油水两相分散流的相界面浓度输运方程研究

通过对连续相湍流导致的油滴聚合和破裂现象的合理模化,本文建立了适用于垂直上升管油水两相分散流的相界面浓度输运方程.其中对连续相湍流驱动油滴随机碰撞引起的聚合现象模化时,考虑了两油滴间连续相液膜排出过程中的凹面膜效应.而在描述油滴与湍流涡随机碰撞导致的破裂现象时,考虑了破裂过程所产生油滴的大小不等的因素.利用所建立的相界面浓度输运方程对沿实验段轴向的相界面浓度变化进行了预测,结果与实验数据比较表明吻合很好.     

基于荧光光谱的轻质油乳化物油水比估测研究

海面溢油在其风化迁移过程中,会形成不同溢油乳化物,对海洋环境造成极大危害。科学量化溢油乳化物,有助于溢油污染应急处理和灾损评估。已有对溢油乳化物展开的研究由于缺乏系统的实验数据、理化与光学参数,尚不清楚不同类型油水乳化物的精细光谱响应特征与变化规律,无法给出不同类型溢油乳化物光谱与海水表层油水比的数据关系。通过轻质油乳化物的室内实验,采用激光诱导荧光技术手段,从不同类型,不同表层油水比的溢油乳化物荧光光谱响应差异和变化规律入手,以乳化柴油相关数据作建模样本,乳化煤油相关数据作验证样本,开展统计分析,并分别设计了油包水、水包油两种类型下的表层油水比估测模型。数据处理过程中,为了消除LIF系统本身对接收到的荧光信号强度的影响,利用水的拉曼散射信号对乳化液的荧光信号进行归一化处理,将两者的比值作为后续的分析数据。具体数据研究表明：油包水型乳化溢油的荧光峰值对数和表层含水率对数之间可建立非线性回归模型;水包油型乳化溢油的荧光峰值和表层含水率之间也可建立非线性回归模型。非线性拟合相关系数均在0.9以上,即模型具有较高质量,且模型中的实际系数依赖于不同油种,不同的特征荧光峰。由此可见,不同乳化油种的不同特征荧光峰与表层油水比之间虽具有相同的变化趋势,但变化的程度有所不同。在此基础上,采用参数查找表的方式,建立了轻质油乳化物油水比的估测方法,可根据荧光相对强度最后反演得到表层油水比。该方法在一定程度上可对海面轻质油乳化物实现有效量化,为将来海面溢油乳化物更加实时准确的定量分析提供理论基础和依据, 也为海面溢油污染应急处理提供技术参考,因此具有重要研究意义和实用价值。     

基于原油配比混合实验的显微荧光光谱特征研究

显微荧光光谱已经成为流体包裹体系统测试分析中较为成熟的一项技术,可用于区分不同类型的原油与油包裹体,从而为研究含油气盆地的油气成藏历史提供重要依据。不同来源的原油在运聚的过程中可能会发生不同程度的混合作用,为了有效识别这一类地质过程,基于不同比例的原油配比混合实验,研究原油混合后的显微荧光光谱的具体变化特征。结果表明: 原油混源使得显微荧光光谱参数λ_max,QF-535和CIE-XY发生了非线性变化,具体表现为混源后原油的荧光光谱参数均介于两个端元油之间,混源油中某一端元油的比例越大,其荧光光谱参数越靠近这一端元油。在CIE-XY色品图中主要表现为非线性渐变的荧光颜色特征。光谱谱形的改变主要表现为谱形由“单峰型”变为“双峰型”和“三峰型”,同时主峰波长和次峰波长保留了两个端元油的信息;QF-535与混源比例可建立曲线用来定量计算两端元油的相对贡献度。综合上述荧光光谱参数和谱形的变化特征,利用原油和油包裹体的显微荧光分析,识别出东海盆地西湖凹陷A气田有三种不同类型原油充注,中间还发生了一次原油混源作用,即蓝绿色荧光原油和黄色荧光原油发生了混合,定量计算其混源程度为介于47%~55%。     

