可分离温度影响的FBG应变测量方法

光纤布拉格光栅在通信和传感领域具有广泛的应用。利用光纤布拉格光栅中心波长的偏移，可以测量温度和应变等多种物理量，但必须解决光栅对温度和应变的交叉敏感问题。该文简要分析了光纤光栅作为传感器的基本原理及其优点，设计了利用参考光栅法分离温度影响以及利用掺铒光纤的自发发射放大特性分离温度影响的2种应变测量方法。最后，介绍了一种利用倾斜光纤光栅的主模和边模对布拉格光栅中心波长的偏移进行解调的方法，该方法成功地分离了温度对应变测量的影响。     

基于光纤布拉格光栅传感器的光纤光栅智能夹层试验研究

传感元件与复合材料的一体化是智能结构研究的最终目标之一。设计一种具有自诊断功能的标准化、模块化光纤智能夹层系统,正是实现这种一体化最有潜力的技术途径。采用聚酰亚胺薄膜制作了基于光纤布拉格光栅（FBG）传感器的光纤光栅智能夹层,对智能夹层中光纤布拉格光栅传感器的应变、温度特性进行了标定试验,并建立了基于光纤布拉格光栅传感器光纤光栅智能夹层的应变、温度测量模型。试验表明,智能夹层内布拉格光栅波长偏移与应变、温度之间具有良好的线性关系。不过在温度测量时,必须考虑被埋人结构的热膨胀效应。利用光纤光栅智能夹层内光纤布拉格光栅传感器网络和先进信息处理技术,可以建立结构损伤主动、在线和实时监测系统。     

光纤光栅传感器的应用

在光纤传感领域，光纤光栅传感技术是十多年来发展最为迅速的技术之一，传感系统本身和应用领域均有了很大发展．文章介绍了光纤光栅的结构、性能以及传感的原理，回顾了光纤光栅传感器在地球动力学、航天器及船舶航运、民用工程结构、电力工业、医学、和化学传感中的应用．     

Design and analysis of a new silicon-on-insulator waveguide Michelson interferometer sensor

A new designed and analyzed silicon-on-insulator (SOI) waveguide Michelson interferometer (SMI) sensor is proposed in this paper. The authors compare an optical SMI sensor, a silicon-on-insulator Bragg waveguide grating (SBG) sensor, and a fiber Bragg grating sensor (FBG) for temperature sensing in medicine applications. The SMI sensor has 20 times sensing more accuracy than the FBG sensor. Moreovr, the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the pass-band frequency responses of our proposed SMI can be designed much narrower than FBG and SBG sensors for sensing resolution enhancement. Further, the improved characteristics of the SMI demonstrated in this paper could pave the way for future high density temperature monitoring medicine applications.     

基于封装光纤Bragg光栅传感器的混凝土应变监测试验研究

研究了光纤Bragg光栅封装工艺,提出并实现了两种封装光纤Bragg光栅传感器:工字型钢管封装光纤Bragg光栅应变传感器及钢管封装光纤Bragg温度传感器。研究了传感器的埋设工艺,采用金属丝固定法、钢管抽出法两种方法进行了埋设。将它们埋入到钢筋混凝土梁中,实现对混凝土的拉、压应变及温度的测量。结果显示,在试验梁弹性阶段,可以较为准确的监测混凝土应变。     

Industrial and medical applications of fiber Bragg gratings(Invited Paper)

The uses of optical fibers are numerous, and over the past few decades, they have extended from optical fiber communications to a wide variety of sensing applications. In particular, fiber Bragg grating(FBG) sensors inscribed in single-mode optical fibers offer significant advantages over more conventional electrical sensors and have been successfully deployed in many different industries. In this Review, we review the applications of intrinsic FBG pressure and flow sensors in oil and gas and the deployment of FBG sensing networks in railways.The promising prospect of using polymer FBGs in wearable medical devices is also described.     

