火焰原子吸收光谱法测定抗癌中草药中11种微量元素

采用在600℃灰化法处理样品,浓硝酸溶解灰化残渣,溶液定容为50 mL,用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定了20种抗癌中草药中钙、锾、锰、铜、铁、锌、镉、铅、钴、镍、铬等11种微量元素.结果表明:抗癌中草药中除含有丰富的钙、镁、铁外,还含有较高含量的锌、锰、铜等对人体有益的微量元素.以丹皮样品为基体,加入11种元素的标准溶液作回收试验,回收率在92.3%～107.5%之间,相对标准偏差(n=5)在2.1%～5.2%之间.     

微波消解样品-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定双黄连口服液及其药材中重金属元素

双黄连口服液及其中药材金银花、连翘和黄芩苷样品用硝酸-过氧化氢(3+1)混合溶液浸泡过夜,微波消解。并用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法(GF-AAS)测定了铅、镉、铬、铜、铁和锌的含量。磷酸二氢铵、8-羟基喹啉和硒(Ⅱ)分别被用作测定铅,镉,铜和铁、铬以及锌的基体改进剂。在优化的试验条件下,方法的回收率在90.4%～106.0%之间,相对标准偏差(n=5)在1.8%～4.6%之间。试验结果表明,双黄连口服液及其中药材中铁、锌、铜的含量较为丰富,铅和镉含量低于"药用植物及制剂外经贸绿色行业标准"。     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定枸杞中11种元素含量

采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定了枸杞中锌、铅、锰、铁、铬、镁、钙、铜、钠、钾和镉11种元素含量。选择硝酸(2+98)溶液作为介质,选择波长为213.86,220.35,257.61,259.94,267.72,279.08,324.75,317.93,589.59,766.49,226.50 nm 11条谱线依次作为测定锌、铅、锰、铁、铬、镁、钙、铜、钠、钾和镉的分析线,测得11种元素的检出限(3δ)均低于0.07 mg·L~(-1),相对标准偏差(n=11)在0.72%～2.40%之间。比较了常规湿法消化法、高压消化罐法和微波消解法处理样品对测定结果的影响。研究表明,高压消化罐法和微波消解处理样品精密度好。     

直接稀释进样-电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法同时测定原油中20种元素

原油样品(2.0g)用稀释剂航空煤油稀释至20.0g后,直接进样供电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定其中银、铝、硼、钡、钙、镉、铬、铜、铁、镁、锰、钼、钠、镍、铅、硅、锡、钛、钒和锌等20种元素的含量。在优化的试验条件下,20种元素的检出限(3S/N)在0.1～3mg·kg-1之间。方法用于分析原油样品,所得测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)在1.24%～6.23%之间,回收率在80%～105%之间。     

悬浮液进样-火焰原子吸收光谱法测定花粉中微量元素

提出了不使用稳定剂,直接用蒸馏水制成花粉样品的悬浮液进样,火焰原子吸收光谱法测定花粉中微量元素的方法.用三氯化镧和氯化铯消除干扰,在磁力搅拌下进样,应用标准加入法在同一溶液中用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定铜、铁、锰、锌、铅、镉、钙、镁、钾、钠等10种元素含量.方法的回收率在92.5%～112.5%之间,相对标准偏差(n=6)在0.24%～1.50%之间,并以高温灰化法的测定值为参考对测定结果进行F检验和t检验,发现两者无显著性差异,说明悬浮液进样法的测定结果准确可靠.     

微波消解-原子吸收光谱法测定粮谷中铅、铜、镉、镁、锰、铁

用微波消解法进行样品消解,原子吸收光谱法测定了小麦粉国家标准物质中铅、铜、镉、镁、锰、铁6种元素的含量.其中镁、锰、铁用火焰原子化法,铅、铜、镉用石墨炉原子化法,方法的相对标准偏差分别为1.43%(镁),4.72%(镉),5.20%(锰),6.04%(铜),13.8%(铁)及18.7%(铅),检出限分别为0.001(铅及铜),0.000 1(镉),0.01(锰)及O.02(镁和CA)mg·kg-1.     

微波消解原子吸收光谱法测定鱼肉中14种金属元素

以微波消解法处理鱼肉样品,用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定鲶鱼、胖头鱼、小黄花鱼、鲫鱼4种鱼肉中的钾、钠、镁、钙、铁、钴、镍、铜、锌、锰、锶、铬、镉和铅元素含量。鱼肉样品以5 mL HNO_3和1 mL H_2O_2在一定的温度和时间下经微波消解处理后,在最佳工作条件下测定以上14种金属元素含量,各元素的加标回收率在95.4%~104.6%之间,检出限为0.001 1~0.012 9μg/mL,标准工作曲线的线性相关系数均大于0.999,该方法测定结果的相对标准偏差为0.71%~4.28%(n=10)。该方法适用于鱼肉中钾、钠、镁、钙、铁、钴、镍、铜、锌、锰、锶、铬、镉和铅14种金属元素的含量测定。     

微波消解-角形全热解石墨平台原子吸收法连续测定螺旋藻中微量Cr、Pb、Cd

采用偏振塞曼原子吸收光谱仪测定螺旋藻中微量铬、铅、镉.样品用HNO3和H2O2进行微波消解后,试样中的镉、铬可直接进行测定,铅需要加入磷酸氢二铵基体改进剂后测定,与常规原子吸收光谱法相比提高了测定的准确度和灵敏度.铬、铅、镉的检出限分别为0.08、0.40、0.08 μg/L,测定结果相对标准偏差分别 6.7%、6.3%、 1.1%(n=6),回收率分别为102%、105%、109%.     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定中江丹参植株不同部位12种微量元素含量

用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定了丹参根、茎、叶中微量元素钙、镁、钾、铜、锌、锰、铬、钴、镍、铁、鉛和镉的含量。经粉碎并通过孔径为0.30 mm样筛的样品,用硝酸-过氧化氢混合溶液消解处理后,经高氯酸冒烟。溶液中加入浓硝酸,并稀释至100 mL(于容量瓶中)后,供火焰原子吸收光谱法测定。对方法的回收率及精密度作了试验,回收率为95.2%～105.3%,相对标准偏差(n=9)均小于3.0%。丹参植株中12种微量元素的总含量(μg.g-1)由高到低顺序为:叶茎根。其中人体必需的微量元素锌、铁、锰、铜及有害元素铅和镉也均有显著的存在量。     

微波消解样品-电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定镍精矿中10种金属元素

采用微波消解样品-电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法同时测定镍精矿样品中铝、钙、钴、铬、铜、锰、镁、镍、铅、锌等10种金属元素的含量。0.200 0g试样置于消解罐中,先后加入盐酸2mL、硝酸6mL及氢氟酸1mL,密闭罐盖按设定的微波消解程序进行消解。试验选择铝、钙、钴、铬、铜、镁、锰、铅、锌和镍的分析线分别为308.215,317.933,228.616,267.716,324.745,279.079,257.610,220.353,206.200,231.604nm,配制工作曲线时采用基体匹配的方法消除基体干扰。方法用于镍钴矿标准样品(GBW 07283)和镍精矿实际样品的分析,此方法的测定值与认定值及国标方法的测定值相一致。方法的回收率在95.8%～103.1%之间,相对标准偏差(n=6)均小于4.5%。     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。