Stimulated emission by external sources in quantum field theory

A formalism is developed to study stimulated emission by external sources in relativistic quantum field theory as a generalization of an earlier work involving essentially noninteracting particles. A general expression is derived for transition amplitudes for the production of an arbitrary number of particles, as final products, by emission sources when there is initially an arbitrary number of particles before the intervention of the emission sources, thus stimulating the latter for further emissions. An application to quantum electrodynamics is then given in the presence of an external electromagnetic current with an initial background radiation of an arbitrary number of photons with unspecified momenta and spins leading to an electron-positron pair as final products.     

Electromagnetic wave propagation from a point source in air through a medium with a negative refractive index

Refraction of an electromagnetic wave from a point source to a medium with a negative refractive index is considered. An electric Hertz dipole that is located in air and directed parallel to a plane interface is considered as the point source. It is rigorously shown that the electromagnetic radiation propagated from the dipole into the medium with the negative refractive index is focused within a certain region in this medium. The sizes of the focusing region are determined. As a result, it is pointed out that the diffraction limit cannot be overcome by using homogeneous materials with negative refractive indices.     

Controlled Space Radiation concept for mesh-free semi-analytical technique to model wave fields in complex geometries

Numerical modelling of the ultrasonic wave propagation is important for Structural Heath Monitoring and System Prognosis problems. In order to develop intelligent and adaptive structures with embedded damage detector and classifier mechanisms, detailed understanding of scattered wave fields due to anomaly in the structure is inevitably required. A detailed understanding of the problem demands a good modelling of the wave propagation in the problem geometry in virtual form. Therefore, efficient analytical, semi-analytical or numerical modelling techniques are required. In recent years a semi-analytical mesh-free technique called Distributed Point Source Method (DPSM) is being used for modelling various ultrasonic, electrostatic and electromagnetic wave field problems. In the conventional DPSM approach point sources are placed along the transducer faces, problem boundaries and interfaces to model incident and scattered fields. Every point source emits energy in all directions uniformly. Source strengths of these 360° radiation sources are obtained by satisfying interface and boundary conditions of the problem. In conventional DPSM modelling approach it is assumed that the shadow zone does not require any special consideration. 360° Radiation point sources should be capable of properly modelling shadow zones because all boundary and interface conditions are satisfied. In this paper it is investigated how good this assumption is by introducing the ‘shadow zone’ concept at the point source level and comparing the results generated by the conventional DPSM and by this modified approach where the conventional 360° radiation point sources are replaced by the Controlled Space Radiation (CSR) sources.     

图像光谱技术实现精确测温

建立了一种以灰体辐射为基础测量温度的新方法,它不仅可以测定辐射体的实时温度,而且可以实现无接触和高精度测量。首先,利用多通道CCD图像光谱仪精确测量辐射体在较宽波段内的辐射光谱,作为该辐射体的指纹光谱,将其定义为一个等效的灰体;其次,通过对所测光谱的拟合确定该辐射体的灰体辐射模型的系数,从而确定待测辐射体的灰体辐射模型;最后,通过光谱技术与灰体辐射模型的结合确定给定辐射体的任意温度。通过对无火焰和有火焰这两类热辐射体的实验检验,表明该测温方法具有实时、准确和无接触等优点。     

脉冲激光辐照液滴锡靶等离子体极紫外辐射的实验研究

采用波长13.5 nm的极紫外光作为曝光光源的极紫外光刻技术是最有潜力的下一代光刻技术之一, 它是半导体制造实现10 nm及以下节点的关键技术. 获得极紫外辐射的方法中, 激光等离子体光源凭借转换效率高、收集角度大、碎屑产量低等优点而被认为是最有前途的极紫外光源. 本文开展了脉冲TEA-CO₂激光和Nd:YAG激光辐照液滴锡靶产生极紫外辐射的实验, 对极紫外辐射的谱线结构以及辐射的时空分布特性进行了研究.实验发现: 与TEA-CO₂激光相比, 较高功率密度的Nd:YAG激光激发的极紫外辐射谱存在明显的蓝移; 并且激光等离子体光源可以认为是点状光源, 其极紫外辐射强度随空间角度变化近似满足Lambertian分布.     

