NaOH改性WO3/SiO2催化剂催化2-丁烯和乙烯复分解制丙烯SurasaMaksasithorn,DamienP.Debecker,PiyasanPraserthdam,JoongjaiPanpranot,KongkiatSuriye,SirachayaKunjaraNaAyudhya简

A WO₃/SiO₂ catalyst is used in industry to produce propylene from 2-butene and ethylene metathesis. Catalysts with various WO₃ loading (4% to 10%) were prepared by impregnation and tested for the metathesis of ethene and trans-2-butene. Ion exchange of NaOH onto the WO₃/SiO₂ catalyst was used to mitigate the acidity of the catalysts in a controlled way. At low WO₃ loading, the treatment with large amounts of NaOH resulted in a significant decrease in metathesis activity concomitant with significant W leaching and marked structural changes (XRD, Raman). At higher WO₃ loading (6% to 10%), the treatment with NaOH mainly resulted in a decrease in acidity. FT-IR experiments after adsorption of pyridine showed that the Lewis acidic sites were poisoned by sodium. Nevertheless, the metathesis activity remained constant after the NaOH treatment. This suggested that the remaining acidity on the catalyst was enough to ensure the efficient formation of the carbene active sites. Interestingly, Na poisoning resulted in some modification of the selectivity. The mitigation of acidity was shown to favor propene selectivity over the formation of isomerization products (cis-2-butene, 1-butene, etc.). Moreover, treatment with NaOH led to a shorter induction period and reduced coke formation on the WO₃/SiO₂ catalyst.     

Phosphorus Ligand Modified Rh/SiO2 Catalyst for Hydroformylation of Methyl-3-pentenoate

A phosphorus ligand-modified Rh/SiO₂ catalyst (L-Rh/SiO₂) has been developed for hydroformylation of internal olefins to linear aldehydes. This catalyst has high activity and regioselectivity and can be separated easily by filtration after reaction in an autoclave. Moreover, the electronic and steric effects of phosphorus ligands on the catalytic performance of the L-Rh/SiO₂ catalyst have been investigated by using various monodentate and chelating diphosphorus ligands.     

Cross metathesis of butene-2 and ethene to propene over Mo/MCM-22-Al2O3 catalysts with different Al2O3 contents

A series of 3.0Mo/MCM-22-Al2O3 catalysts with γ-Al2O3 contents in the range of 0-100 wt% were prepared and applied in the metathesis reaction of ethene and butene-2. Addition of γ-Al2O3 did not affect the structure of MCM-22 zeolite as evidenced by XRD and N2 adsorption measurements. It was deduced from TPR experiments that γ-Al2O3 phase favored the formation of polymolybdate or multilayered Mo oxide, while more Al2(MoO4)3 species were generated over MCM-22 zeolites. Alumina content in the support was directly related to the metathesis activity of ethene and butene-2 to propene. Mo species with higher valence (Mo⁶⁺or Mo⁵⁺) contributed more to the excellent performance of catalyst than metallic Mo. The best catalyst activity and stability was obtained over 3.0Mo/(MCM-22-30%Al2O3) under the reaction condition of 1.0 MPa and 125 ℃ using N2 as the pretreatment gas.     

表面覆盖SiO2用于提高Pt-Pd/CeO2-ZrO2-Al2O3商用柴油机氧化型催化剂的抗硫性

向Pt-Pd/CeO₂-ZrO₂-Al₂O₃ （Pt-Pd/CZA）商用柴油机氧化型催化剂（DOC）中加入多孔SiO₂以提高其抗硫性. 使用多层涂覆法在Pt-Pd/CZA 催化剂表面覆盖一层多孔SiO₂,从而制得SiO₂/Pt-Pd/CeO₂-ZrO₂-Al₂O₃（SiO₂/Pt-Pd/CZA）抗硫DOC. 并使用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）,H₂程序升温还原（H₂-TPR）,氮气吸脱附,X射线能谱（EDX）和热重分析（TGA）等对其进行表征. SEM结果显示,SiO₂层以多孔形式均匀覆盖在催化剂表面. 氮气吸脱附结果表明,所添加的SiO₂的织构性质与Pt-Pd/CZA 催化剂的织构性质相似,因而表面覆盖的SiO₂并未明显改变Pt-Pd/CZA催化剂的比表面积和孔结构. H₂-TPR结果证实表面覆盖的SiO₂不影响Pt-Pd/CZA催化剂的还原性能. EDX和TGA结果说明表面覆盖SiO₂可以抑制硫物种在催化剂表面的形成及累积. 最终,本文所制备的SiO₂/Pt-Pd/CZA催化剂在保持Pt-Pd/CZA商用DOC的高活性及耐久性的同时有效提高了其抗硫性.     

