载体效应对Ru催化剂F-T反应性能的影响

采用浸渍法将Ru负载于SiO₂、Al₂O₃和Beta分子筛制备了不同载体的Ru基F-T合成催化剂。通过N₂-物理吸附、XRD、NH₃-TPD、H₂-TPR、H₂-TPD、XPS和CO-DRIFTS等表征方法对不同催化剂的织构、物相、酸性、还原性质、吸附性能和电子状态信息进行了考察,并对不同载体催化剂的F-T反应性能及产物分布进行了研究。结果表明,不同载体Ru基催化剂在金属分散度、还原性质、对氢气吸附性能和电子状态等方面均存在较大差异。其中,酸性较弱的Ru/SiO₂催化剂具有较弱的金属载体相互作用、较小的颗粒粒径和较高的电子密度,同时该催化剂的Ru金属平台位点较多,导致其在F-T反应过程中表现较好的反应稳定性,其产物以重质烃为主,CH₄和轻质烃选择性较低。     

Competitive hydrogenations over a ruthenium catalyst

Hydrogenations of three individual substrates (-methylstyrene, benzaldehyde, cyclohexanone) were carried out on a ruthenium catalyst. On the basis of these results, selectivities of competitive hydrogenations of -methylstyrene-benzaldehyde, benzaldehyde-cyclohexanone and -methylstyrene-cyclohexanone binary mixtures were evaluated. It was shown that the reactivity of individual substrates could be substantially different when hydrogenated competitively with another compound in a binary system.     

Hydrogenation versus transfer hydrogenation of ketones: two established ruthenium systems catalyze both

The established standard ketone hydrogenation (abbreviated HY herein) precatalyst [Ru(Cl)(2)((S)-tolbinap)[(S,S)-dpen]] ((S),(S,S)-1) has turned out also to be a precatalyst for ketone transfer hydrogenation (abbreviated TRHY herein) as tested on the substrate acetophenone (3) in iPrOH under standard conditions (45 degrees C, 45 bar H(2) or Ar at atmospheric pressure). HY works at a substrate catalyst ratio (s:c) of up to 10(6) and TRHY at s:c<10(4). Both produce (R)-1-phenylethan-1-ol ((R)-4), but the ee in HY are much higher (78-83 %) than in TRHY (4-62 %). In both modes, iPrOK is needed to generate the active catalysts, and the more there is (1-4500 equiv), the faster the catalytic reactions. The ee is about constant in HY and diminishes in TRHY as more iPrOK is added. The ketone TRHY precatalyst [Ru(Cl)(2)((S,S)-cyP(2)(NH)(2))] ((S,S)-2), established at s:c=200, has also turned out to be a ketone HY precatalyst at up to s:c=10(6), again as tested on 3 in iPrOH under standard conditions. The enantioselectivity is opposite in the two modes and only high in TRHY: with (S,S)-2, one obtains (R)-4 in up to 98 % ee in TRHY as reported and (S)-4 in 20-25 % ee in HY. iPrOK is again required to generate the active catalysts in both modes, and again, the more there is, the faster the catalytic reactions. The ee in TRHY are only high when 0.5-1 equivalents iPrOK are used and diminish when more is added, while the (low) ee is again about constant in HY as more iPrOK is added (0-4500 equiv). The new [Ru(H)(Cl)((S,S)-cyP(2)(NH)(2))] isomers (S,S)-9 A and (S,S)-9 B (mixture, exact structures unknown) are also precatalysts for the TRHY and HY of 3 under the same conditions, and (R)-4 is again produced in TRHY and (S)-4 in HY, but the lower ee shows that in TRHY (S,S)-9 A/(S,S)-9 B do not lead to the same catalysts as (S,S)-2. In contrast, the ee are in accord with (S,S)-9 A/(S,S)-9 B leading to the same catalysts as (S,S)-2 in HY. The kinetic rate law for the HY of 3 in iPrOH and in benzene using (S,S)-9 A/(S,S)-9 B/iPrOK or (S,S)-9 A/(S,S)-9 B/tBuOK is consistent with a fast, reversible addition of 3 to a five-coordinate amidohydride (S,S)-11 to give an (S,S)-11-substrate complex, in competition with the rate-determining addition of H(2) to (S,S)-11 to give a dihydride [Ru(H)(2)((S,S)-cyP(2)(NH)(2))] (S,S)-10, which in turn reacts rapidly with 3 to generate (S)-4 and (S,S)-11. The established achiral ketone TRHY precatalyst [Ru(Cl)(2)(ethP(2)(NH)(2))] (12) has turned out to be also a powerful precatalyst for the HY of 3 in iPrOH at s:c=10(6) and of some other substrates. Response to the presence of iPrOK is as before, except that 12 already functions well without it at up to s:c=10(6).     

