Investigation of domain structure of TGS single crystal after a transverse electric field by piezoresponse force microscopy

An investigation of the influence of electric field transverse to the ferroelectric axis b_HOP and parallel to c_HOP axis of triglycine sulfate (TGS) single crystal on ferroelectric domain structure was performed by piezoresponse force microscopy. To check if the applied electric field changed the dielectric properties and ferroelectric domain structure the hysteresis loop measurements were carried out as well as observations of domain structure by the liquid crystal technique. The investigation revealed existence of blocked domains in the crystal modified by the electric field TGS.     

A transverse electric current in triglycine sulphate ferroelectric crystal

The application of a prolonged transverse electric field at a temperature T_A < T_C leads to unexpected qualitative changes in dielectric and thermal properties of the uniaxial ferroelectric triglycine sulphate (TGS) crystal, where T_C is the critical temperature of the paraelectric-ferroelectric phase transition. The new properties can be still observed even after the transverse field has ceased to be applied as long as the temperature of the sample does not exceed T_A. However, annealing the sample above T_C leads to the restoration of the original state of the crystal. An electric current flowing along the direction perpendicular to the polar axis of the uniaxial TGS ferroelectric crystal was measured below the temperature T_A at which the prolonged transverse electric field had been formerly applied to the crystal for a few hours. The experimental data resemble the classic pyroelectric current flowing along the polar axis.     

Changes in the microhardness and dielectric permittivity of TGS crystals after their exposure to a static magnetic field or ultralow crossed fields in the EPR scheme

Changes are found in the microhardness and dielectric permittivity of triglycine sulfate (TGS) crystals after magnetic treatment in a permanent magnetic field or in the scheme of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) using the Earth’s magnetic field. The temporal kinetics of microhardness reduction and the rise in dielectric permittivity (as along with their recovery) are nearly identical. The effects disappear when the crystal’s axis of symmetry is parallel to the static magnetic field in both variants of exposure.     

单轴晶体包层啁啾光纤光栅中电光效应和弹光效应的理论研究

提出了以单轴晶体材料为包层,光轴平行于光栅主轴(z轴)的新型啁啾光纤光栅模型,应用耦合模理论和传输矩阵方法在理论上分析了该类光纤光栅中的电光效应和弹光效应,理论研究发现在包层施加沿光栅轴向的电场和应变场可以改变布拉格波长和反射谱。得到了3种不同单轴晶体为包层时布拉格波长λB和反射光谱随外加电场和应变场变化的曲线。研究结果表明当轴向外加电场从1×107V/m变化到8×107V/m时λB减小0.12nm,当外加应变场从0变化到0.04时,λB减小0.45nm。     

GaAs半导体量子箱中电子的斯塔克效应

在有效质量近似下,利用变分法研究了在GaAs半导体量子箱中电子能量的斯塔克效应.结论表明：电场平行于量子箱的中心轴时,斯塔克能移只与量子箱高度有关;电场垂直于中心轴时,斯塔克能移仅仅与它的截面尺寸有关.当电场方向与中心轴夹角为任意角时,斯塔克能移与高度和截面都有关.同时在低场和高场极限下,理论上分析了电场大小和量箱尺寸对斯塔克能移的影响.     

GaAs半导体量子箱中电子的斯塔克效应

在有效质量近似下,利用变分法研究了在GaAs半导体量子箱中电子能量的斯塔克效应.结论表明:电场平行于量子箱的中心轴时,斯塔克能移只与量子箱高度有关;电场垂直于中心轴时,斯塔克能移仅仅与它的截面尺寸有关.当电场方向与中心轴夹角为任意角时,斯塔克能移与高度和截面都有关.同时在低场和高场极限下,理论上分析了电场大小和量箱尺寸对斯塔克能移的影响.     