Experimental verification of response of embedded optical fiber Bragg grating sensors in non-homogeneous strain fields

One of the advantages of optical fiber sensors is their ease of embedment within a structure for non-destructive strain monitoring. In particular, Bragg grating sensors are written directly into an optical fiber hence remaining unobtrusive. In addition, several gratings can be written in series along a single fiber, permitting sensing at discrete points throughout the strain field. However, in regions of strong strain gradients, measuring the strain at discrete points may not be sufficient. One solution is to write a Bragg grating longer than the strain region of interest and use the change in its spectral response to determine the applied strain field as a function of position along the fiber. This paper presents an experimental verification of the response of an embedded optical fiber Bragg grating (OFBG) to applied non-homogeneous strain fields. Optical fiber Bragg grating sensors were embedded in four epoxy specimens of different forms so as to apply known strain functions along the gauge length when the specimen is under uniaxial tension. The complete spectral response of the Bragg gratings was then measured as a function of increasing load. The results are compared with analytical calculations, based on the piecewise-uniform period assumption for chirped gratings. Finally, the use of these spectra is discussed as possible basis functions for the resolution of an arbitrary applied strain distribution.     

A planar lightwave circuit based micro interrogator and its applications to the interrogation of multiplexed optical fiber Bragg grating sensors

Optical fiber Bragg grating sensors have found potential applications in many fields, but the lack of a simple, field deployable and low cost interrogation system is hindering their deployment. To tackle this, we have developed a micro optical sensor interrogator using a monolithically integrated planar lightwave circuit based echelle diffractive grating demultiplexer and a detector array. The design and development of this device are presented in this paper. It has been found that the measurement range of this micro interrogator is more than 25 nm with better than 1 pm resolution. This paper also reports the applications of the micro interrogator developed to the monitoring of commercial optical fiber Bragg grating (FBG) temperature sensors and mechanical sensors. The results obtained are very satisfactory and in some cases, they are better than those obtained using commercial bench top lab equipment.     

光纤光栅传感器交叉敏感问题研究

交叉敏感问题是光纤光栅传感器在实际应用中需面对的一个关键问题。从光纤Bragg光栅的传感理论出发，分析了光纤光栅在同时测量应变和温度时引起交叉敏感的物理机理，建立了带有温度-应变交叉灵敏度系数的光纤Bragg光栅反射波长方程。利用双波长矩阵算法针对上述建立的光纤光栅方程进行了误差分析，获取了在交叉敏感情况下温度和应变的相对误差曲线图。结合相对误差表达式和曲线图分析讨论了交叉敏感对测量带来的影响。结果表明在温度和应力测量中随着测量温度或者应变变化量的增大，忽略交叉敏感项而带来的测量误差越来越明显。     

Performance evaluation of fiber Bragg grating sensors by digital holographic technique, strain gauge measurement

In view of the growing interest for non-destructive tests of materials, geodynamical monitoring and in general remote sensing, there is a great effort to bring practical optical sensors from research labs to industrial and environmental applications. In this paper, we employ digital holographic technique as an efficient tool for evaluating the strain measurement capability of fiber Bragg gratings (FBG). A cantilever beam has been employed as a test structure under loading test. The strain measurements results obtained by fiber-based sensors have been compared to those obtained by using full-field digital holographic technique and point-wise strain gauge sensors glued on the same cantilever beam. A simple theoretical model is also presented to interpret and compare the experimental results coming from different techniques.     

Optical fiber Bragg grating hydrogen sensor based on evanescent-field interaction with palladium thin-film transducer

Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors in single-mode optical fibers are widely applied for measurement of temperature and strain. If exposing FBG sensors to an external analyte by planar side-polishing technique of the fiber, evanescent-field interaction yields a Bragg wavelength shift also by changing the refractive index of the analyte. Deposition of sensor-specific transducer layers on the side-polished fiber can specify this spectrally encoding and network-capable optochemical fiber Bragg grating refractometry to the monitoring of specific substances, absorbed gases and vapors. In this paper, the sensor principle is demonstrated for the example of a hydrogen gas sensor based on a palladium thin-film transducer. Hydrogen in 0.1–4% volume concentration range can be monitored by the spectral shift of the Bragg wavelength, which is caused by the decreasing complex refractive index of Pd with increasing absorption of hydrogen.     