Influence of copper precursors in the steam reforming of methanol over Cu/SnO2/SiO2 catalysts

Cu/SnO₂/SiO₂ catalysts, prepared with three different copper precursors (copper nitrate, sulfate and chloride), were characterized and investigated for the steam reforming of methanol. Cu/SnO₂/SiO₂ catalyst, prepared with copper nitrate, showed the highest activity among the tested catalysts. The highest activity of the catalyst prepared with copper nitrate was ascribed to the highly dispersed Cu particles from CO adsorption experiment. The selectivity of methanol to H₂ decreased with an increase in the amount of acid on the surface of Cu/SnO₂/SiO₂ catalysts from FT-IR experiments.This revised version was published online in December 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

席夫碱Mo(VI)功能化介孔SiO2的制备及其催化烯烃环氧化研究

采用共缩聚法制备有机-无机杂化材料,以介孔SiO_2材料为载体,分别嫁接席夫碱配体和配位乙酰丙酮钼,得到Mo(VI)席夫碱修饰的介孔SiO_2(Mo-SB-Cl-SiO_2-0.5-1).所制备的材料采用XRD,SEM,N2吸附-脱附和TEM技术对其结构进行了表征.考察了Mo-SB-Cl-SiO_2-0.5-1催化液相烯烃环氧化性能,结果表明:Mo-SB-Cl-SiO_2-0.5-1催化剂对烯烃环氧化具有高的转化率和优良的催化活性.与后嫁接法制备的催化剂相比,Mo-SB-Cl-SiO_2-0.5-1催化剂催化活性得到明显提高,催化环己烯环氧化的转化率和选择性分别为85%和99%.在不同烯烃的研究中,环辛烯具有最高的转化率和选择性,分别为87%和99%.催化剂重复使用4次后,环己烯的转化率没有明显下降,选择性仍然高达98%,表明Mo-SB-Cl-SiO_2-0.5-1具有较好的催化稳定性.     

CO2在纳米SiO2/TiO2悬浮体系中的光催化还原

用水热法合成了氧化硅改性的具有高比表面积、高催化活性的锐钛型二氧化钛, 并在其悬浮体系中将CO₂光催化还原合成甲醇. 采用XRD, TEM, 物理吸附, UV-Vis吸收光谱和FTIR等表征手段对催化剂结构特征进行了研究. 结果表明: 添加氧化硅后, 氧化硅和二氧化钛之间形成Si—O—Ti键, 抑制了TiO₂晶粒生长, 提高了锐钛型TiO₂的比表面积, 且随着含硅量的增加, SiO₂/TiO₂的UV吸收逐步蓝移, 禁带宽度增加. 还原反应结果表明: SiO₂/TiO₂具有光催化还原活性, 且随着含硅量的增加先增加后减小, 当SiO₂质量分数为3.5%时, SiO₂/TiO₂复合催化剂反应活性最强, 5 h内甲醇产量可达到21.0 mg/L, 并有少量甲醛生成.     

Synthesis of nanosized TiO2/SiO2 catalysts by the ultrasonic microemulsion method and their photocatalytic activity

Nanosized TiO₂/SiO₂ catalysts prepared by hydrolysis of titanium n-butoxide in microemulsion showed enhanced photocatalytic activity. In the presence of catalyst ME-2 and after 90 min irradiation by UV light, methylene blue was completely converted evidenced by the absence of its absorption band in the UV-Vis spectra. This catalyst demonstrated much better degradation ability than P-25 and naked TiO₂.     

