革除或减少增塑剂的敏感膜离子选择电极

基于国内外最新研究工作,系统总结了离子选择电极膜中革除或减少外增塑剂的新膜基体,包括丙烯酸酯类聚合物、羟基功能化的乙烯基树脂、聚氨酯、硅橡胶以及导电聚合物,对其物理化学性能以及传感器检测等进行了全面归纳与讨论.指出该类革除外增塑剂的传感膜不仅避免了增塑剂的泄漏及其对生物样品的污染,而且较传统增塑聚氯乙烯(PVC)膜扩散系数降低了约3个数量级,有利于抑制过膜离子流,使其检测下限较传统增塑PVC下降了5个数量级,且选择系数也有不同程度的改善.另外,该类传感膜材料由于与固体支撑材料间优良的粘附性保证了电极的使用寿命,特别是在微型化固态电极中.以这类传感膜构建的电位型离子传感器将以其独特的优势在环境监测、食品卫生,尤其是在医疗诊断、生物物质检测中展示出不可替代的作用.     

用于高性能铅离子选择电极的含氮有机物载体

本文系统地综述高性能铅离子选择电极中掺杂于膜内的含氮有机物铅离子传感载体,如双席夫碱、吡啶酰胺、酰羟胺、苯腙,以及载体分子结构特征与铅离子电极性能之间的关系。电极对铅离子的选择性能与载体分子结构密切相关,无论是在载体还是在膜基体中引入氰基都可以明显改善铅离子电极探测下限;加强传感机理的深入研究,为高性能载体的研究指明方向。     

功能高分子膜离子选择电极研究 Ⅵ.压片PVC膜氯离子选择电极的暂态极化行为

在零电流条件下测量离子选择电极的电位分析已成为一种重要的电分析化学方法.Buck等首先用交流阻抗法研究了玻璃膜、晶态膜、液膜及PVC膜等一些电极的交流阻抗行为,Cammann和Rechnitz等用恒电位和恒电流阶跃法研究了缬氨霉素钾电极的极化行为,Powley等用双脉冲方法测定了Ca~(++)、F~-等电极的电导行为,并根据脉冲电流和溶液离子浓度的关系提出了离子选择电极的双极性脉冲电导分析法.到目前为止,还未见有功能高分子膜离子选择电极电化学极化行为研究的报道. 本文用快速三角波电位法和快速方波电位法研究了功能高分子压片PVC膜氯离子选择电极的暂态极化行为,计算了膜电极的一些电化学参数,讨论了影响膜电化学性质的因素.     

高灵敏度聚合物膜离子选择性电极研究进展

概述了包括优化电极膜组成、优化内参比液、固相接触、额外电流补偿等降低聚合物膜离子选择性电极检测限的原理与方法。     

五氯苯酚离子选择电极的研制

本文报道以三庚基十二烷基铵与三氯苯酚离子缔合物为电极活性物制备的PVC膜五氯苯酚离子选择电极。该电极具有Nernst响应范围宽2×10~(-5)M～1×10~(-1)M、灵敏度高.斜率S为60、检测下限低5×10~(-6)M、选择较好、响应时间短等特点、且电极连续工作电势读数稳定性好等优点。适用于自动监测及电位滴定分析。     

离子缔合型离子选择电极的研究 Ⅰ.PVC膜铬(Ⅵ)离子选择电极的研制和应用

铬(Ⅵ)离子选择电极已有报道。固膜电极用铬酸钡或铬酸铅为活性材料,流动载体电极多采用离子缔合型交换剂,如季铵盐、季鏻盐、结晶紫、四苯鉮和邻二氮菲等。ypycoB等用四辛铵等制成的PVC膜电极,线性响应下限为1×10~(-5)M。本文报道以三庚基十二烷基碘化铵为活性材料的铬(Ⅵ)离子选择电极,在氢氟酸体系中其线性响应下限为2×10~(-6)M,斜率为58mV(25℃),选择性优于ypycoB报道的电极。一、仪器     