基于变刚度结构的光纤布拉格光栅低温环境下的温度増敏方法研究

光纤布拉格光栅采用非电磁信号测试方式,具有显著的抗电磁干扰以及可嵌入被测结构内部等特性,已成为近些年广受关注的光学应变、温度传感与测试新技术。但在极端条件下(如超低温环境),光纤由于受到其自身材料特性的局限,传感特性不明显甚至限制了其应用。基于结构变刚度的力学増敏方法,本文提出了一种适用于低温区的光纤布拉格光栅温度传感増敏的结构设计方法。研究结果表明：该传感结构可有效感应低温下的温度变化,増敏效果明显;并获得増敏效果随结构材料与几何特性的依赖关系,经过优化可使得光栅区对温度和应变的敏感性大大提高,甚至提高1个数量级。最后,完成了这一増敏结构的设计和制备,实验验证了所提方法的有效性和可靠性。     

Differential reflectometry of FBG sensors in the wide spectral range

The paper presents a reflectometric technique for interrogation of multiple fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors based on conventional optical time domain reflectometry (OTDR). The method proposed rests on the differential measurement of FBGs’ response to a short probing laser pulse. Implementation of differential measurement principle using several reference FBGs allowed us to eliminate the susceptibility of the system to intensity fluctuations as well as to increase the measurement range as compared to the previous developments. The experimental threshold sensitivity amounted to ∼50 microstrain with the measurement range being defined by the number of reference FBGs and limited only by optical fiber tensile strength. Due to its simplicity, efficiency and usage of conventional OTDR equipment the proposed FBG interrogation technique can find a wide range of applications dealing with strain and temperature measurements.     

小直径光纤光栅的研制及传感交叉敏感研究

研究了小直径光纤光栅的研制以及传感中的温度应变交叉敏感问题.首先根据耦合模理论,分析了小直径光纤Bragg光栅光谱特性,确定了包覆层为80 μm的单模光纤加工成中心波长为1 528 nm的Bragg光栅的栅长及周期,并研究了小直径光纤光栅与解设备之间的连接方式.其次利用等强度梁的变形特点,结合矩阵法,提出基于等强度悬臂梁双Bragg光纤光栅矩阵算法,对小直径光纤Bragg光栅的交叉敏感问题进行研究.温度和应变的实验辨别误差分别为5%和6%.实验结果表明,该方法可以分离温度和应变对光纤Bragg光栅传感的影响.采用该方法去除交叉影响,K矩阵始终存在逆矩阵,因此对所采用的光栅无特殊要求,从而扩大了光纤光栅选用范围,并将温度和应变识别出来.     

基于滤波法的光纤光栅传感解调方案

FBG传感器对应变和温度的敏感体现在其反射光中心波长的变化上，因此如何测量波长的变化就成为FBG传感器的关键。在光纤光栅的多种解调方法中，因滤波法的测量器件制作简单，测量系统简易、方便直观而被广泛应用。主要介绍了8种基于滤波法的解调方法，对它们各自的成本、检测精度、测量范围、器件制作以及适用的环境进行了详细的比较，分析了它们的优缺点，以便于在不同的检测条件下选用最佳的解调方案。重点介绍了光学小波滤波解调法，探讨了其测量系统的原理，并指出该方法可用于微弱信号的检测与处理。     

基于光纤微结构加工和敏感材料物理融合的光纤传感技术

将功能敏感材料与光纤在物理层面进行有机融合,充分发挥光纤传感器在结构集成、材料集成等方面的优势,将有望发展新型的光纤传感器件和系统.本文综述了飞秒激光光纤微加工技术分别在标准的单模光纤和光纤光栅上制备微结构,再结合敏感材料制备技术,实现在物理层面上光纤传感器材料和结构的集成和融合,探索实现新型高性能的光纤传感新技术.     