Medium effect on the characteristics of the coupled seismic and electromagnetic signals

Recently developed numerical simulation technique can simulate the coupled seismic and electromagnetic signals for a double couple point source or a finite fault planar source. Besides the source effect, the simulation results showed that both medium structure and medium property could affect the coupled seismic and electromagnetic signals. The waveform of coupled signals for a layered structure is more complicated than that for a simple uniform structure. Different from the seismic signals, the electromagnetic signals are sensitive to the medium properties such as fluid salinity and fluid viscosity. Therefore, the co-seismic electromagnetic signals may be more informative than seismic signals.     

Time-dependent scalar Beltrami-Hertz potentials in free space

We have solved the Beltrami-Maxwell equations for free space in terms of time-dependent scalar functions, the so-called scalar Beltrami-Hertz potentials. The two Beltrami fields have been represented in terms of scalar Beltrami-Hertz potentials. While the method is formulated for general sources, it is at its most powerful when the impressed source current densities are unidirectional: each Beltrami field, a complex-valued vector, can then be derived from a single scalar Beltrami-Hertz potential. We have calculated the corresponding scalar Green function explicity and given closed-form solutions for dipolar sources. Finally, the connection between the Beltrami-Maxwell formalism and conventional electromagnetic theory has been re-affirmed.     

Extended discrete-ordinate method considering full polarization state

This paper presents an extension to the standard discrete-ordinate method (DOM) to consider generalized sources including: beam sources which can be placed at any (vertical) position and illuminate in any direction, thermal emission from the atmosphere and angularly distributed sources which illuminate from a surface as continuous functions of zenith and azimuth angles. As special cases, the thermal emission from the surface and deep space can be implemented as angularly distributed sources. Analytical-particular solutions for all source types are derived using the infinite medium Green's function. Radiation field zenith angle interpolation using source function integration is developed for all source types. The development considers the full state of polarization, including the sources (as applicable) and the (BRDF) surface, but the development can be reduced easily to scalar problems and is ready to be implemented in a single set of code for both scalar and vector radiative transfer computation.     

Time-domain, nuclear-resonant, forward scattering: theclassical approach

This paper deals with the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter assuming the matter to have nuclear transitions in resonance with incident electromagnetic radiation. The source of the radiation is taken to be of two types; natural radioactive gamma decay and synchrotron radiation. Numerical examples using ⁵⁷Fe are given for the two types of source radiation. Calculated results are contrasted for the two cases. Electromagnetic radiation produced by recoil-free gamma-ray emission has essentially the natural linewidth. Electromagnetic radiation from a synchrotron, even with the best monochromators available, has a relatively broad-band spectrum, essentially constant for these considerations. Polarization effects are considered. In general, the nuclear-resonant medium changes the polarization of the input radiation on traversing the medium. Calculations are presented to illustrate that synchrotron radiation studies using nuclear-resonant forward scattering have the potential for making high-precision measurements of hyperfine fields and recoilless fractions. An interesting aspect of nuclear-resonant forward scattering, relative to possible gamma-ray laser development, is the so-called “speed-up” effect. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Laser conferral of a directed character to near-field energy transfer

With sufficient intensity, an off-resonant laser beam can modify the character of electromagnetic near-field radiation produced by a nanoscale point source, narrowing its spatial distribution. The mechanism, for which the laser frequency is significantly off-resonant from the emission radiation, is detailed and analyzed through a quantum electrodynamical analysis. Results are calculated for various positions of a polarization-sensitive probe relative to the point source, sited within the throughput beam, and contour maps exhibit variations in the registered signal over a range of input intensities. A key feature is the clear exhibition of directed propagation features, usually emergent only in the wave zone, within the near-field region of the source.     