Novel metathesis catalysts based on ruthenium 1,3-dimesityl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidin-2-ylidenes: synthesis, structure, immobilization, and catalytic activity

The synthesis of novel ruthenium-based metathesis catalysts containing the saturated 1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidin-2-ylidene ligand, that is, [RuCl2(NHC)[=CH-2-(2-PrO)-5-NO(2)-C6H3]] (1) and [Ru(CF3COO)2(NHC)[=CH-2-(2-PrO)-5-NO2-C6H3]] (2) (NHC=1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidin-2-ylidene) is described. Both catalysts are highly active in ring-closing metathesis (RCM) and ring-opening cross-metathesis (ROCM). Compound 1 shows moderate activity in enyne metathesis. Compound 2 is not applicable to enyne metathesis since it shows high activity in the cyclopolymerization of diethyl dipropargylmalonate (DEDPM). Poly(DEDPM) prepared by the action of 2 consists of 95% five-membered rings, that is, poly(cyclopent-1-enevinylene)s, and 5 % of six-membered rings, that is, poly(cyclohex-1-ene-3-methylidene)s. The polymerization proceeds in a nonliving manner and results in polyenes with broad polydispersities (1.9< or =PDI< or =2.3). Supported analogues of 2 were prepared by immobilization on hydroxymethyl-Merrifield resin and a monolithic support derived from ring-opening-metathesis polymerization (ROMP). Catalyst loadings of 1 and 2.5%, respectively, were obtained. Both supported versions of 2 showed excellent reactivity. With 0.24-2% of the supported catalysts, yields in RCM and ROCM were in the range of 76-100%. Leaching of ruthenium was low and resulted in Ru contaminations of the products of less than 0.000014% (0.14 ppm).     

钴纳米粒子催化水相费托合成

水相费托合成可以在远低于传统温度下实现,其低温高效的特点使其具有重要的应用潜力. 本文制备了水相稳定且可循环利用的Co纳米粒子并应用于水相费托反应,150℃下活性为7.4×10^-7mol_CO g_Co^-1 s^-1,C₅₊选择性接近40%,是目前纯钴水相费托合成的最好结果,而其它方法合成的催化剂在150℃时活性低下. 对催化剂进行了粒径、结构、成分测定和原位红外光谱检测,研究了催化剂在反应中的重构过程和B掺杂效应.     

硅纳米管负载的钌基催化剂费-托合成催化性能研究

以模板法合成的硅纳米管（SNT）为载体,用浆态浸渍法制备了钌基催化剂,采用氮气物理吸附、透射电子显微镜（TEM）、X射线粉末衍射（XRD）和氢气程序升温还原（H₂-TPR）等手段对其进行了表征。在固定床反应器上（503K,1.0MPa）考察了该催化剂的费-托合成反应活性及产物选择性,并与用商业二氧化硅为载体制备的催化剂上的反应结果进行了比较。结果表明,SNT和SiO₂负载的氧化钌在623K可被H₂完全还原;SNT负载的钌基催化剂上,钌氧化物颗粒较小、分散性好,还原后钌颗粒被较好地分散在硅纳米管上,且几乎所有的钌颗粒都分布在管内。与以SiO₂为载体的催化剂相比,以硅纳米管为载体的钌基催化剂具有较高的费-托合成活性。     

Polysiloxane microspheres functionalized with imidazole groups as a palladium catalyst support

Polysiloxane microspheres containing a large number of silanol groups were obtained by an emulsion process of modified polyhydromethylsiloxane. N‐substituted imidazole groups were grafted on these microspheres by the silylation of their silanol groups with N‐[γ‐(dimethylchlorosilyl)propyl]imidazole hydrochloride. The progress of the reaction was monitored using ²⁹Si and ¹³C magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR and its impact on microsphere morphology was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The usefulness of the imidazole‐functionalized microspheres as a support for a metal catalyst was demonstrated by their reaction with PdCl₂(PhCN)₂. In this way a new heterogenized catalyst, Pd(II) complex with imidazole ligands supported on polysiloxane microspheres, was generated. This catalyst, MPd , was characterized using ¹³C and ²⁹Si MAS NMR, X‐ray photoelectron, Fourier transform infrared and far‐infrared spectroscopies, X‐ray diffraction, SEM–energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy and wide‐angle X‐ray scattering. The catalyst appears in two structures, as Pd(II) complex and Pd(0) nanoclusters. Its catalytic activity was tested using a model reaction, the hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde, and compared with that of an analogous complex operating in a homogeneous system. MPd showed a high activity in the promotion of hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde. The activity in the substrate conversion was stable at least in five cycles of this reaction. The main product was hydrocinnamaldehyde which could be obtained with a yield above 70%. A mechanism of the reaction is proposed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Catalytic transfer hydrogenation with terdentate CNN ruthenium complexes: the influence of the base

The catalytic activity of the terdentate complex [RuCl(CNN)(dppb)] (A) [dppb=Ph(2)P(CH(2))(4)PPh(2); HCNN=6-(4'-methylphenyl)-2-pyridylmethylamine] in the transfer hydrogenation of acetophenone (S) with 2-propanol has been found to be dependent on the base concentration. The limit rate has been observed when NaOiPr is used in high excess (A/base molar ratio > 10). The amino-isopropoxide species [Ru(OiPr)(CNN)(dppb)] (B), which forms by reaction of A with sodium isopropoxide via displacement of the chloride, is catalytically active. The rate of conversion of acetophenone obeys second-order kinetics v=k[S][B] with the rate constants in the range 218+/-8 (40 degrees C) to 3000+/-70 M(-1) s(-1) (80 degrees C). The activation parameters, evaluated from the Eyring equation are DeltaH(++)=14.0+/-0.2 kcal mol(-1) and DeltaS(++)=-3.2 +/-0.5 eu. In a pre-equilibrium reaction with 2-propanol complex B gives the cationic species [Ru(CNN)(dppb)(HOiPr)](+)[OiPr](-) (C) with K approximately 2x10(-5) M. The hydride species [RuH(CNN)(dppb)] (H), which forms from B via beta-hydrogen elimination process, catalyzes the reduction of S and, importantly, its activity increases by addition of base. The catalytic behavior of the hydride H has been compared to that of the system A/NaOiPr (1:1 molar ratio) and indicates that the two systems are equivalent.