Catalytic reduction of nitric monoxide by ethene over Ag/TiO2 in the presence of excess oxygen

Selective reduction of nitric oxide (NO) by ethene in the presence of excess oxygen was investigated using a silver supported on TiO₂ (Ag/TiO₂) catalyst. Ag/TiO₂ showed high catalytic activity for the reduction of NO to N₂ and N₂O. The activity for the reduction of NO to N₂ and N₂O was enhanced with an increase up to 3 wt.% Ag loading level. On increasing the concentration of ethene, the catalytic activity for the reduction of NO to N₂ and N₂O was enhanced. The reduction of NO over Ag/TiO₂ catalyst never proceeds without coexistent oxygen.     

介孔分子筛SBA-15负载的二双齿钛烯烃聚合催化剂的合成及催化乙烯聚合反应

合成了二双齿钛催化剂[C₃H₆(N=CH-Ar-O)₂]TiCl₂(Ar=3-tert-butyl-C₆H₃)，并通过X-射线单晶衍射分析测定了其晶体结构。应用新型介孔分子筛SBA-15为载体，成功地对其进行了物理和化学负载，并采用元素分析、ICP、FT-IR和XRD等对载体催化剂进行了表征。在甲基铝氧烷（MAO）的作用下进行乙烯聚合研究，结果表明载体催化剂活性虽然比二双齿钛均相催化剂的活性有所降低，但是由于载体孔道效应生成了纤维状聚乙烯，同时聚合物的分子量较均相催化剂得到的聚合物有大幅度提高。     

银离子修饰的介孔磷钨酸/二氧化硅催化剂氧化脱硫性能研究

采用银修饰介孔磷钨酸/二氧化硅（mesoporous HPW/SiO₂）催化剂,并研究了其在模拟柴油和真实柴油氧化脱硫反应中的催化性能。通过银修饰介孔HPW/SiO₂,结合银离子对有机硫化物的选择吸附性和HPW对有机硫化物的催化氧化活性,以达到选择氧化脱硫的目的。模拟柴油分别采用石油醚、苯、1-辛烯和二苯并噻吩配制,当银离子与HPW的摩尔比为2时,催化剂具有最高的选择催化氧化活性。采用N₂ 吸附-脱附、XRD、UV-vis和EDS表征了银修饰的介孔HPW/SiO₂催化剂,结果表明,银物种分散均匀且以Ag⁺形式存在。真实柴油的脱硫研究表明,相比介孔HPW/SiO₂催化剂,修饰的催化剂介孔Ag₂-HPW/SiO₂脱硫率提高了4.6%,初始硫含量为1800×10^-6的直馏柴油能被脱除至228×10^-6,脱硫率为87.3%。介孔Ag₂-HPW/SiO₂催化剂具有良好的再生性能,经再生处理后,Ag的损失量极少,其三次脱硫率达到84.8%。     

Study on Deactivation of Co/ZrO2/SiO2 Catalyst For Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis

A Co/ZrO₂ /SiO₂ catalyst active for synthesis of heavy hydrocarbons from syngas was subjected to a stability test of 500 h on a laboratory scale. The catalyst showed a considerable decrease in CO conversion, while the hydrocarbon distribution hardly changed with time on stream. The regeneration of deactivated catalyst with H₂ at 673 K partially restored the activity. XRD, FT-IR and TGA identified a hydrated cobalt silicate species in the catalyst near the reactor outlet. Thus, the cause of deactivation was proposed mainly to be the formation of inactive hydrated silicate between Co metal and silica in presence of high partial pressure of water.     

Promoting effect of Mg in supported Mo/HBeta–Al2O3 catalyst for cross-metathesis of ethene and butene-2 to propene

Promoting effects of Mg in heterogeneous Mo/HBeta–Al₂O₃ catalyst have been carefully studied for cross-metathesis of ethene and butene-2 to propene. The catalyst shows good stability with Mg content in the range of 1–2 wt%. Such effect may be attributed to the elimination of weak acid sites through introduction of Mg which suppresses the side olefin oligomerization reaction, as evidenced from NH₃-TPD and ¹H MAS NMR results. Addition of more Mg content to 3 wt% may change the state and reducibility of Mo species, as indicated from the UV–vis, UV-Raman and H₂-TPR measurements. The increasing difficulty for the reduction of Mo(VI) species is closely related with the poor performance of 3 wt% Mg–4Mo/HBeta–30% Al₂O₃ catalyst in the metathesis reaction.     

