多阶光存储原理分析及其读写系统前端信号处理研究

运用矢量衍射理论的计算方法(耦合波方法，时域有限差分法)，对两种多阶光存储方案(坑深调制，坑形调制)进行了原理性分析，并简略分析了利用相变材料的幅值调制实现多阶存储的原理.由此得出多阶光存储技术的实现是利用了光与物质之间的相互作用，使光对记录介质产生作用，同时介质也对光的某些特性进行调制，而这些特征的改变一般都不止两个状态0或1，用数字方式将这多个状态记录下来便实现了多阶数字存储.此外,还提出了多阶光盘前端信号处理系统的设计与开发.该系统是多阶光存储实验系统的重要组成部分，可输出RF,TE,FE等伺服与误差信号，并将信号反馈给多阶处理芯片；同时系统还可对光学头的激光读写功率及写入时间进行控制，并能使其实现自动调焦和道跟踪. 关键词： 多阶光存储 矢量衍射理论 时域有限差分法     

基于DVD读取头的光学探头电路设计

随着工业精密测量对于精度和分辨率的要求越来越高,光学探头在工业精密测量中得到了广泛的应用。由于DVD读取头的聚焦误差信号FES(Focus Error Signal)即S曲线的一部分与失焦距离成线性关系,因此稍作改进就可以做光学探头,用来进行微小位移的测量[1]。文中给出了其电路设计,该电路分成两个部分,一个是LD功率自动控制电路,一个是FES获取电路。经过实验测试,利用该电路可以获得良好的S曲线,可实现对微器件(几何尺寸数毫米至数微米,精度参数多为微纳米数量级)的精确测量。该电路设计具有结构简单、抗干扰能力强等突出优点。     

基于DVD光头的双光子光致漂白三维光存储

基于现有的DVD光头物镜与音圈电机，根据光致漂白的双光子吸收气维光信息存储原理，以钛蓝宝石飞秒脉冲激光进行双光子光信息写入和读出，利用音圈电机进行选层，在新型光致漂白材料二苯乙烯衍生物中进行光致漂白二进制编码信息的存储和读出实验研究；实现了三层光信息存储，信息点间距和信息层间距分别为4μm和15μm；用Matlab软件读出信息的信号强度并对其进行了识别，识别结果与写入的二进制编码信息完全一致。实验证明了用DVD光头进行双光子三维光数据存储的可行性，表明双光子吸收光致漂白技术可以与现有CD／DVD兼容，为实现多层高密度和超高密度光信息存储打下基础。     

Influence of Thickness of Methyl-Orange-Doped Polyvinyl Alcohol Film on Phase Conjugate Matched Filtering

Phase conjugate matched filtering was performed with optical phase conjugation in Fourier-transforming backward degenerate four-wave mixing. A methyl-orange-doped polyvinyl alcohol (MO/PVA) film was used as a phase conjugator. The influence of the film thickness upon decay of a correlation signal due to phase mismatching was investigated. The thickness was varied from 15 μm to 90 μm. Reduction of the film thickness relaxes the tolerance for phase mismatching, which also occurs when a large reference picture is placed in a pump beam or when a reference picture shifts from the optical axis of the pump beam. Using a MO/PVA film of 15 μm thickness, we obtained allowable angles of 3.4° for a horizontally expanded reference picture and larger than 4.3° for a vertically expanded reference picture, assuming about 40% reduction of a correlation signal is allowable.     

High-Resolution Reflectometry by Optical Multidigitized Coherence

We propose and confirm a novel technique of optical frequency domain reflectometry based on multidigitized coherence using a multimode laser. The proposed system can easily provide the potential for high resolution on the order of 10 μm without scanning frequencies as in frequency domain reflectometers of either continuous or stepwise sweep. The theoretical approach agrees well with the experimental results demonstrated using a commercially available multimode laser diode.     

