间断多次扫描电位溶出分析法测定酒中铅铜

本文提出间断多次扫描电位溶出分析测定酒中微量铅铜的方法。方法操作简单,元素间干扰小,特别是在试样中含有表面活性剂和其它电化学活性物质的情况下,可以简化试样的预处理。方法的灵敏度和精确度高于一般电位溶出分析法。提出了汞(Ⅱ)-甘油-盐酸体系,在该体系中Pb~(2+)0—25ng/mL、Cu~(2+)0—75ng/mL范围内与峰高呈良好的线性关系,方法的相对标准偏差Pb2.13％,Cu1.96％,标准加料回收率为98—104％。     

计算机在电分析化学中的应用

本文综述了计算机在电分析化学中的发展近况,对计算机技术在新脉冲伏安法、方波伏安法、间断多扫描伏安法、多次溶出分析、电位溶出分析和电化学中快速傅里叶变换等新技术中的应用作了介绍,揭示了计算机技术在电分析化学中应用的广阔前景。     

痕量镉离子在原位铋修饰掺硼金刚石电极上的传感分析

以原位铋修饰掺硼金刚石电极为工作电极,利用方波脉冲阳极溶出伏安法对重金属镉离子进行检测.考察了扫描方式、铋离子浓度、电极硼掺杂浓度、支持电解液p H值、富集电位、脉冲参数和富集时间等因素对镉溶出峰电流的影响并进行了优化.结果表明,原位铋修饰能有效提高检测的灵敏度,镉离子浓度与溶出峰电流值在1~10μg/L范围内呈线性关系,相关系数为0.9979,检出限为0.15μg/L.干扰实验结果表明,相邻溶出电位干扰离子铅和锌对镉的检测影响相对较小,而铜有较大干扰.实际水样测试结果表明,回收率在96%~107%之间.     

悬汞电极阳极溶出伏安法测定人发中的铜、铅、镉、锌

从人发中了解重金属对于人的危害有其重要的作用。阳极溶出伏安法对于测定重金属来说其价格/收益比例是最好的。Chittleborough等用悬汞电极上的微分脉冲阳极溶出伏安法测定了人发中的铜、铅、镉、锌。但所用仪器较昂贵,我们实验了用悬汞电极的线性扫描阳极溶出伏安法测定人发中的这四种元素,结果是满意的。     

锑电极电位溶出法测定锌、镉、铅

提出了采用锑电极作为工作电极同时测定痕量重金属锌、镉、铅的电位溶出法。探讨了同时测定锌、镉、铅的最佳条件。在pH=5.0的HAc-NaAc缓冲溶液中,Zn2+、Cd2+、Pb2+分别在-1.07、-0.70、-0.52 V得到灵敏的电位溶出峰。沉积时间为60 s时,锌、镉、铅的质量浓度分别在0~16.0、0~1.6、0~0.08 μg/mL范围内,与各自微分电位溶出峰高呈线性关系,检出限分别为4.0、0.3、0.03 μg/L。测定了水样中痕量锌、镉、铅的含量,结果令人满意。     

伏安极谱仪测定海水中活性态痕量金属

阳极溶出伏安法是一种可以直接用于海水中痕量金属元素检测分析的有效方法,不仅能够实现多元素同时检测,而且不需要样品预浓缩处理.通过伏安极谱仪,研究了富集电位和富集时间等关键参数对阳极溶出伏安法测定痕量金属铜、铅、镉、锌的影响,对过滤后的海水样品直接进行检测,实现了烟台四十里湾不同站位海水中活性态痕量金属铜、铅、镉、锌的测定,为海水中痕量金属元素的形态分析及生物可利用性研究提供了有效技术手段.     

溶出伏安法测定乌药中的铜铅镉

在KNO3底液下,用线性扫描阳极溶出伏安法同时测定了乌药样品中铜、铅、镉3种金属的含量.结果表明,在最佳实验条件下,铜、铅、镉的峰电位分别为0.067、-0.45和-0.64V(vs ScE);铜、铅、镉金属离子的质量浓度在0-0.8 mg·L-1范围内,呈现良好的线性关系,相关系数分别为0.991 3、0.990 5...     

