoretical model is proposed for terahertz radiation generation by femtosecond laser pulses with tilted wave fronts. Self-consistent evolution of the optical and terahertz pulses is investigated. The red shift of the pumping pulse spectrum and the formation of short-long-wave quasi-solitons are examined.     

Space- and time-resolved Brillouin light scattering from nonlinear spin-wave packets

We have constructed a new Brillouin light scattering apparatus, based on the Sandercock multipass tandem interferometer design, for space- and time-resolved investigations of nonlinear wave packets in thin films. We have applied the method to studies of nonlinear spin-wave pulse propagation in yttrium iron garnet (YIG) films. Spatial resolution is achieved by scanning the laser spot across the YIG film surface, and temporal resolution is obtained by measuring the elapsed time between the launch of spin-wave pulses by an applied microwave pulse and the arrival of the respective inelastically scattered photons at the detector. We report the observation of nonlinear self-focusing of wave beams and pulses in one and two dimensions, the formation of one-dimensional envelope solitons, and of strongly localized, two-dimensional wave packets, 'spin-wave bullets', analogous to 'light bullets' predicted in nonlinear optics. By generating two counter-propagating wave pulses, pulse collision experiments were performed. We show that quasi-one-dimensional envelope solitons formed in narrow film stripes ('waveguides') retain their shapes after collision, while two-dimensional spin-wave packets formed in wide YIG films are destroyed in collision.     

Chirp controllable all-optical router in a nonlinear directional coupler

We analyzed the evolution of chirped optical pulses in a nonlinear directional coupler by coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equations. It is shown that an optical pulses launched into one channel can couple out from either of the two channels of the nonlinear directional coupler, with the routing determined by the chirp of the pulse. This is different from the previous routing mechanism of the nonlinear directional coupler where routing is determined by the peak power of the pulse. Based on the chirp-dependent feature, all-optical router and switch could be implemented by the pulse chirp modulation.     

An electrohydrodynamics model for non-equilibrium electron and phonon transport in metal films after ultra-short pulse laser heating

The electrons and phonons in metal films after ultra-short pulse laser heating are in highly non-equilibrium states not only between the electrons and the phonons but also within the electrons. An electrohydrodynamics model consisting of the balance equations of electron density, energy density of electrons, and energy density of phonons is derived from the coupled non-equilibrium electron and phonon Boltzmann transport equations to study the nonlinear thermal transport by considering the electron density fluctuation and the transient electric current in metal films, after ultra-short pulse laser heating. The temperature evolution is calculated by the coupled electron and phonon Boltzmann transport equations, the electrohydrodynamics model derived in this work, and the two-temperature model. Different laser pulse durations, film thicknesses, and laser fluences are considered. We find that the two-temperature model overestimates the electron temperature at the front surface of the film and underestimates the damage threshold when the nonlinear thermal transport of electrons is important. The electrohydrodynamics model proposed in this work could be a more accurate prediction tool to study the non-equilibrium electron and phonon transport process than the two-temperature model and it is much easier to be solved than the Boltzmann transport equations.     

Effect of potantiostatic waveforms on properties of electrodeposited NiFe alloy films

The influence of the deposition potentials applied in continuous and pulse waveforms on the properties of the electrodeposited NiFe alloy films have been investigated. The films were grown on (100) textured polycrystalline copper substrates. During growth, the films were characterized by recording the current-time transients. The composition of samples was determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The analysis results revealed that the Fe content in the films decreases as both the deposition potential and the film thickness increase. The X-ray patterns showed that the films have face centred cubic (fcc) structure as their substrates and the (111) texture. The magnetic characteristics of films studied by a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) were found to vary depending on the type of the deposition (pulse or continuous) and the thickness of samples. The easy axis is in the film plane for all samples.     

Soliton interaction in strongly dispersion-managed optical fibers

We derive an expression for the speed with which neighboring solitons attract or repel each other in dispersion-managed fiber systems. We show that the collapse distance can be increased by an order of magnitude by use of quasi-solitons.     

Dynamics of incoherent bright and dark self-trapped beams and their coherence properties in photorefractive crystals

Using the coherent density approach, we study the propagation dynamics of incoherent bright and dark beams in biased photorefractive crystals. We show that, under appropriate initial conditions, bright as well as darklike incoherent quasi-solitons can be established in this material system. Our numerical simulations demonstrate that the coherence properties of these beams can be significantly affected by the self-trapping process.     

Pulse modes for the magnetostatic-wave envelope in a magnetically coupled two-layer structure

The propagation of the envelope of direct bulk magnetostatic-wave pulses in a structure consisting of two magnetically coupled films separated by a nonmagnetic layer is studied. It is found that mode coupling substantially affects the dispersion properties of the structure, thereby determining the excited pulse modes in many respects and resulting in their dependence on the type of excitation of the structure. The conditions for the formation of solitons in magnetically coupled structures are derived. The dynamics of pulses with different initial profiles and lengths is investigated. The appearance of pulses with pulsing side regions is established.     