Optical Pick-up for Blue Optical Recording at NA = 0.85

Sony and Philips have recently developed the basic technology for a 22.5 GB optical recording system, based on a blue laser (#x03BB; = 405 nm) and high numerical aperture (NA = 0.85) objective lens. This system is referred to by the acronym DVR (for Digital Video Recording). In this paper we describe the relization of a compact optical pickup unit capable of writing and reading data on disc according to the DVR format.This paper was originally presented at the 2nd International Conference on Optical Design and Fabrication, ODF2000 which was held on November 15-17, 2000 at the International Conference Center Tokyo Waseda University, Japan.     

Non-contacting laser based displacement measurements from solid objects

This note reports a laser Doppler interferometer for measuring the axial motion of solid targets which have had no prior preparation. Both magnitude and sense of motion are measured to a resolution at least 0.316 μm usinga passive optical system and simple signal processing, making the device relatively cheap to construct. Results indicate that the LDI is capable of good linearity over a substantial range of target amplitudes and has a reasonable degree of immunity from speckle effects.     

Spin resonance of irradiated luminescent LiH crystals

ESR line width and strength are reported for crystals exposed at room temperature to the unfiltered light of a SVD-120 mercury arc and to the electrons from a betatron operated at 8–10 MeV. There is a knee in the fall in the intensity and in the increase in the line width at 90 °–120 ° C (g = 2.001 ± ± 0.001) for crystals showing blue fluorescence. The relation of the ESR spectrum to the optical absorption and to the luminescence centers is discussed.We are indebted to M. D. Lemberberg for assistance in recording the optical absorption spectra of LiH.     

Optical Super-Resolution Pickup Using a Liquid Crystal Shutter for CAD-MSR Magnetooptical Disk

We demonstrated characteristics of an optical super-resolution pickup using a liquid crystal (LC) shutter as a shading plate. The problem of laser power loss was solved by an LC shutter which was turned off for writing and turned on for reading. Combining this with CAD-MSR disk, we obtained good signals of high-density recording. This combination increases efficiency of laser power and does not require a slit to eliminate side-lobes. The laser power efficiency for writing is as high as 34% and linear bit density reaches 0.255 μm/bit even with a wavelength of 680 nm and an objective lens NA of 0.60.     

Design and Fabrication of Microlens Array for Near-Field Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser Parallel Optical Head

A GaP microlens for collecting laser light was developed in the tip of a near-field probe. It is important to realize a near-field optical probe head with high throughput and a small spot size. The design and fabrication results of the GaP microlens array are described. The most suitable GaP microlens with a probe was calculated as having a 10 μm radius using the two-dimensional finite difference time domain (2-D FDTD) method. The full width half maximum (FWHM) spot size variation and optical power density tolerance were calculated as 157 nm ± 5 nm and 7%, respectively. A spherical GaP microlens was fabricated with a radius of 10 μm by controlling the Cl₂/Ar gas mixture ratio. The difference between the theoretical spherical shape and the fabricated GaP microlens was evaluated as 40 nm at peak to valley. The FWHM spot size and optical throughput of the fabricated microlens were measured as 520 nm and 63%, respectively. The microlens was the same as a theoretical lens with a 10 μm radius. The micron-lens array fabrication process for a near-field optical head was demonstrated in this experiment.     

Compact Branched Optical Waveguides Using High-Index-Contrast Stacked Structure

We have developed a novel branched optical waveguide using a stacked directional coupler, which consists of two Si₃N₄ core layers (each 0.3 μm thick) stacked with a thin (0.2 μm) SiO₂ film in between. Using this stacked high-index-contrast system, the size of the multiple branched waveguides can be dramatically reduced compared with the conventional Y-shaped branches. A four-branch optical waveguide is designed and fabricated, and good performance of distribution power of 25 ± 4% to each branch has been achieved.     