Effects of applied DC/AC fields in electrical fixing process with SBN:60

We present experimental investigations of electrical fixing techniques in Ce:SBN:60. The effect of crystal fatigue on the diffraction efficiency of electrically fixed photorefractive gratings is studied. We observed that applying an ac field to the crystal eliminated crystal fatigue and improved diffraction efficiency. A controllable diffraction efficiency of a photorefractive grating is presented. A reproducible diffraction efficiency of up to 75% is obtained using a write-reveal grating technique with high-voltage pulses of opposite polarity. We also show that the diffraction efficiency can be controlled by varying the intensity of the writing beams incident to the crystal during the recording process. A method of determining the hysteresis loop using the domain-fixing technique is proposed. The dependence of the diffraction efficiency on the direction of the applied electric field while writing the hologram is studied. Our experiments show that, during writing, when the electric field is applied opposite to the c axis the grating can be successfully revealed with both positive and negative dc voltages. However, when the grating is written with a field parallel to the c axis, the grating can be revealed only with a field applied in the opposite direction. Received: 28 October 2002 / Revised version: 28 February 2003 / Published online: 14 May 2003 RID="*" ID="*"Corresponding author. Fax: +1-812/872-6167, E-mail: azad.siahmakoun@rose-hulman.edu     

Electrically controlled liquid crystal fiber

We consider a cylindrical fiber whose core is a liquid crystal (LC) subject to the action of a low frequency field applied parallel to the axis of the cylinder and having initially the escaped configuration. We find the distorted textures of the nematic inside the cylinder by assuming arbitrary anchoring boundary conditions. In the optical limit we calculate the ray trajectories followed by a low intensity beam along the fiber parametrized by a low frequency electric field. Finally, we calculate exactly the spatial dependence of the transverse magnetic modes distribution in the guide, on the electric field, by using a numerical scheme. We summarize our paper and discuss our results.     

73Ge NMR spectra in germanium single crystals with different isotopic composition

We have studied the influence of isotopic disorder on the local deformations in Ge single crystals from both experimental and calculation points of view. The nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of⁷³Ge nuclei (the nuclear spin equals 9/2) in perfect single crystals of germanium with different isotopic content were measured at temperatures 80, 300 and 450 K. Abnormal broadening of the spectrum was found to occur when the magnetic field was aligned along the [111] axis of a crystal. The observed specific angular dependence of the quadrupole broadening was attributed to isotopic disorder among atoms of germanium sited around the⁷³Ge NMR probe. Local lattice deformations in germanium crystal lattice due to isotopic impurity atoms were calculated in the framework of the adiabatic bond charge model. The results obtained were applied to study random noncubic crystal field interactions with the nuclear quadrupole moments and corresponding effects in NMR spectra. Simulated second and fourth moments of resonance frequency distributions caused by the magnetic dipole-dipole and electric quadrupole interactions are used to analyze the lineshapes, theoretical predictions agree qualitatively with the experimental data.     

Theoretical Study of Electro-Optic Effect and Elasto-Optic Effect in Chirped Fiber Grating with Uniaxial Crystal Materials Cladding

A chirped fiber grating with cladding made of uniaxial crystal material whose optical axis is parallel to the axis of grating, i.e., z-axis is proposed. Electro-optic effect and elasto-optic effect in this kind of fiber gratings are theoretically analyzed for the first time. The influences of the electric field and the strain applied to the fiber grating cladding along z-axis on Bragg wavelength λ _B and the reflectivity spectra of this kind of chirped grating are theoretically examined using coupled-mode theory and transfer matrix method. The curves of Bragg wavelength λ _B as a function of an external electric field or the strain are theoretically obtained respectively for three kinds of uniaxial crystal materials as the grating claddings. The calculated results indicate that when the axial electric field applied to the grating cladding varies from 1 × 10⁷ to 8 × 10⁷ V/m, λ _B has the decreases of 0.12 nm, and when the applied strain varies from 0 to 0.04, λ _B has the decreases of 0.45 nm.     

一种新型光子晶体波导定向耦合型超微偏振光分束器

将两个二维空气孔光子晶体波导平行放置,两波导之间由三排空气孔相隔,构成一个定向耦合器.数值分析了TE(磁场平行于空气孔)和TM(电场平行于空气孔)偏振态光波在该定向耦合器中的传播行为.结果表明,减小耦合区两波导间的一排介质柱的半径,TE模的耦合长度减小,而TM模的耦合长度不变.基于此结构,设计了超微偏振光分束器,整个器件的尺寸为10.1μm,与已报道的24.2μm的结果相比,该器件具有更小的器件尺寸和更高的输出效率.     

