电感耦合等离子体-发射光谱分析中硫酸基体效应及抑制

研究了电感耦合等离子体-发射光谱分析中的硫酸基体效应及克服干扰的有效方法。对2%~20%范围内4种不同体积分数H2SO4溶液中30种元素的基体效应进行了观察,发现H2SO4对各元素的谱线发射强度均存在明显的抑制作用。实验证实体积分数5%乙酸可有效抑制H2SO4的基体效应,并建立了H2SO4溶液中痕量元素的电感耦合等离子体-发射光谱分析法。     

Determination of impurities in magnesium niobate by slurry introduction axially viewed inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry

A simple preparation scheme is described for the quantitative analysis of a magnesium niobate sample using slurry introduction axially viewed inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Relationships between the stability of slurries and the conditions, such as particle size, pH, dispersant and amount of dispersant, were investigated experimentally. The MgNb₂O₆ slurry sample was prepared by adding the dispersant sodium polyacrylate and agitation in an ultrasonic bath to ensure good dispersion. Under optimization of pH and amount of dispersant, an analysis of minor and trace impurities (Ba, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb) in magnesium niobate was accomplished. Applying a paired t test, we showed that the results were in agreement at a 95% confidence level with the reference values obtained by a fusion method for a magnesium niobate sample, which verified that the calibration curves could be established by aqueous standards. Analytical results demonstrate that the factors that affected the accuracy of determination for MgNb₂O₆ are mainly the particle size of the sample and the stability of slurry.     

Direct multielement trace analyses of silicon carbide powders by spark ablation simultaneous inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry

A procedure for the direct analysis of silicon carbide powders (SiC) by simultaneous detection inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry using a Spectro-CIROS™ spectrometer (CCD-ICP-OES) and a novel spark ablation system Spectro-SASSy (SA) as sample introduction technique is described. The sample preparation procedure for SA of non-conducting material is based on mixing the sample powders with a conducting matrix, in this case copper and briquetting pellets. Pressing time, pressure and mixing ratio are shown to be important parameters of the pelleting technique with respect to their mechanical stability for the reliability of the analysis results. A mixing ratio of 0.2 g +0.6 g for SiC and Cu, a pressure of 10 t cm^− 2 and a pressing time of 8 min have been found optimum. It has also been shown that the spark parameters selected are crucial for uniform volatilization. Electron probe micrographs of the burning spots and the analytical signal magnitude showed that a rather hard spark at 100 Hz was optimum. The determination of trace elements in silicon carbide powders is demonstrated using a calibration based on the addition of standard solutions. For Al, Ti, V, Mn and Fe detection limits in the lower µg g^− 1 range can be achieved. Internal standardization with Y in combination with the addition of standard solutions allows relative standard deviations in the range of 4 to 24% for concentration levels of the order of 3 to 350 µg g^− 1.     

Oxygen bomb combustion of biological samples for inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry

A rapid sample preparation method is proposed for decomposition of milk powder, corn bran, bovine and fish tissues, containing certified contents of the analytes. The procedure involves sample combustion in a commercial stainless steel oxygen bomb operating at 25 bar. Most of the samples were decomposed within 5 min. Diluted nitric acid or water-soluble tertiary amines 10% v/v were used as absorption solutions. Calcium, Cu, K, Mg, Na, P, S and Zn were recovered with the bomb washings and determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Ethanol mixed with paraffin was used as a combustion aid to allow complete combustion. A cooling step prior releasing of the bomb valve was employed to increase the efficiency of sample combustion. Iodine was also determined in milk samples spiked with potassium iodide to evaluate the volatilization and collection of iodine in amine CFA-C medium and the feasibility of its determination by ICP-OES with axial view configuration. Most of the element recoveries in the samples were between 91 and 105% and the certified and found contents exhibited a fair agreement at a 95% confidence level.     

ICP-AES 法测定硅铁中痕量元素

采用电感耦合等离子原子发射光谱法测定硅铁中的痕量元素,研究了 Fe 基体对被测元素的影响,并选择了最佳工作条件.被测元素的检测限为 0 .60～76.2 ng/mL,样品加标回收率为 92%～108%,RSD(n=8)<3%.     