Fast, low-noise, mode-by-mode, cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy by diode-laser self-locking

A new technique of cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy is described. Molecular absorption spectra are obtained by recording the transmission maxima of the successive TEM_oo resonances of a high-finesse optical cavity when a Distributed Feedback Diode Laser is tuned across them. A noisy cavity output is usually observed in such a measurement since the resonances are spectrally narrower than the laser. We show that a folded (V-shaped) cavity can be used to obtain selective optical feedback from the intracavity field which builds up at resonance. This induces laser linewidth reduction and frequency locking. The linewidth narrowing eliminates the noisy cavity output, and allows measuring the maximum mode transmissions accurately. The frequency locking permits the laser to scan stepwise through the successive cavity modes. Frequency tuning is thus tightly optimized for cavity mode injection. Our setup for this technique of Optical-Feedback Cavity-Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy (OF-CEAS) includes a 50 cm folded cavity with finesse ∼20 000 (ringdown time ∼20 μs) and allows recording spectra of up to 200 cavity modes (2 cm⁻¹) using 100 ms laser scans. We obtain a noise equivalent absorption coefficient of ∼5×10⁻¹⁰ cm⁻¹ for 1 s averaging over scans, with a dynamic range of four orders of magnitude.     

Compact eye-safe laser sources based on OPOs with KTP or PPKTP crystals

We report on compact eye-safe nanosecond laser sources emitting in the 1.5 μm wavelength range based on non-critically phase-matched parametric interaction in optical parametric oscillators (OPOs) with KTP and periodically poled KTP (PPKTP) crystals, pumped by the fundamental frequency of Nd:YAG lasers. As much as 250 μJ signal pulse energy at 1.5 μm wavelength, 6.5 ns FWHM pulse-width, has been obtained in a PPKTP-OPO, extracavity pumped by a Nd:YAG microlaser oscillator–amplifier at 650 μJ pump pulse energy, 8 ns pulse-width. A single signal pulse of 2.7-mJ output energy at 1.57 μm wavelength, less than 5 ns pulse-width, was generated in a KTP-OPO, intracavity pumped by a passively Q-switched Nd:YAG laser.     

Optical particle sizers for on-line applications in industrial plants

We present three optical particle sizers properly conceived for different on-line applications in industrial plants. The first one is a diffraction-based particle sizer utilising an innovative optical scheme that allows the instrument to operate at very low particle concentration regimes (i.e. at extinction values as small as 10⁻⁵) in the size range 0.9–90 μm. The second one is based on the same principle of operation, but has been designed with a different optical configuration that makes it suitable for the characterisation of high concentration particle laden flows (like for e.g. pulverised coal downstream of the grinding mills) in the size range 3–300 μm. The third instrument is based on a multi-wavelength extinction technique and provides measurements over long optical paths (up to 10 m) in the 0.1–3 μm size range.     

Signal processing system in cavity enhanced spectroscopy

The paper presents a signal processing system used for nitrogen dioxide detection employing cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy. In this system, the absorbing gas concentration is determined by the measurement of a decay time of a light pulse trapped in a cavity. The setup includes a resonance optical cavity, which was equipped with spherical and high reflectance mirrors, the pulsed diode laser (414 nm) and electronic signal processing system. In order to ensure registration of low-level signals and accurate decay time measurements, special preamplifier and digital signal processing circuit were developed. Theoretical analyses of main parameters of optical cavity and signal processing system were presented and especially signal-to-noise ratio was taken into consideration. Furthermore, investigation of S/N signal processing system and influence of preamplifier feedback resistance on the useful signal distortion were described. The aim of the experiment was to study potential application of cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy for construction of fully optoelectronic NO₂ sensor which could replace, e.g., commonly used chemical detectors. Thanks to the developed signal processing system, detection limit of NO₂ sensor reaches the value of 0.2 ppb (absorption coefficient equivalent = 2.8 × 10⁻⁹ cm⁻¹).     