基于原油配比混合实验的显微荧光光谱特征研究（英文）

显微荧光光谱已经成为流体包裹体系统测试分析中较为成熟的一项技术,可用于区分不同类型的原油与油包裹体,从而为研究含油气盆地的油气成藏历史提供重要依据。不同来源的原油在运聚的过程中可能会发生不同程度的混合作用,为了有效识别这一类地质过程,基于不同比例的原油配比混合实验,研究原油混合后的显微荧光光谱的具体变化特征。结果表明:原油混源使得显微荧光光谱参数λmax,QF-535和CIE-XY发生了非线性变化,具体表现为混源后原油的荧光光谱参数均介于两个端元油之间,混源油中某一端元油的比例越大,其荧光光谱参数越靠近这一端元油。在CIE-XY色品图中主要表现为非线性渐变的荧光颜色特征。光谱谱形的改变主要表现为谱形由"单峰型"变为"双峰型"和"三峰型",同时主峰波长和次峰波长保留了两个端元油的信息;QF-535与混源比例可建立曲线用来定量计算两端元油的相对贡献度。综合上述荧光光谱参数和谱形的变化特征,利用原油和油包裹体的显微荧光分析,识别出东海盆地西湖凹陷A气田有三种不同类型原油充注,中间还发生了一次原油混源作用,即蓝绿色荧光原油和黄色荧光原油发生了混合,定量计算其混源程度为介于47%~55%。     

铜微颗粒碰撞阻尼特性

碰撞阻尼在机床、机器人、透平机械、飞机以及运载火箭等领域具有重要的应用价值. 在碰撞阻尼器中加入微颗粒材料, 可以利用颗粒的细化和塑性变形而有效地吸收振动能量, 为碰撞阻尼的研究和发展开辟了一条新途径. 本文讨论了带有中值粒度为50 μm的铜颗粒碰撞阻尼器在96 h内对正弦激励悬臂梁的阻尼减振特性. 研究表明, 在所考察的时间段内, 主系统的响应经历了先上升、再下降和再上升的过程. 这三个阶段的响应对应着铜颗粒微观结构变化的三个阶段. 在初始阶段, 铜颗粒主要表现为弹性变形, 能耗较低, 而钢球的次谐波共振可能将部分能量返回给主系统, 使主系统响应随时间呈现近似线性的上升; 在第二阶段, 当主系统响应增加到一定程度时, 钢球对铜粉的冲击力超出铜颗粒的屈服应力, 铜颗粒发生屈服, 不可逆能耗使主系统的响应震荡下降; 到了第三阶段, 铜颗粒在钢球冲击下发生硬化, 其应变和层错概率上升, 应变能和层错能下降, 主系统的响应再次持续震荡上升. 本文的结果对振动的被动控制以及材料塑性变形机理研究具有参考 意义. 关键词： 振动控制 碰撞阻尼 颗粒减振剂 微结构分析     

自诱导因子扩散触发群体感应时空变化的SERS响应

细菌通过产生、分泌和接收自诱导因子(AIs)来评估种群密度和调控基因表达,这种细菌与细菌或细菌与环境间的互动为群体感应(QS)。无流体流动情况下,本研究用表面增强拉曼散射技术(SERS)探究AIs扩散与QS响应的时空变化。首先,利用马兰戈尼效应实现了油-水-油三相界面上金纳米颗粒(GNPs)的高效自组装,实现对受QS调控的细菌代谢产物紫色杆菌素、绿脓菌素的超灵敏原位分析。时空模式分析表明：尽管紫色杆菌CV026对不同浓度的信号分子C6-HSL扩散的化学响应距离不同,但响应时间却表现出高度的同步性,这明显不同于染料分子的自由扩散。此外,外源性信号分子C6-HSL形成的局部浓度效应影响紫色杆菌ATCC31532对群体种群密度的正确评估,从而导致紫色杆菌ATCC31532对外源性信号分子的负反馈调节。本研究表明SERS技术可对QS调控的细菌代谢产物的时空分布进行原位快速分析,在未来有潜力取代基于生物发光或荧光蛋白表达的传统方法。     