Direct determination of impurities in high purity silicon carbide by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry using slurry nebulization technique

A novel method for the determination of Al, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni and Ti in high purity silicon carbide (SiC) using slurry introduction axial viewed inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) was described. The various sizes of SiC slurry were dispersed by adding dispersant polyethylene imine (PEI). The stability of slurry was characterized by zeta potential measurement, SEM observation and signal stability testing. The optimal concentration of PEI was found to be 0.5 wt% for the SiC slurry. Analytical results of sub-μm size SiC by the slurry introduction were in good accordance with those by the alkaline fusion method which verified that determination could be calibrated by aqueous standards. For μm size SiC, results of most elements have a negative deviation and should be calibrated by the Certified Reference Material slurry. Owing to a rather low contamination in the sample preparation and stability of the slurry, the limits of detection (LODs), which are in the range of 40-2000 ng g⁻¹, superior to those of the conventional nebulization technique by ICP-OES or ICP-MS.     

Multiple small volume microwave-assisted digestions using conventional equipment for multielemental analysis of human breast biopsies by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry

A multiple microwave-assisted digestion procedure using small PTFE closed vials (6 mL capacity) inserted into conventional microwave digestion vessels has been developed as a fast, efficient and clean methodology for multielemental analysis of human breast biopsies by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. This small volume strategy allows drastically diminishing the volume of acid needed for digestion, and in turn, a decrease in sample dilution and an increase in sample throughput is achieved. A 2_IV^4-1 fractional factorial design was used for screening optimization of four variables that can influence the digestion efficiency: (A) nitric acid volume, (B) pre-digestion step, (C) microwave power, and (D) digestion time. A validation study included linearity, precision, detection and quantification limits. Validation against different biological certified reference materials (CRMs) was also performed.The digestion method is suitable for the determination of Al, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, P, S and Zn in small size biological samples such as breast biopsies (<30 mg dry mass). Forty-seven biopsies from 39 women were analyzed: 20 samples from healthy women corresponding to mammoplasties and 27 samples from patients suffering from cancer pathology (19 corresponded to tumour and 8 to adjacent normal tissue). A significant accumulation of Al, Ca, Cu, K, Mg, Mn, P and Zn was found in tumour as compared to healthy tissues. When this comparison is made for tumour and adjacent tissues, a significant accumulation of Al, Mg, P and Zn in tumour tissues was observed. Finally, only Ca significantly accumulates in the adjacent tissues as compared to healthy tissues.     

Determination of trace elements in human serum by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry with flow injection

An analytical method for the simultaneous determination of some trace elements (Au, Fe, Mg, Li, Sr, Zn) in human serum by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) with flow injection is described. Physical interference caused by the change of sample viscosity is discussed. When 100 μl of serum was injected, the relevant recoveries of > 99% for Li, > 98% for Cu and Mg, > 95% for Fe were obtained for an NIST SRM with R.S.D. > 1.3% using optimized flow injection parameters. The prepared lyophilized control serum for routine analysis in clinical laboratories was analyzed and verified for the validity of the technique employed in this experiment using NIST SRM 909 as a primary reference material.     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)法测定再生锌中铊

铊是一种典型的危险废物,在选冶过程中,再生锌原料中的铊以氧化物或粉尘的形式排放到环境中,严重污染环境并危害人类健康。再生锌成分复杂,若样品消解不完全,直接影响测定结果的准确性。本文比较了微波消解和电热板常压消解对样品的处理效果。结果表明,微波消解法快速环保,但是对于难消解的再生锌样品,因无高氯酸的加入,其氧化性能降低,无法将样品消解完全,导致铊测定结果偏低。而采用高氯酸-硝酸-盐酸-氢氟酸构成的混合酸并于低温加盖聚四氟乙烯盖,进行电热板常压消解,能够有效地解决再生锌样品前处理难题。本实验采用四酸法消解样品,5%盐酸进行浸取,选择Tl 190.794nm为分析谱线,采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱（ICP-AES）法测定再生锌中铊。在仪器设定的最佳测定条件下,当Tl质量浓度为0.10μg/mL~5.00μg/mL时,与发射强度线性关系良好,线性回归方程为y = 180.77x -0.46,相关系数为0.99998。干扰实验表明,在设定的共存离子干扰上限,Pb、Zn、Cu、Fe、Ca、Bi 、Sb、Sn、As、Al、Cd、Si、Ag等对再生锌中铊的测定基本无影响。按照实验方法,对5个不同铊含量水平的再生锌样品进行11次独立测定,其测定范围为ω(Tl):0.0041%~0.21%,方法检出限为0.004μg/mL,实验相对准偏差（RSD）为2.07%~3.11%,加标回收率为97.3%~107.5%。方法简单,操作性强,能够快速准确测定再生锌中铊。     