Field cooled and zero field cooled 207Pb NMR of the relaxor ferroelectric PMN

A 2.8 kV/cm electric field has been applied parallel to the external magnetic field along the [111] direction of a PMN single crystal and the 207Pb NMR spectra were measured at 9.1 T. Whereas the zero field cooled (ZFC) spectrum exhibits a Gaussian-like line shape, the FC spectrum clearly shows a two peak structure. One of the two peaks coincides with the ZFC spectrum. The other peak is shifted by about 100 kHz towards lower frequencies with respect to the ZFC peak and seems to be characteristic for the ferroelectric state. The ferroelectric shift agrees with the predictions of the spherical random bond-random field model.     

Visualization of field induced ferroelectric electron emission from TGS using emission electron microscopy

Field induced electron emission from triglycinesulfate (TGS) has been investigated using parallel imaging electron emission microscopy (EEM). The emission phenomenon has been induced by applying an ac electrical field up to 2 kV/mm to a single crystal of approximately 0.1 mm thickness. Emission patterns have been observed as a function of the applied field amplitude and of the crystal temperature. At voltages below the coercive field, no emission is visible. When approaching the Curie temperature, emission gradually disappears. This indicates an electron emission mechanism relying on the existence of a switchable ferroelectric phase. The information content of the images is discussed, an interpretation is given on the basis of existing theories. PACS 68.37.-d; 77; 77.80.Fm; 77.80.-e     

Pyroelectric nano-rods grown inside alumina nano-pores

This paper reports the formation and properties of nano-composite pyroelectric thin films. They consist of pyroelectric triglycine sulfate (TGS) single-crystal nano-rods grown inside a highly dense array of alumina pores (about 65 nm diameter and density of 1011 cm⁻²). The nucleation and growth of the TGS single crystals are obtained by precipitation from a supersaturated aqueous solution. Nucleation is preferred only at the bottom of the pores due to a tight control of temperature, composition and pore diameter. Growth of single crystals with preferred crystallographic orientation is obtained with the aid of an applied electric field. Various crystallographic orientations (1 0 0) (−1 1 0) (−1 2 0) are obtained separately as a single preferred orientation by changing the amplitude of the electric field during crystal growth. The films exhibit ferroelectric behavior.     

Observation of domain wall motions in alanine doped triglycine sulphate ferroelectric crystal

In an Alanine doped triglycine sulphate ferroelectric crystal, domain wall motions show roughly the same velocity vs. electric field as in pure TGS (after the specific bias field of the observed region has been annealed by an opposite external field). The different steps of the hysteresis loop can be brought together with domain switchings which have been made visible by the pyroelectric probe technique.     

Ferroelastoelectric phenomena in a uniaxial ferroelectric TGS crystal

Possibility of the ferroelastoelectric behavior manifestations in a uniaxial ferroelectric TGS crystal was investigated. Analysis of the spontaneous piezoelectric moduli tensors for each of the 180°-domains formed as a result of the phase transition in TGS revealed possible directions for simultaneous application of the electric field and mechanical stresses to induce the switching effect in TGS. Influence of the uniaxial mechanical stresses σ₁₁, σ₂₂, σ₃₃ on the parameters of saturated and unsaturated dielectric hysteresis loops in TGS is considered. It was found that a nontraditional E ₃σ₁₂ combination of fields may lead to the domain switching in TGS crystals.     

Observation of domain wall motions in alanine doped triglycine sulphate ferroelectric crystal

In an Alanine doped triglycine sulphate ferroelectric crystal, domain wall motions show roughly the same velocity vs. electric field as in pure TGS (after the specific bias field of the observed region has been annealed by an opposite external field). The different steps of the hysteresis loop can be brought together with domain switchings which have been made visible by the pyroelectric probe technique.     