储层沥青拉曼光谱特征及其对油气成藏期次的约束——以冀中坳陷杨税务潜山为例

快速准确确定油气成藏的时间及期次对于深入了解油气成藏机制与分布规律有着重要的意义。储层沥青作为油气成藏的标志物,通过对其分析有助于了解油气运移通道和准确判定油气成藏的时间。以杨税务潜山为例对储层沥青进行了系统的拉曼光谱分析。杨税务潜山储层沥青主要分布在最晚形成的裂缝中,少数充填在孔隙中。沥青在紫外光下基本不发荧光,属于炭质沥青。沥青的拉曼光谱特征相对比较稳定,具有明显的D峰和G峰,对于同一储层样品的不同测试点,D峰和G峰位置变化不大,但是背景噪声影响比较明显,拉曼谱图在1 500 cm-1之后具有明显的抬升。首先扣除原始拉曼光谱的背景值,然后采用洛伦兹分峰拟合方法对沥青拉曼光谱进行了分峰拟合,直到拟合的谱图曲线与原始谱图形态基本一致为止。在拟合好的谱图曲线上直接读取D峰和G峰的峰高（H）、半高宽（FWHM）,峰位差(v_G-v_D)、以及D峰和G峰之间的最低值（S）等参数,计算双峰之间的鞍型指数(saddle index),根据公式R_o%(cal)=-3.291+7.432log(v_G-v_D)-0.306log(saddle index)-2.935logFWHMG-3.118logFWHMD计算沥青的成熟度。结果显示储层沥青具有非均一性,指示油源具有混源特征,成熟度主要分布在两个区间,R_o分别为1.00～1.37和1.44～1.94。结合埋藏史确定杨税务潜山的油气成藏时间主要有两期,第一期为东营期（35～25 Ma）阶段,凝析油和湿气充注;第二期为明化镇-现今（5 Ma～0）阶段,以天然气为主充注。研究结果与研究区烃源岩生排烃史吻合,油气类型与杨税务潜山现今油气藏特征一致。研究表明,拉曼光谱技术可以对储层不同位置的沥青进行微区分析,并可以获得高精度的光谱数据,基于光谱数据可以准确确定沥青的成熟度。因此,基于储层沥青拉曼光谱定量表征和成熟度定量计算,结合盆地埋藏史和热史模拟,可以准确确定油气成藏的期次和时间。该方法具有快速准确、成本低的特点,展示了很好的应用前景。     

DSAZn与槲皮素的配位结合及对槲皮素的高灵敏度检测

槲皮素为天然黄酮类化合物,可用于高血压、高血脂、心血管疾病、癌症等的预防和治疗;槲皮素的定量检测在生物化学、临床医学等领域尤为重要。利用分子荧光物质(DSAZn)的聚集诱导发光现象(AIE),通过配位作用识别靶标分子槲皮素,结合激发态电子转移原理,提出了一种AIE型荧光分子对槲皮素的高灵敏度、高选择性检测方法。实验研究了pH 7.0的PBS缓冲液中DSAZn的荧光随着五种药物分子（槲皮素、淫羊藿素、异鼠李素、芦丁、多巴胺）加入后的变化情况。采用荧光分光光度计,以415 nm为激发波长,扫描435~680 nm的荧光发射光谱。采用紫外分光光度计,扫描DSAZn 250~750 nm的紫外吸收光谱。紫外检测表明中药分子槲皮素可以与AIE荧光探针形成复合物,因此加入槲皮素后AIE探针的荧光被静态猝灭。荧光检测表明五种药物分子对荧光探针的猝灭强弱有明显差异,槲皮素与DSAZn结合常数为1.34×107 L·mol-1,比其他四种药物分子和DSAZn的结合常数高出一个数量级,显示出DSAZn对槲皮素具有较好的选择性。槲皮素的检测限为3.07 nmol·L-1,低于诸多文献已报道的参考值,表明DSAZn对槲皮素的识别具有较高的灵敏度。由荧光滴定光谱和荧光滴定曲线得到槲皮素对DSAZn的滴定方程为：y=0.013 4x-0.294 82,槲皮素浓度在0~5 μmol·L-1范围内线性关系良好,线性相关系数r=0.994 3。由此构建出一种AIE型荧光分子对槲皮素的高选择性、高灵敏度检测方法,该方法操作简便、重复性好,为具有相似结构药物的检测提供了新的研究思路。     