Effect of 3% Re2O7/60%Al2O3 - 40%SiO2 Catalyst Alkylation Time and Temperature Using Et4Pb on Methyl Erucate Conversion

A study of the alkylation of 3% Re₂O₇/60%Al₂O₃-40%SiO₂ catalyst using tetraethyllead (Et₄Pb)(TEL) shows that the reaction time and temperature affect the catalyst activity and selectivity in the methyl erucate metathesis reaction. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Surface Structure and Catalytic Performance of CuCl/SiO2-Al2O3 Catalysts for Methanol Oxidative Carbonylation

Aluminum was doped into amorphous silica gel to modify its surface structure. The obtained SiO₂-Al₂O₃ support was used to prepare the CuCl/SiO₂-Al₂O₃ catalyst by solid-state ion exchange, and the catalyst activity for liquid-phase oxidative carbonylation of methanol to dimethyl carbonate was investigated. The results showed that the prepared SiO₂-Al₂O₃ support kept the amorphous structure of the silica gel. The BET specific surface area of the silica gel was decreased to 200 m²/g, and the surface acid sites (including Brønsted acid sites) were increased. In the CuCl/SiO₂-Al₂O₃ catalyst, CuCl was not only dispersed on surface but also was ion exchanged with surface Brønsted acid sites of the SiO₂-Al₂O₃ support to form Cu⁺ species, which resulted in a decrease in BET specific surface area to 148 m²/g. These two kinds of Cu⁺ species on the catalyst surface were both active centers for the oxidative carbonylation of methanol to dimethyl carbonate. When the catalyst was prepared with Si/Al molar ratio of 5 and was calcined at 500 °C, the selectivity and space-time yield of dimethyl carbonate reached 74% and 1.27 g/(g·h), respectively.     

Co- and terpolymerizations of ethene and α-olefins with metallocenes

The suitability of the (n-butCp)₂ZrCl₂/methylaluminoxane (MAO) catalyst system for the copolymerization of ethene with propene, hexene, and hexadecene was studied and Ind₂ZrCl₂/MAO was tested as a catalyst for ethene/propene and ethene/hexene copolymerizations. The synergistic effect of longer α-olefin on propene incorporation in ethene/propene/hexene and ethene/propene/hexadecene terpolymerizations was investigated with Et(Ind)₂ZrCl₂MAO and (n-butCp)₂ZrCl₂/MAO catalyst systems. The molar masses, molar mass distributions, melting points, and densities of the products were measured. The incorporation of comonomer in the chain was further studied by segregation fractionation techniques (SFT), by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), studying the β relaxations by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and by studying the microstructure of some copolymers by ¹³C-NMR. In this study (n-butCp)₂ZrCl₂ and Ind₂ZrCl₂ exhibited equal response in copolymerization of ethene and propene and both catalysts were more active towards propene than longer α-olefins. A nearly identical incorporation of propene in the chain was found for the two catalysts when a higher propene feed was used. A lower hexene feed gave a more homogeneous comonomer distribution curve than a higher hexene feed and also showed the presence of branching. In terpolymerizations catalyzed with (n-butCp)₂ZrCl₂, the hexadecene concentrations of the ethene/propene/hexadecene terpolymers were always very low, and only traces of hexene were detected in ethene/propene/hexene terpolymers. With hexene no clear synergistic effect on the propene incorporation in the terpolymer was detected and with hexadecene the effect of the longer α-olefin was even slightly negative. With an Et(Ind)₂ZrCl₂/MAO catalyst system both hexene and hexadecene were incorporated in the chain in the terpolymerizations. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Effects of type of contact between Co/SiO2 and Pd/b on the direct synthesis of isoparaffins from synthesis gas