Fabrication of Spot Size Converters for Optical Chemical Sensors by Distributed-Field-Assisted Ion-Exchange

We propose a new method for fabricating optical waveguides with nonuniform thickness by controlling the electrical field distribution during the field-assisted ion-exchange. We refer to this method as distributed-fild-assisted ion-exchange. The distribution of the intensity of the electrical field was simulated for different electrode configurations, and was compared with experimental diffusion depth distribution of K⁺—Na⁺ exchange in sodalime slide glass. A unique bath was designed for the distributed-field-assisted ion-exchange. Using a three-electrode configuration, we obtained, for instance, a 2 cm-long spot size converter with thickness changes of from 12 μm to 2 μm. This technique can be used to fabricate waveguides for optical chemical sensors.On leave from State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China 100080.     

Properties of a Thin-Film Optical Waveguide Using Fluorinated Silicon Oxide and Organic Spin-on-Glass Films

A thin-film optical waveguide using a fluorinated silicon oxide (SiOF) as a core layer was investigated. An organic spin-on-glass (SOG) film was used for a cladding layer. The SiOF films were formed at 23°C by a liquid-phase deposition (LPD) technique using a supersaturated hydrofluosilicic acid (H₂SiF₆) aqueous solution. A thin-film optical waveguide structure for single mode was designed and fabricated, based on the dispersion properties of refractive indices for the LPD-SiOF and organic SOG films. The refractive indices at a wavelength of 632.8 nm were 1.430 and around 1.400 for the LPD-SiOF and organic SOG films, respectively. The thickness of LPD-SiOF films deposited was 1.18 μm. Thicknesses of cladding organic SOG films cured at 300 and 400°C were 1.28 and 1.31μm, respectively. The effective refractive indices for single mode were 1.4169 and 1.4158 at a wavelength of 632.8 nm for the cladding organic SOG films cured at 300 and 400°C, respectively, and differences between the measured and calculated incident angles were 0.84° and 1.29° for the cladding organic SOG films cured at these respective temperatures. A streak of guided-light was observed for the LPD-SiOF/SOG structure optical waveguide. The transmission loss was 7.6-7.9 dB/cm.     

Real-time focus control in broad flat field laser material processing

Broad flat field laser scanning is critical to the success of laser material processing, used in techniques such as rapid prototyping & manufacturing (RP&M) and micro-machining. For these techniques it is necessary to produce high-performance optical systems that can fulfill the need for a smaller focused spot size over broad, flat field scanning areas. This paper concentrates on the issues of defocus error compensation. A dynamic focusing system is designed, intended primarily for broad flat field galvanometric laser scanning applications. Key technologies are described in detail; corresponding solutions have been used to design and produce a CO₂ infrared optical focusing system, which is capable of scanning a focused spot size of 120 μm or less over areas up to 500 mm².     

Effect of microcosmic optical parameters of dopants on the signal-to-noise ratio in doubly doped LiNbO3 crystals

We propose a united theory that describes the two-center recording system by taking scattering noise into account. The temporal evolution of the signal-to-noise ratio in doubly doped photorefractive crystals is described based on jointly solving material equations and coupled-wave equations with the fourth-order Runge–Kutta method. Roles of microcosmic optical parameters of dopants on the signal-to-noise ratio are discussed in detail. The theoretical results can confirm and predict experimental results.     

IR-induced nonlinear optics in Ge-doped Bi12TiO20 large-sized nanocrystallites

Photoinduced non-linear optical effects in large-sized (up to 25 nm) nanocrystallites (NC) of Ge-doped Bi₁₂TiO₂₀ (BTO:Ge) incorporated within olygoether photopolymer matrix have been studied. Photoinduced second harmonic generation (PISHG) was measured. Nd:YAG pulsed laser (λ=1.06 μm) was used as a source of photoinducing light. As a fundamental light source for the SHG and two-photon absorption, Er:LiYF₄ laser (λ=2.065 μm) was used. We have found that with increasing IR pump power density, the output doubled frequency SHG signal (λ=1.03 μm) increases and achieves its maximum value at the pump power density about 0.45 GW/cm² and NC size about 12 nm.The values of second-order optical susceptibilities were almost 20% larger than for the pure BTO NC single crystals. With decreasing temperature below 60 K, the SHG signal increases achieving maximal value at LHeT.