铋膜电极电位溶出法测定痕量铅、镉、锌

研究了用铋膜电极替代汞膜电极测定痕量重金属元素铅、镉和锌的电位溶出法。实验了同位镀铋膜及测定重金属特别是痕量铅的条件。实验结果表明：铅、镉、锌在铋膜电极上可得到灵敏的电位溶出峰，峰高和溶出电位与汞膜电极法相近，使用铋膜电极可避免使用汞电极带来的环境污染。利用铋膜电极电位溶出法测定了水样及血样中痕量铅的含量。     

预镀铋膜阳极溶出伏安法测定废水中微量铅和镉

本文采用预镀铋膜法修饰玻碳电极,并用该电极对废水中微量铅和镉同时进行了阳极溶出伏安法测定,研究了预镀铋膜测定铅和镉的条件。实验结果表明:铅和镉在铋膜电极上可得到灵敏的电位溶出峰,峰高和溶出电位与汞膜电极法相近,使用预镀铋膜电极可避免使用汞电极带来的环境污染。     

溶出伏安法分析水果中的微量元素

本文用高灵敏度的溶出伏安法,吸附伏安法分析热带亚热带水果中的铜、铅、镉、锌、硒、镍和钴等元素。     

Determination of cadmium, lead and copper in wine by potentiometric stripping analysis

A procedure for the determination of Cd, Pb and Cu in different wine samples after simple sample preparation on a mercury film electrode (MFE) by potentiometric stripping analysis (PSA) is presented. In 150 German wine samples collected in 1993/94 the following values were found: Cd mean: 0.63 ng/mL (range: 0.003– 0.98 ng/mL); Pb mean: 50 ng/mL (range: 4–254 ng/mL); Cu mean: 250 ng/mL (range: 50–394 ng/mL).     

电位溶出法同时测定水质和生物样品中的铜、铅、镉、锌、铁、锰

本文提出了在乙二胺和乙二胺-盐酸体系中以计时电位溶出法测定Fe、Mn及以电位溶出法测定Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn的新方法。各元素的浓度在Fe 0.1～2600 ng/ml、Mn0.05～3200 ng/ml、Cu0.2～2800 ng/ml、Pb0.1～3600ng/ml、Cd 0.05～1200 ng/ml、Zn0.2～4200ng/ml时,浓度与溶出峰高呈良好的线性关系。本方法应用于水质及生物样品中上述各元素的测定,结果良好。     

碳纤维微电极恒电位活化及测定金属离子的研究

碳纤维微电极已被广泛应用于电化学研究和分析测定,该电极尺寸极小,在分析性能上与常规电极有显著不同,在不镀汞的情况下,用碳纤维电极直接测定金属离子几乎没有明显的伏安响应,本文提出用+2.5 V恒电位预先活化碳纤维电极,使测定灵敏度大为提高,在双电极体系和静止溶液中,采用溶出伏安法可测定10~(-9)级金属离子,以同样的方法清洗电极,测定结果重现性良好,由于分析过程中不使用汞,该电极的测定范围大大增加,特别是用于氧化还原电位较正的金属离子测试,根据循环伏安法、扫描电镜和电子能谱的研究,发现碳纤维表面状况在处理前后有很大变化,并与测定灵敏度密切相关。     

双向溶出伏安法同时检测金和铜

本文首次提出双向溶出伏安法 ,并将该方法用于同时检测水溶液中的Au(Ⅲ )和Cu(Ⅱ ) .采用细菌修饰的碳糊电极做工作电极 ,于阳极富集 ,阴极溶出测定Au(Ⅲ ) ,同时在碳糊电极上再修饰上一层超细微粒金膜 .然后 ,在金电极上进行阴极富集 ,阳极溶出检测Cu(Ⅱ ) .该法仪器设备简单、操作简便 .Au(Ⅲ )与Cu(Ⅱ )的检测信号分别在阴极、阳极两个方向显示 ,分辨率高 .Au(Ⅲ )在 0 .2～ 1μg/mL、Cu(Ⅱ )在 2～ 10ng/mL浓度范围内 ,均有良好线性关系 ,其检测限依次为 2 0ng/mL和 0 .5ng/mL ,8次平行测定RSD小于 3%     

Influence of hydrodynamic conditions of the solution on the sensitivity of stripping analysis of trace metals

Possibilities to increase the sensitivity of stripping analysis by optimising the hydrodynamic conditions of the solution during the deposition and rest period are evaluated. Rotation rates as high as 13 000 rpm can be applied during the deposition step at a mercury film rotating disc electrode for Zn, Cd, Pb, In and Tl determinations when 10–20 mg/l of Hg²⁺ for the renewal of the mercury film is added. Because of the extreme sensitivity on the properties of the mercury film in the case of Ga only 4000–5000 rpm are recommended. The highest stirring efficiencies using a magnetic stirrer are equivalent to 2500–3000 rpm when a rotating disc electrode is used. The effect of the duration of the rest period is not significant for square wave stripping voltammetry, however, analytical signals can be increased 10 and more times when potentiometric stripping analysis is applied.     