Untersuchung von elektrischer Hyperfeinstruktur-Wechselwirkung in Hafniumammoniumhexafluorid-Einkristallen durch γγ-Winkelkorrelationsmessungen

The angular correlation of the 133 keV-482 keV-yy-cascade in the decay of Hf¹⁸¹ is strongly attenuated if solid sources of hafniumammoniumhexafluoride are used. The unperturbed correlation was observed however when a single crystal of hafniumammoniumhexafluoride was used whose main axis pointed into the direction of one of the two detectors. This proves that the perturbation is static and that the maximum component of the electric field gradient at the position of the hafnium nucleus coincides with the direction of the main axis of the crystal. The anisotropy of the angular correlation was measured as a function of the direction of the crystal axis. The results agree with the theoretical predicted functions for a strong electric quadrupole interaction. Then we combined the intrinsic electric field with an external magnetic field. The magnetic field direction was chosen parallel to thez-axis of the electric field gradient and perpendicular to the plane of the detectors. The theory for axially symmetric field gradients predicts a maximum of the anisotropy of the angular correlation for a magnetic field strength at which resonance exists between electric and magnetic precession. For a strong electric interaction the maxium anisotropy has half the value of the unperturbed correlation. In our case the electric quadrupole interaction was so strong that we could not reach the resonance even when we applied external magnetic fields up to 48000 gauss. The observed anisotropies were too large however to be fitted by theoretical curves which were calculated under the assumption that the field gradient has axial symmetry. Therefore we developed the theory for non-axially symmetric electric field gradients. Now a fit was possible and gave unique solutions for the strength of the electric hyperfine interaction as well as for the asymmetry coefficient of the electric field gradient tensor. The accuray of these results was not very high but the strength of the electric hyperfine interaction was found to be small enough to make a direct observation of the electric spin rotation by the differential angular correlation method possible. The observed pattern confirmed the non-axially symmetry of the electric field gradient and we derived the following parameters:

$$\omega _{E_0 } = \left( {570 \pm 30} \right)MHz\left( {\omega _{E_0 } = electric interaction frequency = \frac{{6eQ \cdot \left| {V_{zz} } \right|}}{{4I \cdot \left( {2I - 1} \right) \cdot \rlap{--} h}}} \right)$$     

静电场作用下KDP和TGS单晶中子衍射增强现象的物理机理

本文提出了KDP和TGS单晶在静电场作用下中子衍射增强现象的物理机理。KDP和TGS都是质子导电晶体。外加直流电压后,晶体中电场有一空间分布。由于压电效应,相关的衍射晶面间距是空间坐标的函数,造成中子衍射增强。对衍射晶面间距为空间坐标函数的情况,导出了透射方式和反射方式的中子衍射强度公式,估计了非均匀的压电效应引起的中子衍射增强的量级,和实验相符。并对进一步验证上述机理提出了新的实验建议。顺便指出,对于α-LiIO₃,在静电场作用下其中子衍射增强,非均匀压电效应不是主要因素。并提出其可能的微观机制是:在非均匀电场作用下,缺陷(包括杂质)在晶体中有一空间分布,引起中子衍射增强。 关键词：     

Deformation of a pretilted nematic liquid crystal layer in an electric field

The deformation of the optical axis of a nematic liquid crystal layer under the influence of an electric field is caused by the dielectric torque. This momentum counteracts with an elastic torque generated by interfacial forces between the surface of the electrode and the liquid crystal. By means of a variational analysis, the deformation profiles within the liquid crystal layer are calculated, assuming large interfacial energies and various angles of pretilt of the liquid crystal directors with respect to the electrodes. Both the extreme case of a homeotropic (vertical) alignment on one electrode and a homogeneous (parallel) alignment on the opposite electrode, as well as the general case of arbitrary and different alignments on both electrodes, lead to heavily pretilted liquid crystal layers, resulting in definite deformation profiles without disclinations. Liquid crystal cells prepared in this way neither show threshold voltages nor delay times when electrical fields are applied. Measured and calculated characteristics of such liquid crystal cells are presented, they show good agreement.