蔗糖对酪蛋白结构及其乳化性影响的光谱学分析

酪蛋白酸钠作为一种良好的乳化剂和乳化稳定剂,对乳饮料品质具有重要的作用。蔗糖作为甜味剂,可以提高乳饮料的口感。但酪蛋白结构和性质很容易受到其所处的微环境的影响,为了分析蔗糖对酪蛋白酸钠结构及其乳化性的影响,利用荧光光谱技术探讨了酪蛋白酸钠荧光光谱和表面疏水性的变化,利用动态光散射技术分析了酪蛋白酸钠乳液液滴流体力学直径的变化,利用Turbiscan光谱学稳定性测试评价了酪蛋白酸钠乳液的背散射光强度变化以及稳定性指数(TSI)。结果表明：蔗糖会使酪蛋白酸钠发生内源荧光猝灭,猝灭速率常数K_S＜2.0×1010 L·mol-1·s-1,属于动态猝灭,未形成稳定的基态配合物,表明两者仅以较弱的氢键和疏水相互作用结合。酪蛋白酸钠的表面疏水性显著增强(p＜0.05),部分酪蛋白酸钠聚集程度增加,形成了可溶性聚集体。随着蔗糖浓度的增加,酪蛋白酸钠乳液流体力学直径增大,是高压均质时蛋白聚集体在油水界面上优先吸附的结果。背散射光强度结果显示随着蔗糖浓度的增加,乳液越不易产生分层、浓度变化、乳滴迁移等不稳定性现象。稳定性指数显著增大(p＜0.05),乳液稳定性增强。     

基于多波段漫反射光谱古陶瓷窑口无损鉴定

古陶瓷是历史的遗存, 具有不可再生性，因而理想的古陶瓷分析技术应该是无损的。为客观、有效地对古陶瓷窑口进行无损鉴定，提出了一种基于紫外、可见光和近红外的多波段漫反射光谱无损鉴定方法。针对传统单一波段古陶瓷窑口鉴定对目标特征描述不足的问题，即在可见光波段区域，漫反射光谱数据可反映古陶瓷的颜色特征，但在同一窑口烧制的陶瓷也会有不同的颜色属性，仅仅根据可见光波段的漫反射反射率来鉴定窑口来源是不合理的，在紫外与近红外波段，古陶瓷内部分子与此波段光发生作用后的漫反射光谱数据，可反映古陶瓷携带的丰富样品结构和物质属性信息，结合紫外与近红外光谱漫反射光谱数据可有效提高特征的表达，因此提出利用紫外、可见光和近红外的多波段特征提取方法。在实验过程中，基于多波段线性特征融合窑口平均鉴定准确率为92.9%，相比于单波段的窑口鉴定平均准确率91.1%提高了1.8%，实验结果验证了所提多波段方法相对单波段方法的有效性；在特征提取过程中，常用小波变换对光谱信号进行处理，但由于古陶瓷漫反射光谱波信号在紫外、可见光与近红外波段形波动大，频率变化大，因此，在小波基的选取上存在很大困难，提出利用自适应时频分析特征提取方法，其特点是可自适应分配不同频率子波本征模态函数，通过选择合适的本征模态函数来提取古陶瓷不同波段的光谱特征，但在分解过程中存在过分解现象，即虚假的本征模态函数，将所有样本与分解的本征模态函数的平均相关系数和平均方差贡献率作为选择本征模态函数的标准，实验结果表明，随着分解阶次的递增平均相关系数和平均方差贡献率递减，当分解阶次为4时，相关系数和方差贡献率都为0.30，但当分解阶次为5时，相关系数和方差贡献率仅为0.15和0.18，因此选择4阶分解，用于不同波段的特征提取；所提取的特征给与分类器进行分类时，不同波段的特征对分类的准确率贡献不同，因此在此基础上，计算不同光谱特征的散布矩阵，利用类内与类间散布矩阵的迹，计算特征融合时不同波段特征的权重，自适应分配权重并进行非线性特征融合，权重越大，表明该类特征对鉴别的贡献越大，非线性特征融合时，平均鉴定准确率为94.5%，相比于线性特征融合鉴定平均准确率92.9%提高了1.6%；其中分类器采用k最近邻分类器对来自不同窑口的古陶瓷进行无损分类识别。通过客观定量地将该方法与同类方法进行对比，朱旭峰等利用非线性特征融合方法，窑口平均鉴定准确率为86.97%，该方法比其高7.53%。刘峰等采用基于协方差阵进行特征级融合多波段方法，窑口平均鉴定准确率为89.63%，该方法比其高4.87%。实验结果表明所提方法有效、可行，可作为古陶瓷窑口鉴定的有效辅助鉴定方法。     