The effect of addition of Pd/b on the Co/SiO₂ catalyst was studied for F-T reaction. Pd/b could enhance the formation of C₄-C₉ isoparaffins while the Co/SiO₂ catalyst alone gave the products with wide carbon numbers distribution. The reason is the olefins and long-chain normal paraffins from F-T reaction on Co/SiO₂ catalyst form light hydrocarbons containing isoparaffins through the hydrocracking and hydroisomerization on Pd/b. For Co/SiO₂+Pd/b catalyst, the selectivity to isoparaffins depends on the contact conditions. The granular hybrid catalyst is much more selective for isomerization than the powder hybrid catalyst, while the selectivity to CH₄, n-paraffins and olefins is lower than that on the powder hybrid catalyst. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Hydrogenation of Benzonitrile on Sn-Pt/SiO2 Catalysts Prepared by Introducing SnEt4 to Pt/SiO2: Role of Tin

Liquid phase hydrogenation of benzonitrile was studied over Sn-Pt/SiO₂ catalysts prepared by introducing tetraethyl tin onto the 3 wt.% Pt/SiO₂ catalyst. Tin content of the catalysts ranged from 0.05 to 0.63 wt.%, whereas Sn/Pt surface atomic ratios determined by chemisorption measurements were between 0.1 to 3.5. Dibenzylamine selectivity influenced to a small extent by the level of conversion and the Sn/Pt ratio wasca. 75 %. The addition of tin to Pt in the range of (Sn/Pt)_surface = 0.50–1.25 led to an increase in the turnover frequency (TOF) by a factor of 2. TOF showed a maximum at a surface atomic ratio of Sn/Pt = 1. The enhancement of catalyst activity upon the addition of tin is explained by the formation of Sn⁺-Pt ensemble sites on the surface of bimetallic nanoclusters. It is suggested that highly dispersed positively charged tin species, by polarizing the triple bond, enhance the reactivity of the -CN group. Calcination at 300°C followed by re-reduction of the catalysts resulted in a monotonic decrease of specific activity with increasing Sn/Pt ratio.     

费托合成CeO2助Co/SiO2催化剂的失活

在固定床反应器上考察了原粒度(1～3mm)CeO2助Co/SiO2催化剂的费托反应性能,提出了催化剂失活的机理,并采用程序升温还原、X射线衍射和X射线光电子能谱对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,在1.5MPa,488K和400h-1条件下进行的300h稳定性实验中,原粒度CeO2助Co/SiO2催化剂上的CO平均转化率达到41%,液态烃选择性达到85%,液态烃中C10 烃的质量含量占88%以上.反应器出口的催化剂中有少量的CoO和Co2SiO4生成.催化剂的失活过程受动力学控制而非热力学控制,催化剂的失活机理为:高分散的纳米Co离子在反应器出口高水蒸气压力的作用下,以CoO为中间物种,与水合SiO2作用生成Co2SiO4,即Co H2O→CoO H2,SiO2 H2O→OSi(OH)2,2CoO OSi(OH)2→Co2SiO4 H2O.     

SiO2负载氮掺杂TiO2可见光响应光催化剂的制备及性能

以四氯化钛为钛源,尿素为氮源,采用液相水解-沉淀法制得SiO2负载N掺杂TiO2可见光响应TiO2-xNy/SiO2光催化剂(TSN)。以苯酚为模型物,考察了TSN在可见光区、紫外光区及太阳光下的光催化活性,以及催化剂的使用寿命、分离性能。采用XPS、FTIR、UV-Vis DRS、XRD、TEM和低温氮物理吸附等对催化剂的结构进行表征。结果表明,N以阴离子形式进入TiO2体相并置换晶格中的O,适量N掺杂的TSN在紫外光区、可见光区及太阳光下均表现出较高的活性。SiO2与TiO2界面间有Ti-O-Si键形成,结合牢固。N掺杂在TiO2表面生成Ti-O-N键,形成新的能级结构,使催化剂的吸收红移至450~500 nm,诱发TiO2可见光催化活性。SiO2负载可减小TiO2颗粒平均尺寸,增加催化剂比表面积;同时SiO2负载还可改善催化剂的分离性能,提高催化剂使用寿命。