Microwave generation using a superluminal source

The power produced by existing sources of microwave radiation falls off with decreasing wavelength. To solve this problem a new concept is proposed for generating microwave radiation, based on the use of a superluminal source formed when electrons are emitted into vacuum from a medium and the emission front propagates along the surface with a speed greater than that of light. Such generators are shown to have a number of completely unique properties: they radiate extremely short pulses (as short as picoseconds); their power exceeds that of existing sources by orders of magnitude; and unlike existing sources, it increases as the wavelength is reduced. Zh. éksp. Teor. Fiz. 115, 1689–1707 (May 1999)     

Stimulated emission of surface plasmons at the interface between a silver film and an optically pumped dye solution

Surface plasmons (SPs) are surface-bound electromagnetic waves supported by metals, offering the possibility of strong spatial confinement of electromagnetic fields on the micro- and nanoscales. They suffer, however, from strong damping caused by internal absorption and radiation losses. Here we demonstrate amplification of SPs by stimulated emission, which marks a possible solution to this problem. We use an attenuated-total-reflection setup to detect stimulated emission of SPs at the interface between a silver film and an optically pumped dye solution acting as the amplifying medium. Clear evidence of stimulated emission is provided by an excellent agreement of the experimental observations with a theoretical analysis. Amplification of SPs can be considered analogous to photon amplification in a laser, thereby suggesting novel approaches in the field of nano-optics.     

随机耦合模型复杂腔体电磁耦合效应统计特性

针对微波脉冲激励下复杂屏蔽腔体内部电路耦合电磁量计算的问题,建立了一个微波混沌腔体,通过测试获取了含内部电路的腔体辐射和辐射散射参数,利用随机耦合模型(RCM),对干扰脉冲能量进行了归一化处理,计算分析了微波脉冲宽度、脉冲间隔、脉冲数目以及腔体损耗因子对目标点感应电磁量统计分布的影响。计算结果表明:脉冲干扰下电路目标点耦合电磁量强于功率源激励;在脉冲能量一定的条件下,目标点耦合电磁量与微波脉冲的宽度、间隔和数目的变化均呈现一定的谐振特性,且单脉冲激励对电路的影响明显强于多脉冲。与此同时,实验还研究了电路易受电磁干扰的目标点的确定方法。     

Features of Radiation Fields of Some Sources in a Subluminal Flow of a Nondispersive Medium

We study radiation fields of various dipole sources as well as of a source of bisphere type moving in a nondispersive medium with velocity less than the speed of light in this medium. In particular, it is shown that in certain cases, there is a displacement of the angular pattern of a source in the direction opposite to the medium flow. Expressions for energy losses of the considered sources are obtained. It is pointed out that the radiation power of both a bisphere and a toroidal dipole increases with increasing velocity of motion of the medium more rapidly compared with the ordinary dipoles.     

Physical source realization of complex source pulsed beams

Complex source pulsed beams (CSPB) are exact wave-packet solutions of the time-dependent wave equation that are modeled mathematically in terms of radiation from a pulsed point source located at a complex space-time coordinate. In the present paper, the physical source realization of the CSPB is explored. This is done in the framework of the acoustic field, as a concrete physical example, but a similar analysis can be applied for electromagnetic CSPB. The physical realization of the CSPB is addressed by deriving exact expressions for the acoustic source distribution in the real coordinate space that generates the CSPB, and by exploring the power and energy flux near these sources. The exact source distribution is of finite support. Special emphasis is placed on deriving simplified source functions and parametrization for the special case where the CSPB are well collimated.     

A high-resolution self-consistent whole sky foreground model

The neutral hydrogen 21 cm line is potentially a very powerful probe of the observable universe, and a number of on-going experiments are trying to detect it at cosmological distances. However, the presence of strong foreground radiations such as the galactic synchrotron radiation, galactic free-free emission and extragalactic radio sources make it a very challenging task.For the design of 21 cm experiments and analysis of their data, simulation is an essential tool, and good sky foreground model is needed. With existing data the whole sky maps are available only in low angular resolutions or for limited patches of sky,which is inadequate in the simulation of these new 21 cm experiments. In this paper, we present the method of constructing a high resolution self-consistent sky model at low frequencies, which incorporates both diffuse foreground and point sources.Our diffuse map is constructed by generating physical foreground components including the galactic synchrotron emission and galactic free-free emission. The point source sample is generated using the actual data from the NRAO VLA Sky Survey(NVSS)and the Sydney University Molonglo Sky Survey(SUMSS) where they are available and complete in flux limit, and mock point sources according to statistical distributions. The entire model is made self-consistent by removing the integrated flux of the point sources from the diffuse map so that this part of radiation is not double counted. We show that with the point sources added, a significant angular power is introduced in the mock sky map, which may be important for foreground subtraction simulations.Our sky maps and point source catalogues are available to download.     