Fiber grating sensors for high-temperature measurement

Two fiber grating sensors for high-temperature measurements are proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The interrogation technologies of the sensor systems are all simple, low cost but effective. In the first sensor system, the sensor head is comprised of one fiber Bragg grating (FBG) and two metal rods. The lengths of the rods are different from each other. The coefficients of thermal expansion of the rods are also different from each other. The FBG will be strained by the sensor head when the temperature to be measured changes. The temperature is measured based on the wavelength-shifts of the FBG induced by the strain. In the second sensor system, a long-period fiber grating (LPG) is used as the high-temperature sensor head. The LPG is very-high-temperature stable CO₂-laser-induced grating and has a linear function of wavelength–temperature in the range of 0–800 °C. A dynamic range of 0–800 °C and a resolution of 1 °C have been obtained by either the first or the second sensor system. The experimental results agree with theoretical analyses.     

激光多普勒测速精度分析

激光多普勒测速（ＬａｓｅｒＤｏｐｐｌｅｒＶｅｌｏｃｉｍｅｔｒｙ）以其高精度、使用方便而在速度测试领域得到广泛的应用。人们也因此而忽视了对影响其测试精度的因素进行系统的分析。为此,本文主要对影响激光多普勒测速精度的因素作了具体分析。主要分析了有限渡越时间、测控体中的示踪粒子、光电探测器、激光束定位等因素,并提出了在具体实验时的注意事项。     

基于啁啾光纤光栅的粮仓测温网络研究

为了解决传统光纤光栅测温系统中单根光纤上带光纤光栅探头数量少、回波光强弱以及复用能力差的问题,设计研究了基于啁啾光纤光栅的测温系统。通过啁啾调制技术提高了回波光的带宽,从而增强了信号的可处理性并大大提高了带探测点位的数量。推导了啁啾调制的光栅周期表达式,给出了调制方法及波长范围。实验采用LPT-102型宽带光源与F-P光纤解调仪等,调制带宽为1 535.0～1 555.0 nm,并结合WR-201型温度传感器作标定。对20～60 ℃范围内每1 ℃改变进行测试,实验结果显示,传统光纤光栅探头与啁啾光纤光栅探头的测试温度误差相近,都符合设计要求。相比而言,啁啾FBG的测试数据对应的波长偏移具有较为明显的单调线性的特征,即数据稳定性更高,同时,采用啁啾FBG的系统带光纤光栅探头数量明显优于传统光纤光栅测温系统。由此可知,本系统在不增加光纤个数及不降低温度测试精度的基础上,实现了大幅提高带探测点位数量的设计要求。     

植入碳纤维蜂窝夹芯结构的光纤光栅热载荷响应光谱研究

针对航天领域复合材料结构在空间服役环境的热响应监测需求,研究了一种热载荷作用下基于光纤Bragg光栅(FBG)反射光谱特征分析的碳纤维蜂窝夹芯结构监测方法。将光纤Bragg光栅传感器分别植入碳纤维蜂窝夹芯结构的不同铺层,通过监测不同热载荷下各铺层位置的光纤光栅反射光谱,得到碳纤维蜂窝夹芯结构相关铺层位置热应变特征。研究表明,碳纤维蜂窝夹芯结构不同材料铺层的热应变特征存在一定差异。植入外蒙皮表面与玻璃布之间的光纤光栅反射光谱随着温度升高,中心波长向长波方向漂移,且波形未出现明显改变。埋植于外蒙皮第二、三层碳纤维织物预浸料之间的光栅反射光谱随着温度降低逐渐出现旁瓣、多峰等啁啾效应,其主峰与右侧次峰中心波长均向短波方向逐渐漂移,主峰峰值幅度变化较小,温度灵敏度约为5.56×10-3 dBm·℃-1,而右侧次峰幅度显著增大,温度灵敏度约为40.32×10-3 dBm·℃-1;埋植于内蒙皮和蜂窝芯子之间的光栅反射光谱随着温度降低,其半波峰带宽逐渐增大,变化率约为3.19 pm·℃-1,且出现显著多峰趋势,这是由于层间热应力分布不均匀所形成。在-70~+60 ℃温度范围,各植入层热应变均随温度升高而增大,且变化趋势相接近,而在+60~+120 ℃温度范围内,各植入层热应变变化趋势呈现显著差异。这些特性能够为后继空间环境复合材料航天器结构状态在轨监测提供有益帮助。