Carbon-related matrix effects in inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry

In Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES), it has been observed that the emission intensity of some atomic lines is enhanced or depressed by the presence of carbon in the matrix. The goal of this work was to investigate the origin and magnitude of the carbon-related matrix effects in ICP-AES. To this end, the influence of the carbon concentration and source (i.e. glycerol, citric acid and potassium hydrogen phthalate), the experimental conditions and sample introduction system on the aerosol characteristics and transport, plasma excitation conditions and the emission intensity of several atomic and ionic lines of a total of 15 elements has been studied. Results indicate that carbon related matrix effects do not depend on the carbon source and they become more severe when the amount of carbon loaded into the plasma increases, i.e., when using: (i) carbon concentrations higher than 5 g L^− 1; (ii) high sample uptake rates; and (iii) efficient sample introduction systems. Thus, when introducing carbon into the plasma, the emission intensity of atomic lines with excitation energies below 6 eV is depressed (up to 15%) whereas the emission intensity of atomic lines of higher excitation energies (i.e. As and Se) are enhanced (up to 30%). The emission intensity of the ionic lines is not affected by the presence of carbon. The origin of the carbon-related interferences on the emission intensity of atomic lines is related to changes in the line excitation mechanism since the carbon containing solutions show the same aerosol characteristics and transport efficiencies as the corresponding aqueous solutions. Based on the previous findings, a calibration approach for the accurate determination of Se in a Se-enriched yeast certified material (SELM-1) has been proposed.     

Direct determination of major elements in solid plant materials by electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry

The present work demonstrates the capability of electrothermal vaporization (ETV) to become an important tool of solid sample introduction in ICP-AES for plant sample analysis. Direct determination of Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na and Zn was investigated in powdered plant samples. Obtaining good results for major elements in plant samples was governed by some special operating conditions. The sensitivity of the method necessitated the use of ICP in radial view configuration. The behavior of elements during vaporization was studied between 500 and 2600 °C. External calibration was carried out using solid external (cellulose) spiked with aqueous standard solutions. However, performances of the analytical method were found dependent of argon flow rates. Analytical accuracy of the method was tested in three reference materials. Analytical results agreed with certified values when cellulose was used in calibration. However, K could not be determined because of excessive sensitivity. Without cellulose, it was found that Fe results were underestimated and Zn results overestimated. Relative standard deviations varied from 3 to 23%. Limits of detection varied from 1 to 80 ng g⁻¹ from one element to the other for a typical mass sample of 2 mg.     

Matrix effects in the analysis of biological matrices by axial view inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry

We are reporting observations of positive and negative variations of emission line intensities during the determination of boron and titanium in biological matrices by axial view inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry with segmented charge-coupled device detection. The study included the testing of several elements (yttrium, palladium and platinum) and analytical wavelengths for internal standardization, aiming to compensate for variations in signal recovery due to matrix interferences. Human albumin was chosen as principal matrix component to assess the effect of variable chemical and instrumental operating conditions on boron response. A parametric study was performed by considering the application of two different nebulizer–aerosol chamber systems, the effect of plasma operating conditions on analyte and internal standard signals and the influence of common blood plasma electrolytes, added as salts of alkaline or alkaline earth elements. The pneumatic injection systems tested were a standard cross-flow nebulizer with a Scott type spray chamber and a concentric Meinhard type device coupled to a glass cyclonic spray chamber. The change from standard (i.e. medium RF power and relatively high aerosol carrier gas flow rate) to robust (i.e. higher RF power and lower carrier gas flow rate) conditions contributed to large, non-correlated variations in boron intensities and in some of the analyte/internal standard ratios. Significant memory effects were observed for injection of boron solutions prepared with boric acid and containing small amounts of acid, but those effects were negligible when the boron carrier compound was boronophenylalanyne. The injection of titanium solutions did not produce analyte carry-over effects. When internal standards were employed, a less effective signal compensation was consistently observed for boron at higher albumin concentrations when the difference in energies of the lines was between 4.5 and 6 eV. This effect was enhanced for some line pairs when robust conditions are employed. Differences in the response between nebulizers were minor, with a slight advantage in sensitivity for the cross-flow/Scott system. Yttrium was found to be useful for signal compensation in the determination of boron and titanium in blood and human plasma provided that the equivalent concentration of albumin in the nebulized sample dilutions was kept below 0.2% w/v. Simultaneous measurement of a reference strontium line was found to be useful as an additional verification of the response of yttrium as internal standard.     