Digestion-free determination of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cu) in honey using anodic stripping differential pulse voltammetry and potentiometric stripping analysis

Experiments have been carried out to assess the potential of differential pulse voltammetry and potential stripping analysis for determining Pb, Cu and Cd directly in dissolved honey samples using a flow-through cell. With the hanging mercury drop electrode Pb alone can be determined only if the electrode is first modified in-situ with Triton X 100 to increase the separation between the Pb peak and a broad, interfering adsorption peak which overlaps the Cu peak. If the (more sensitive) thin film mercury electrode is used the interference encountered is less so also Cu and Cd can be determined. With potentiometric stripping analysis Cu and Pb can be determined using normal procedures. The determination of Cd, however, can only be carried out if the concentration of the oxidizing agent [Hg(II)] in solution is decreased. A good agreement has been obtained between the values found and those obtained after high pressure digestion of the samples.     

Electroanalytical determination of cadmium and lead in deciduous teeth after microwave oven digestion

A method using differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry after microwave oven digestion was developed for the simultaneous determination of Cd(II) and Pb(II) in the deciduous teeth of children. Each tooth was weighed; deposited in a 120 mL capped Teflon vessel with 5 mL 65% nitric acid, Suprapur analytical grade; and digested in a 2-step microwave oven for 15 min. The detection limits for Cd(II) and Pb(II) in the final solution were 0.078 and 0.323 microg/L, and the quantitation limits 0.394 and 1.613 microg/L, respectively, with a linearity range of 2 microg/L for Cd(II) and 23.3 microg/L for Pb(II). The sensitivity was 2.51 nA/microg-L and 1.37 nA/microg-L, for Cd(II) and Pb(II). The main advantages of this technique are a complete and satisfactory dissolution of the tooth material with the proposed microwave oven digestion procedure, without sample pretreatments, such as drying, ashing, or powdering. The voltammetric procedure proved to be well designed because of significant goodness of fit to a linear model, and the accuracy of the method was established as compared with standard reference material. The methodology has enabled us to study Cd(II) and Pb(II) in 371 deciduous teeth from school children in Cartagena, Spain.     

Determination of heavy metals and iodide by stripping voltammetry in sodium chloride on mercury-graphite electrodes

The behavior of Cd(II), Pb(II), Cu(II), and I⁻ in the aqueous solutions of sodium chloride is studied by stripping voltammetry. A new version of using an indicator electrode from carbon glass ceramics modified with mercury for the consecutive stripping determination of Cd(II), Pb(II), Cu(II), and iodide is proposed. The mercury-graphite electrode was formed in the solution of a supporting electrolyte based on NH₄Cl, HCl, 0.05 M potassium tetraoxalate (KH₃C₄O₃ · 2H₂O), and 5 × 10⁻⁵ M mercury(II). At first, Cd(II), Pb(II), Cu(II), and then iodide were determined by anodic-cathodic stripping voltammetry after adding a sample solution (table salt, 10–100 mg/mL NaCl).     

Stripping Voltammetric Determination of Pb(II) and Cd(II) Based on the Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes-Nafion-Bismuth Modified Glassy Carbon Electrodes

Abstract

In this work, a new method for the simultaneous determination of Pb(II) and Cd(II) on the multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNT)-Nafion-bismuth modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) using square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry has been studied. Scanning electron microscopy was used to investigate the characteristics of the MWNT-Nafion-bismuth modified GCE. Well-defined sharp stripping peaks were observed in the determination of Pb(II) and Cd(II) simultaneously on this electrode. Under optimized conditions, the lowest detectable concentrations were 50 ng/l for Pb(II) and 80 ng/l for Cd(II) under a 10 min preconcentration. The attractive performances of MWNT-Nafion-bismuth modified GCE demonstrated its application for a simple, rapid, and harmless determination of trace heavy metals.