基于联合波叠加法的浅海信道下圆柱壳声辐射研究

针对浅海信道下弹性结构声辐射预报尚无高效可靠的研究方法,提出了一种浅海信道下弹性结构声辐射快速预报的联合波叠加法.该方法结合了浅海信道传输函数、多物理场耦合数值计算法和波叠加法理论,运用该方法可对浅海信道下弹性结构辐射声场进行快速预报.经数值法和解析解法验证后,从信道下辐射源、环境影响和辐射声场测量的角度研究分析了浅海信道下弹性圆柱壳的声辐射特性,阐释了进行浅海信道下结构声辐射研究的必要性.研究结果表明,仅在低频浅海信道下弹性结构可近似等效为点源,信道上下边界对声场产生显著的耦合影响,高频段的空间声场指向性分布尤为明显,垂直线列阵进行信道下结构辐射声功率测量时,测量结果受到信道环境边界和潜深的影响较大.     

Reduced forms of the Wigner distribution function for the numerical analysis of rotationally symmetric synchrotron radiation

In an effort to provide a computationally convenient approach to the characterization of partially coherent synchrotron radiation in phase space, a thorough discussion of the minimum dimensionality of the Wigner distribution function for rotationally symmetric sources of arbitrary degrees of coherence is presented. It is found that perfectly coherent, perfectly incoherent and partially coherent sources may all be characterized by a three‐dimensional reduced Wigner distribution function, and some special cases are discussed in which a two‐dimensional reduced Wigner distribution function suffices. An application of the dimension‐reducing formalism to the case of partially coherent radiation from a planar undulator and a circularly symmetric electron beam as can be found in linear accelerators is demonstrated. The photon distribution is convolved over a realistic electron bunch, and how the beta function, emittance and energy spread of the bunch affect the total degree of coherence of the radiation is inspected. Finally the cross spectral density is diagonalized and the eigenmodes of the partially coherent radiation are recovered.     

Theoretical modeling of radiation-driven plasma turbulence in an unmagnetized plasma

The radiation-driven plasma-turbulence problem is in essence an application problem of electrodynamics. In electrodynamics, electromagnetic fields at any point are determined by all charges and currents in the underlying physical system, the fields' history and physical constraints. Starting from this standpoint, we have proved that radiation-driven electromagnetic turbulence in a plasma can be studied in the same way we study the electrostatic turbulence excited by electromagnetic waves in a plasma by means of a two-fluid approximation, a two-timescale technique, and a two-spacescale technique. The main difference between electromagnetic turbulence model equations and the Zakharov equations governing electrostatic turbulence is that a driving term appears in the former. The physical origin of this driving term is the current that emits the radiation which supplies the free energy source that gives rise to both electromagnetic and electrostatic turbulences. Simulated electromagnetic emissions, large scale density perturbation and anomalous absorption can be calculated quantitatively based on the electromagnetic turbulence model equations.Published from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 39, No. 1, pp. 108–120, January, 1996.     

垂直极化平行板有界波电磁脉冲模拟器辐射近场的快速估算方法

为快速估算出垂直极化平行板有界波电磁脉冲(EMP)模拟器的时域近场,将散射传递函数法应用于该类型模拟器近场的时域计算中,即对于给定的脉冲源,先寻找有效频谱范围能覆盖该源的高斯脉冲源,并应用时域有限差分(FDTD)方法计算该高斯脉冲源激励时模拟器中测试点场的时域响应,再利用傅里叶变换、系统的传递函数及傅里叶逆变换计算得到给定脉冲源激励时各测试点场的瞬态响应。所得计算结果与直接使用给定脉冲源激励时FDTD方法的计算结果符合较好。所述方法可用于同一模拟器在不同脉冲源激励时辐射近场的快速估算,能大大减少FDTD模拟计算的次数,尤其对于中大型模拟器能有效减少计算时间和内存。