Collective coordinate theory for light pulses in fibers: The reduced projection operators

We consider optical waveguides in which light pulses may execute complex dynamical behaviors including translational motions accompanied with strong internal vibrations. Such systems necessarily generate various types of collective motion, in which each collective mode is describable by a collective coordinate. We present a novel projection operator formalism for deriving the equations of motion of the collective coordinates and coupled fields. This formalism is built up by treating separately the dynamics of the pulse phase and that of its amplitude, that is, by using two distinct projection operators (one for the amplitude, and the other one for the phase). This new pair of operators, which we call reduced projection operators, has as main virtue of having dimension reduced by half as compared to that of the conventional operators that includes both pulse amplitude and phase together. The main interest of the reduced projection operators lies in the ease with which the equations of motion are derived when compared with the amount of algebra needed to obtain the same equations from the conventional projection operators. We provide examples of concrete situations that illustrate the effectiveness of the collective-coordinate approach based on the reduced projection operators.     

不均匀等离子体中孤子的传播

假设两种离子的分界面是有限长度并连续变化的,研究了由这两种离子组成的等离子体中孤子的传播.在低阶近似条件下,等离子体声波将由KdV方程或非线性Schrdinger方程来描述,由此给出了准孤子振幅、传播速度等参量在传播过程中的变化. 关键词：     

Numerical study of the Ne-like Cr x-ray laser at 28.6nm

We investigate the Ne-like Cr x-ray laser at $28.6\,\mathrm{nm}$ by using a modified 1D lagrangian hydrodynamic code MED103 coupled with an atomic physics data package and a 2D ray tracing code as a post-processor. The laser pumping configuration includes two prepulses and one main pulse. The first prepulse normally irradiates the target, while the second prepulse and the main pulse irradiate the target at grazing-incident angles. We predict that saturation can be achieved for the Ne-like Cr x-ray lasers with a total pumping energy of $125\,\mathrm{mJ}$. Good beam qualities with no deflecting angle and a small divergence angle of $5\,\mathrm{mrad}$ are observed.     

Chromium carbide thin films deposited by ultra-short pulse laser deposition

Pulsed laser deposition performed by a laser with a pulse duration of 250 fs has been used to deposit films from a Cr₃C₂ target. Due to the different processes involved in the laser ablation when it is performed by an ultra-short pulse source instead of a conventional short pulse one, it has been possible to obtain in vacuum films containing only one type of carbide, Cr₃C₂, as shown by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. On the other hand, Cr₃C₂ is not the only component of the films, since a large amount of amorphous carbon is also present. The films, deposited at room temperature, are amorphous and seem to be formed by the coalescence of a large number of particles with nanometric size. The film composition can be explained in terms of thermal evaporation from particles ejected from the target.     

酞菁铜LB薄膜复合光波导的高速双稳特性

对以有机材料酞菁铜的LB薄膜作覆盖层的K~+离子交换玻璃光波导,进行了高速光学双稳特性研究.利用比较波导的输入和输出光脉冲形状法,在532nm光波长得到开关时间为24ps的高速光学双稳特性.     

强脉冲信号在光纤参变放大器中的放大特性研究

考虑到抽运损耗、走离、色散和非线性等效应,用分步傅里叶方法求解耦合的非线性薛定谔方程组,就强脉冲信号在连续光抽运光纤参变放大器中的放大情况进行了理论研究。研究结果表明,强脉冲信号除经历振幅放大,脉冲时域展宽等过程外,还会发生令人感兴趣的脉冲分裂现象,即一个脉冲信号分裂为两个子脉冲。而且即使在连续光抽运的情况下,走离效应对强脉冲信号的放大也产生了显著影响,即促使两个子脉冲振幅不等以及脉冲漂移。最后,强脉冲信号独特的放大特性用光纤参变放大器的饱和增益特性做了很好的解释,并指出脉冲分裂现象在信号抽样、脉冲压缩、光时分复用系统中有潜在用途。     

The pulse shape of a passively Q-switched microchip laser

The shape of the intensity pulse of a passively Q-switched microchip laser is investigated numerically and analytically. Our analysis is motivated by independent microchip laser experiments exhibiting nearly symmetric pulses in the case of a semiconductor saturable absorber and asymmetric pulses in the case of a solid state saturable absorber. Asymptotic methods are used to determine limiting behaviors of the pulse shape for both symmetric and asymmetric pulses. In the first case, we determine a sech² solution parametrized by one parameter which can be determined by solving two coupled nonlinear algebraic equations. In the second case, the pulse solution is decomposed into two distinct approximations exhibiting different amplitude and time scales properties. We review earlier approximations of the repetition rate and the pulse width. Received 2 August 1999