酸溶-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定白云石和菱镁石中主次元素

利用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱仪( ICP-AES)建立白云石和菱镁石中铝、钙、铁、镁、锰、磷、硅、锶的测定方法。研究了酸体系、温度及消解方式对试样消解的影响,结果表明,使用5 mL盐酸和硝酸混合酸(1：3)-0.75 mL氢氟酸-5 mL水以密闭消解的方式在150 ℃下消解白云石和菱镁石30min,并以2mL饱和硼酸络合多余的氢氟酸,可以得到澄清消解液。通过白云石和菱镁石中铝、钙、铁、镁、锰、磷、硅、锶的谱线干扰情况,选择Al 308.215 nm、Ca 318.127 nm、Fe 261.187 nm、Mg 277.983 nm、Mn 257.61 nm、P 213.618 nm、Si 251.611 nm、Sr 421.552 nm作为分析线,各元素的校准曲线在线性范围内线性关系良好,相关系数均不小于0.999。按照实验方法测定白云石和菱镁石标准物质,各元素结果的相对标准偏差 (RSD, n=6)为0.89~3.19%,测定值与认定值无显著性差异。本方法有效解决了白云石和菱镁石快速有效溶解及准确测定问题。     

Silicon determination by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry after generation of volatile silicon tetrafluoride

A method for the determination of silicon by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) is described. The procedure is based on a discontinuous generation of volatile silicon tetrafluoride in concentrated sulphuric acid medium after injecting 125 μl of 0.1%, w/v sodium fluoride solution into 100 μl of the sample. The gaseous silicon tetrafluoride is fed directly into the ICP torch by a flow of 250 ml min⁻¹ Ar carrier gas. The calibration curve was linear up to at least 100 μg ml⁻¹ of Si(IV) and the absolute detection limit was 9.8 ng working with a solution volume of 100 μl. The relative standard deviation for six measurements of 10 μg ml⁻¹ of Si(IV) was 2.32%. The method was applied to the determination of silicon in water and iron ores.     

Application of wavelet transform to background correction in inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry

A background correction method based on wavelet transform was devised and applied to inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The proposed approach separated background from analyte signal according to their different frequencies. Compared with the analyte signal, the background has a low frequency. By removal of the components attributed to the signal, the background over the spectral window of the analyte line can be fitted through wavelet reconstruction. The results showed that the wavelet transform technique could handle all kinds of background and low signal-to-background ratio spectra, and required no prior knowledge about the sample composition, no selection of suitable background correction points, and no mathematical assumption of the background distribution. This technique performed as well as the conventional three-point background correction method for linear backgrounds, and provided better results than the latter for curved backgrounds. The proposed procedure was illustrated, by processing real spectra, to be an effective and practical tool for background correction in ICP-AES.     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定稀土钢中微量镧、铈

采用稀王水溶解样品,选择La408.672 nm、Ce456.236nm为分析线,建立了电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-OES)测定稀土钢中微量镧、铈的方法。结果表明,各元素校准曲线线性良好,相关系数可达0.99999;方法测定范围为：0.0001%～0.10%。检出限为：镧0.00002%,铈0.00006%。按照实验方法测定标样中镧、铈,结果的相对标准偏差RSD(n=8)为2.18%、1.68%。     

Direct analysis of fly ash materials by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry using slurry nebulization

Fly ash samples of cement works were analysed using slurry nebulization inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometric (ICP-AES). Because of the influence of the experimental factors on the signal intensity, the optimal conditions of the analysis circumstances were determined. Control analyses (wet digestion followed by ICP-AES, and XRF of dry powders (pressed pellets)) were also carried out to compare the results. Based on the result, it was concluded that the slurry nebulization method using slurry standard of same type reference material for calibration can be applied for rapid but less precise (RSD 5–10%) determination of the elements in fly ash.     