离子缔合型离子选择电极的研究——Ⅶ.PVC 膜铯离子选择电极的研制

铯离子选择电极的研制,国外曾报导过四苯硼铯液膜型、冠醚-PVC膜型和非均相固膜型等类型。四苯硼铯-PVC膜艳电极未见报导。本文在离子缔合型阴离子选择电极研究的基础上,报道了一种以四苯硼铯为活性物质的离子缔合型阳离子选择电极——PVC膜铯离子电极的研制。电极对铯离子的线性响应下限为4×10~(-5)M,斜率为50mV/pCs(28℃);若在以四苯硼艳饱和的1×10~(-2)M氯化铯中将电极活化12小时以上,并保存于此溶液中,则电极响应斜率可提高到55mV/pCs(17℃),但线性响应下限升高至1×10~(-4)M。电板寿命在三个月以上。     

对甲基苯磺酰化丝氨酸Nd(Ⅲ)配合物修饰PVC膜钕离子选择性电极的研制与应用

离子选择性电极是电分析化学近年来发展较快的一个分支,膜电极中气膜、液膜、固态膜都曾得到过应用,但最受青睐的是固态膜(如PVC膜),由于该电极不受样品颜色、浊度、悬浮物或粒度影响,干扰小,为解决分析中存在的问题开拓了广阔前景.前人在PVC膜离子选择性电极方面做了许多工作~([1,2]).实验研制了以自制对甲基苯磺酰化丝氨酸稀土Nd(Ⅲ)配合物为电活性物质的PVC膜离子选择性电极,旨在用直接电位法测定样品中钕离子.     

POAP－Ni~（2＋）电极在乙醇传感器中的应用

ＰＯＡＰ－Ｎｉ２＋膜电极对乙醇氧化表现出优越的电催化活性．乙醇氧化电流受到膜厚、膜中镍离子浓度、活化时间、电解质ｐＨ值及温度等条件的影响．选择合适的条件,可得到乙醇浓度与响应电流的线性关系．ＰＯＡＰ－Ｎｉ２＋可构成较理想的乙醇传感器,其线性范围、检测下限、响应时间及抗干扰能力等主要特征参数均达到实用要求     

功能高分子膜电极的研究——钆离子选择电极的研制

以功能高分子为活性材料,制成PVC膜钆离子选择电极。其电位与钆离子活度的负对数成线性关系。电极斜率为52～59mV(室温),对镨、钐、钕等离子有一定的选择性。内阻约为1.8MΩ,适宜的pH范围为5.2～6.1,检测下限为3.2×10~(-6)M,响应迅速。     

Ion-selective sensors for determining Au(CN)<Stack><Subscript>2</Subscript><Superscript>−</Superscript></Stack> with membranes based on the ionic liquid tetradecylphosphonium dicyanoaurate

A polymeric membrane for an ion-selective electrode is proposed on the basis of supramolecular systems including a polymeric compound (polyvinyl chloride, PVC) and an ionophore (ionic liquid tetradecylphosphonium dicyanoaurate) in which ionic liquid is simultaneously used as a PVC plasticizer. The selectivity, linear response range, and potential stability of ion-selective electrodes with the optimum membrane composition are measured. The detection limit for Au(I) with the developed electrode is 4.5 × 10^?7 M.     

Study of time changes of anion exchanger electrode characteristics

The elution of the anion exchanger from the membranes of ion-selective electrodes and its influence on the electrode characteristics are studied. The decrease of the exchanger concentration in the PVC membrane depends on the exchanger lipophilicity and the concentration of the counter ion in the external solution. On this basis it is possible to estimate the electrode life time and limit of detection.Dedicated to Professor W. Simon on the occasion of his 60th birthday     

Development of polymeric membranes for zinc ion-selective electrodes

Several polymeric membranes for zinc ion-selective electrodes have been investigated. By optimizing the choice of solvent mediator and ligand, selectivity for zinc ions can be obtained. The applicability of a theory proposing membrane selectivities as a result of both solvent and site properties is demonstrated. The concept of solubility parameters is used in discussing the detection limits obtained. The best electrode found is based on a PVC membrane containing the zinc salt of di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid dissolved in tri(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate. It is the first ion-selective electrode which responds primarily to zinc. The sensor, which has a lifetime of at least two months, is characterized by a rapid response, potential stability and good sensitivity caused by a super-Nernstian slope (43.8mV/p Zn); the detection limit is 4.5 ± 0.1 pZn.     