基于光谱分析的油料池火内部传热特性研究

油料池火焰内部分为不同燃烧区域,目前对油池火内部传热特性研究较少。针对油池火内部传热特性研究不足的现状,构建了红外火焰光谱测试系统,研究分析了92#汽油、95#汽油及润滑油池火焰红外光谱特性,对油池火焰不同燃烧区域的光谱信息进行了提取分析,结果表明：三种油料池火焰光谱特征相似,存在多个CO₂,H₂O及炭黑颗粒等燃烧产物的特征发射波段,3.4 μm处C—H伸缩振动峰明显;火焰烟气区主要光谱特征为4～4.5 μm波段范围内高温CO₂发射峰,该区域火焰与空气换热剧烈,温度变化不稳定,火焰脉动频率较高;火焰间歇区的光谱特征是4～4.5 μm波段范围内高温CO₂发射峰,与烟气区相比,火焰间歇区脉动频率相对较低;与烟气区及间歇区相比,火焰连续区燃烧较为稳定,该区域的光谱特征明显,在2.5～3 μm波段范围内炭黑粒子发射光谱强度较高,且在3.4 μm处存在C—H伸缩振动峰,表明油料池火焰光谱3.4 μm处的特征峰由高温油蒸汽产生。油池火焰不同燃烧区域光谱特征分析表明,油池火焰液态油表面的“富燃料层”吸收火焰传热,引起3.4 μm附近油蒸汽分子能级的改变。油池火焰不同燃烧区域发射光谱强度计算表明,火焰连续区的强度最大,其次为间歇区,火焰烟气区与空气对流强烈,测得的发射光谱强度最低。研究结果为火焰—油料传热模型的修正提供了参考。     

Radon anomalies along faults in North of Jordan

Radon emanation was sampled in five locations in a limestone quarry area using SSNTDs CR-39. Radon levels in the soil air at four different well-known traceable fault planes were measured along a traverse line perpendicular to each of these faults. Radon levels at the fault were higher by a factor of 3–10 than away from the faults. However, some sites have broader shoulders than the others. The method was applied along a fifth inferred fault zone. The results show anomalous radon level in the sampled station near the fault zone, which gave a radon value higher by three times than background. This study draws its importance from the fact that in Jordan many cities and villages have been established over an intensive faulted land. Also, our study has considerable implications for the future radon mapping. Moreover, radon gas is proved to be a good tool for fault zones detection.     

Do topological parameters of amino acids within protein contact networks depend on their physico-chemical properties?

The three dimensional structure of a protein is determined by the interactions of its constituent amino acids. Considering the amino acids as nodes and the non-bonded interactions among them in 3D space as edges, researchers have constructed protein contact networks and analyzed the values of several topological parameters to uncover different important aspects of proteins. Here, we have analyzed some of the topological parameters such as degree, strength, clustering coefficients, betweenness and closeness centrality of each of the twenty amino acids in a set of non-redundant proteins covering all classes and folds. The results show that the values of these topological parameters vary widely with different amino acids. Also, these values differ significantly with different length scales of proteins. Most of the hydrophobic residues along with Cys, Arg and His have larger contributions to the long range connectivities than short range. We have also studied whether the values of topological parameters have any significant dependency on the physico-chemical properties of the amino acids. While the clustering coefficients show a strong negative correlation with residual volumes, surface areas and number of atoms in the side chains of amino acids; the degrees, strengths and betweenness show positive correlations with the mentioned properties. All the topological parameters show high dependency on bulkiness and average area buried of the amino acid residues in all-range residue networks. The average degree shows higher dependency on hydrophobicity, while the average strength is more able to capture the essences of surface area, residual volume and number of atoms of amino acids. The hydrophobicities of the amino acids and their corresponding degrees show a higher positive correlation in long range networks (LRNs) than short range networks (SRNs). The closeness centrality shows high correlation with two hydrophobic scales and no correlation with surface area, residual volume or number of atoms in LRNs. We have further explored the relationship in hydrophobic, hydrophilic and charged residues separately. Interestingly, charged residues show a higher dependency on the number of atoms than their residual volumes and surface areas. Finally, we present a linear regression model relating the network parameters with physico-chemical properties of amino acids.     