Field-flow fractionation: An efficient approach for matrix removal of soil extract for inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry

An on-line coupling between a continuous-flow sequential extraction (CFSE) unit and flow field-flow fractionation with cross flow matrix removal (FlFFF/CFM) with ICP-OES detection was developed for determination of metal leachability from soil. The use of high concentration of Mg(NO₃)₂ in exchangeable phase can cause undesirable matrix effects by shifting ionization equilibrium in the plasma, etc., resulting in a clear need for matrix removal. Therefore, the capability of FlFFF/CFM to remove Mg matrix ion from soil extract was evaluated. Poly(ethylene imine) (PEI) having molecular weight of 25,000 Da was added to form complexes with analyte elements (Cu, Mn, Pb, and Zn) but not the matrix element (Mg). The free Mg matrix ions were then removed by filtering off through the ultrafiltration membrane, having a 1000-Da molecular weight cut-off, inside the FlFFF channel. With the use of FlFFF/CFM, matrix removal efficiency was approximately 83.5%, which was equivalent to approximately 6-fold dilution of the matrix ion. The proposed hyphenated system of CFSE and FlFFF/CFM with ICP-OES detection was examined for its reliability by checking with SRM 2710 (a highly contaminated soil from Montana). The metal contents determined by the proposed method were not significantly different (at 95% confidence) from the certified values.     

Determination of trace impurities in boron nitride by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry and electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry using solid sampling

Two digestion-free methods for trace analysis of boron nitride based on graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) and electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma spectrometry optical emission (ETV-ICP-OES) using direct solid sampling have been developed and applied to the determination of Al, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Si, Ti and Zr in four boron nitride materials in concentration intervals of 1–23, 54–735, 0.05–21, 0.005–1.3, 1.6–112, 4.5–20, 0.03–1.8, 6–46, 38–170 and 0.4–2.3 μg g^− 1, respectively. At optimized experimental conditions, with both methods, effective in-situ analyte/matrix separation was achieved and calibration could be performed using calibration curves measured with aqueous standard solutions. In solid sampling GFAAS, before sampling, the platform was covered with graphite powder and, for determination of Si, also the Pd/Mg(NO₃)₂ modifier was used. In the determination of all analyte elements by solid sampling ETV-ICP-OES, Freon R12 was added to argon carrier gas. For solid sampling GFAAS and ETV-ICP-OES, the achievable limits of detection were within 5 (Cu)–130 (Si) ng g^− 1 and 8 (Cu)–200 (Si) ng g^− 1, respectively. The results obtained by these two methods for four boron nitride materials of different purity grades are compared each with the other and with those obtained in analysis of digests by ICP-OES. The performance of the two solid sampling methods is compared and discussed.     

Direct solid sampling electrothermal vaporization of alumina for analysis by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry

A procedure based on electrothermal evaporation (ETV) and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) for the determination of trace impurities in Al₂O₃ powders without any sample pretreatment is presented. With the aid of matrix modifier the transport and the evaporation efficiency for refractory compounds could be increased by forming halides with a lower boiling point. As calibration is still a problem in direct solid sample analysis, different calibration approaches including the use of certified reference materials from NIST and standard addition of aqueous solutions of analytes were discussed. The accuracy obtained with calibration and with the standard addition method was shown up for the elements Ca, Fe, Ga, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni and V for the case of Al₂O₃ NIST standard reference material (SRM 699). The ETV–ICP-OES method was used for the analysis of Al₂O₃ powders with impurities in the low μg/g range and the results for the elements Ca, Fe, Ga, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni and V obtained with evaporation of discrete powder amounts with ETV–ICP-OES and slurry evaporation under the use of ultrasonic homogenization during the sampling and ETV–ICP-MS were shown to be in a good agreement.