A PVC-coated carbon rod ion-selective electrode for thallium and its application to the analysis of rocks and minerals

A new Tl(III) ion-selective electrode prepared by coating a graphite rod with a PVC membrane has been made and investigated. The optimum membrane composition is Butylrhodamine B-TlCl(-)(4) 5 mg, chlorobenzene 0.1 ml, dioctyl phthalate 0.4 ml, PVC 0.17 g. The electrode exhibits Nernstian response to Tl(III) over the concentration range 6.5 x 10(-7)-2.5 x 10(-3)M. The detection limit is 3.5 x 10(-7)M and the slope of the electrode response is 53 +/- 1 mV per decade. The electrode shows high stability and selectivity. The electrode is easy to make and store, and inexpensive.     

New cesium ion-selective electrodes based on anilino-(1,3-dioxo-2-indanylidene) acetonitrile derivatives

Cesium ion-selective PVC membrane electrodes based on anilino-(1,3-dioxo-2-indanylidene) acetonitrile derivatives as a novel class of neutral ionophores were examined. The ionophores were p-methoxyanilino-(1,3-dioxo-2-indanylidene) acetonitrile, p-methylanilino-(1,3-dioxo-2-indanylidene) acetonitrile and p-N,N-dimethylanilino-(1,3-dioxo-2-indanylidene) acetonitrile. The anilino-(1,3-dioxo-2-indanylidene) acetonitrile proved to work well with cesium, the corresponding electrodes display a response to this ion. The most favourable ionophore was p-methoxyanilino-(1,3-dioxo-2-indanylidene) acetonitrile, especially when the secondary ion exchanger potassium tetrakis (4-chlorophenyl) borate was incorporated in 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether for ion-selective electrode membrane construction. The response function was linear within the concentration range 10(-1)-2.5x10(-5) mol l(-1) and the slope was 52 mV decade(-1). The detection limit remained at 6.3x10(-6) mol(-1). The selectivity and response time of the electrode was studied and it was found that the electrode exhibited good selectivity for cesium over alkali, alkaline earth and some transition metal ions. The electrode response was stable over a wide pH range. The lifetime of the electrode was about 1 month.     

Optimization of polymeric triiodide membrane electrode based on clozapine-triiodide ion-pair using experimental design

Central composite design (CCD) and response surface methodology (RSM) were developed as experimental strategies for modeling and optimization of the influence of some variables on the performance of a new PVC membrane triiodide ion-selective electrode. This triiodide sensor is based on triiodide-clozapine ion-pair complexation. PVC, plasticizers, ion-pair amounts and pH were investigated as four variables to build a model to achieve the best Nernstian slope (59.9 mV) as response. The electrode is prepared by incorporating the ion-exchanger in PVC matrix plasticized with 2-nitrophenyl octal ether, which is directly coated on the surface of a graphite electrode. The influence of foreign ions on the electrode performance was also investigated. The optimized membranes demonstrate Nernstian response for triiodide ions over a wide linear range from 5.0 x 10(-6) to 1.0 x 10(-2)mol L(-1) with a limit of detection 2.0 x 10(-6) mol L(-1) at 25 degrees C. The electrodes could be used over a wide pH range 4-8, and have the advantages of easy to prepare, good selectivity and fast response time, long lifetime (over 3 months) and small interferences from hydrogen ion. The proposed electrode was successfully used as indicator electrode in potentiometric titration of triiodide ions and ascorbic acid.     

A comparative study of chromium(III) ion-selective electrodes based on N,N-bis(salicylidene)-o-phenylenediaminatechromium(III)