Beam dynamics in an ultra-low energy storage rings (review of existing facilities and feasibility studies for future experiments)

Storage rings operating at ultra-low energies and in particular electrostatic storage rings have proven to be invaluable tools for atomic and molecular physics. Due to the mass independence of the electrostatic rigidity, these machines are able to store a wide range of different particles, from light ions to heavy singly charged bio-molecules. However, earlier measurements showed strong limitations on beam intensity, fast decay of ion current, reduced life time etc. The nature of these effects was not fully understood. Also a large variety of experiments in future generation ultra-low energy storage and decelerator facilities including in-ring collision studies with a reaction microscope require a comprehensive investigation of the physical processes involved into the operation of such rings. In this paper, we present review of non-linear and long term beam dynamics studies on example of the ELISA, AD Recycler, TSR and USR rings using the computer codes BETACOOL, OPERA-3D and MAD-X. The results from simulations were benchmarked against experimental data of beam losses in the ELISA storage ring. We showed that decay of beam intensity in ultra-low energy rings is mainly caused by ion losses on ring aperture due to multiple scattering on residual gas. Beam is lost on ring aperture due to small ring acceptance. Rate of beam losses increases at high intensities because of the intra-beam scattering effect adds to vacuum losses. Detailed investigations into the ion kinetics under consideration of the effects from electron cooling and multiple scattering of the beam on a supersonic gas jet target have been carried out as well. The life time, equilibrium momentum spread and equilibrium lateral spread during collisions with this internal gas jet target were estimated. In addition, the results from experiments at the TSR ring, where low intensity beam of CF⁺ ions at 93 keV/u has been shrunk to extremely small dimensions have been reproduced. Based on these simulations, conditions for stable ring operation with extremely low emittance beam are presented. Finally, results from studies into the interaction of ions with a gas jet target at 3–30 keV energy range are summarized.     

Quantum point contacts on InGaAs/InP heterostructures

For the first time we have observed quantized conductance in a split gate quantum point contact prepared in a strained In_0.77Ga_0.23As/InP two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG). Although quantization effects in gated two-dimensional semiconductor structures are theoretically well known and proven in various experiments on AlGaAs/GaAs and also on In_0.04Ga_0.96As/GaAs, no quantum point contact has been presented in the InGaAs/InP material with an indium fraction as high as 77% so far. The major problem is the comparatively low Schottky barrier of the InGaAs (φ_B≈ 0.2 eV) making leakage-free gate structures difficult to obtain. Nevertheless this heterostructure—especially with the highest possible indium content—has remarkable properties concerning quantum interference devices and semiconductor/superconductor hybrid devices because of its large phase coherence length and the small depletion zone, respectively. In order to produce leakage-free split gate point contacts the samples were covered with an insulating SiO₂layer prior to metal deposition. The gate geometry was defined by electron-beam lithography. In this paper we present first measurements of a point contact on an In_0.77Ga_0.23As/InP 2DEG clearly showing quantized conductance.     

Hybrid reactor based on combined cavitation and ozonation: From concept to practical reality

The present work gives an in depth discussion related to the development of a hybrid advanced oxidation reactor, which can be effectively used for the treatment of various types of water. The reactor is based on the principle of intensifying degradation/disinfection using a combination of hydrodynamic cavitation, acoustic cavitation, ozone injection and electrochemical oxidation/precipitation. Theoretical studies have been presented to highlight the uniform distribution of the cavitational activity and enhanced generation of hydroxyl radicals in the cavitation zone, as well as higher turbulence in the main reactor zone. The combination of these different oxidation technologies have been shown to result in enhanced water treatment ability, which can be attributed to the enhanced generation of hydroxyl radicals, enhanced contact of ozone and contaminants, and the elimination of mass transfer resistances during electrochemical oxidation/precipitation. Compared to the use of individual approaches, the hybrid reactor is expected to intensify the treatment process by 5–20 times, depending on the application in question, which can be confirmed based on the literature illustrations. Also, the use of Ozonix® has been successfully proven while processing recycled fluids at commercial sites on over 750 oil and natural gas wells during hydraulic operations around the United States. The superiority of the hybrid process over conventional chemical treatments in terms of bacteria and scale reduction as well as increased water flowability and better chemical compatibility, which is a key requirement for oil and gas applications, has been established.     