A comparative study was made between three types of Cr(III) ion-selective electrodes: PVC membrane electrode, silver coated electrode and modified carbon paste electrode based on N,N-bis(salicylidene)-o-phenylenediaminatechromium(III) complex (Crsalophen). As anticipated, electrodes with a solid contact, rather than a traditional liquid inner contact, give lower detection limits because of diminished ion fluxes. Often, however, ill-defined solid contact gives rise to instabilities and interferences by oxygen gas. The carbon paste electrode provides a more sensitive and stable device than that afforded by PVC and coated electrodes. The best performance was obtained by an electrode based on the paste containing 3.5 wt% Cr-complex, 48.5% graphite plasticized with a mixture of 24.0 wt% tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (DOPh) + 24.0 wt% dioctyl sebacate (DOS). The sensor has a linear dynamic range of 7.5 × 10^-6 to 1.0 × 10^-2 M, with a Nernstian slope of 20.1 ± 0.6 mV decade^-1, and a detection limit of 1.8 × 10^-6. It has a short response time of a bout 8 s and is applicable in a pH range of 4.5-7.7. It was successfully used as an indicator electrode in potentiometric titration of Cr(III) with EDTA and in determination of Cr(III) in water samples and chromium in (Crsalophen).     

Electrochemical methods for the determination of the diffusion coefficient of ionophores and ionophore-ion complexes in plasticized PVC membranes

The diffusion coefficients of active components in ion-selective membranes have a decisive influence on the life-time and detection limit of the respective ion-selective electrodes, as well as influencing the rate of polarization and relaxation processes of electrically perturbed ion sensors. Therefore, the rational design of mass transport controlled ion-selective electrodes with sub-nanomolar detection limits requires reliable data on the diffusion coefficients. We have implemented electrochemical methods for the quantitative assessment of both the diffusion coefficients of free ionophores and ion-ionophore complexes. The diffusion coefficients of the pH-sensitive chromoionophore ETH 5294 and the calcium-selective ionophore ETH 5234 were determined in plasticized PVC membranes with different PVC to plasticizer ratios. The diffusion coefficient of the free chromoionophore determined by a chronoamperometric method was validated with optical methods for a variety of membrane compositions. The calcium-selective ionophore ETH 5234 was used as a model compound to assess the diffusion coefficient of the ion-ionophore complex calculated from the time required for the complexes to cross a freshly prepared membrane during potentiometric ion-breakthrough experiments. The difference between the diffusion coefficients of the free ionophore ETH 5234 and the ion-ionophore complex was found to be significant and correlated well with the geometry of the respective species.     

Poly(vinyl chloride) membrane cesium ion-selective electrodes based on lipophilic calix[6]arene tetraester derivatives

New lipophilic tetraesters of calix[6]arene and calix[6]diquinone are investigated as cesium ion-selective ionophores in poly(vinyl chloride) membrane electrodes. For an ion-selective electrode based on calix[6]arene tetraester I, the linear response is 1x10(-6)-1x10(-1) M of Cs(+) concentrations. The selectivity coefficients for cesium ion over alkali, alkaline earth and ammonium ions are determined. The detection limit (log a (Cs (+))=-6.31) and the selectivity coefficient (log k (Cs (+),Rb (+))(pot )=-1.88) are obtained for polymeric membrane electrode containing calix[6]arene tetraester I.     

Triethylene glycol ether end-grafted carbosilane dendrimer: a potential ionophore for potassium ion recognition.

The performance of a newly synthesized carbosilane dendrimer bearing four triethylene glycol ether (TEG) units, Si(CH2CH2CH2Si(Me)2CH2CH2CH2(OCH2CH2)3Me)4 (1), as ionophores in ion-selective electrodes has been investigated. Optimization of the plasticized polyvinyl chloride membrane composition has produced electrodes that exhibit a Nernstian response for potassium ions. The best general characteristics exhibited by the electrodes were found when the membrane composition ratio of DPE:1:NaTPB:PVC 60:3:2:35 (wt%) was used. The response of the electrode was linear with a Nernstian slope of 58.3 mV/decade over the K+ ion concentration range of 1.9x10(-7) to 1.0x10(-1) M with a detection limit of 3.1x10(-7) M. The response time to achieve a 95% steady potential for the K+ concentration ranging from 1.0x10(-1) to 1.0x10(-8) M was less than 10 s, and it was found that the electrode is suitable for use within a pH range of 5.5-8.5. The selectivity coefficients (log KPotK+,Mn+)), which were determined by the fixed interference method, showed good selectivity for K+ against most of the interfering cations. The influence of this selective ion-binding behavior using electrospray ionization time-of-flight (ESI-TOF) mass spectrometric studies is discussed.