Effect of electric fields on the ion current signals in a constant volume combustion chamber

Ion current sensing has the potential to become a promising combustion diagnostic technique for mass productive engines. In this paper, the effect of electric fields on ion current signals measured from a series of methane/air flames in a constant volume combustion chamber (CVCC) is investigated both experimentally and numerically. Based on simultaneous flame Schlieren imaging and ion current measurement, the relation between the flame/electrodes contact area and the ion current signal waveform is explored under different electric field configurations. A CFD model, which incorporates flame plasma hydrodynamics, neutral/charged species reaction kinetics and ion-electric field interactions, is constructed. The effect of the electric field on the ion distribution and the charged species flux are analyzed, and the signal amplitude and timing are well predicted under the equivalence ratio range of Ф?=?0.7–1.1. Besides, the behavior of electrons, which is normally neglected in previous studies, is also analyzed in this work. The results show that it will affect the signal as well. The electron produced in the flame front zone can hardly diffuse into the pre-flame zone (<?350?K) even its mobility is 3-4 order higher than those of the positive ions. Therefore, the anode of the ion probe, which placed in the pre-flame zone, cannot detect the ion current signal until it contacts the flame front.     

Fine structure of Mytella falcata (Bivalvia) gill filaments

Bivalve filter feeders are sessile animals that live in constant contact with water and its pollutants. Their gill is an organ highly exposed to these conditions due to its large surface and its involvement in gas exchanges and feeding. The bivalve Mytella falcata is found in estuaries of Latin America, on the Atlantic as well as the Pacific Coast. It is commonly consumed, and sometimes is the only source of protein of low-income communities. In this study, gill filaments of M. falcata were characterized using histology, histochemistry and transmission electron microscopy for future comparative studies among animals exposed to environmental pollutants. Gill filaments may be divided into abfrontal, intermediate and frontal zones. Filaments are interconnected by ciliary discs. In the center of filaments, haemocytes circulate through a haemolymph vessel internally lined by an endothelium and supported by an acellular connective tissue rich in polysaccharides and collagen. The abfrontal zone contains cuboidal cells, while the intermediate zone consists of a simple squamous epithelium. The frontal zone is composed of five columnar cell types: one absorptive, mainly characterized by the presence of pinocytic vesicles in the apical region of the cell; one secretory, rarely observed; and three ciliated with abundant mitochondria. All cells lining the filament exhibit numerous microvilli and seem to absorb substances from the environment. PAS staining was observed in mucous cells in the frontal and abfrontal zones. Bromophenol blue allowed the distinction of haemocytes and detection of a glycoprotein secretion in the secretory cells of the frontal region. The characteristics of M. falcata gill filaments observed in this study were very similar to those of other bivalves, especially other Mytilidae, and are suitable for histopathological studies on the effect of water-soluble pollutants.     

强点火作用下C3HF7对甲烷-空气爆炸的抑制

为解决瓦斯输送过程中的爆炸安全问题,探索寻找绿色环保且阻火性能优越的新型抑爆剂,开展了当量比下甲烷-空气预混气体爆炸传播过程中的七氟丙烷抑爆效果研究。实验采用长径比L/D=108的水平管道爆炸特性测试系统,研究了在强点火作用下不同体积分数的七氟丙烷对9.5%甲烷-空气预混气体最大爆炸压力、最大压力上升速率和火焰传播速度的影响。实验结果显示:将2.5 m长的管段作为七氟丙烷抑爆区时,七氟丙烷阻断9.5%甲烷-空气预混气体爆炸火焰传播的最小体积分数为5%;当七氟丙烷的体积分数为1%~4%时,不仅无法阻断爆炸火焰的传播,而且与对照组相比,会使火焰传播速度加快;当七氟丙烷的体积分数为1%~6%时,爆炸源及管道末端处的爆炸压力峰值随着七氟丙烷体积分数的增加而逐渐减小;当七氟丙烷的体积分数为3%时,抑爆区处的爆炸压力峰值与对照组相比增幅为10.9%。     

Spatiotemporal spectroscopic diagnostics of a pulse-periodic strontium vapor laser

Results of spectroscopic investigations into plasma of a pulse-periodic strontium vapor laser operating in the superradiance mode on the infrared transition at λ = 6.45 μm are presented. The method of determining the electron temperature and concentration as well as the gas temperature – T _e , n _e , and T _g – based on measuring the absolute intensities of some SrI and SrII and buffer gas (helium or neon) spectral lines is used. Time dependences of the line intensities during a current pulse (τ = 150 ns) and near afterglow (up to 3 μs) are obtained under conditions of non-equilibrium plasma ionization and recombination. The optical system collects radiation from the entire length of the plasma column by means of separating radial volume zones, includingthe central zone and the zone closer to the walls, with the monochromator slit. The results obtained allow us not only to calculate T _e , n _e , and T _g values, but also to trace the spatiotemporal plasma evolution.