Strong-field molecular ionization: determination of ionization probabilities calibrated with field-free alignment

We report an original optical method providing the probability of molecular ionization induced by femtosecond laser pulses. The approach consists of exploiting molecular alignment to extract reliable information about ionization. The cross defocusing technique implemented for this purpose reveals a sensitivity with respect to postpulse alignment, as well as to the free electron density induced by the ultrashort laser pulse. The analysis of the resulting signal thus gives access to absolute single-ionization probabilities calibrated through the degree of alignment, provided that free electrons are produced mainly by single ionization. The relevance of the method is assessed in N2.     

Optimal control of nonadiabatic alignment of rotationally cold N2 molecules with the feedback of degree of alignment

Nonadiabatic alignment of rotationally cold N2 molecules is optimally controlled by shaping femtosecond pump pulses with the feedback of degree of alignment evaluated by an ion imaging technique. The alignment is optimized by doubly peaked pulses with approximately equal intensities. A doubly peaked pulse with an appropriate interval can be regarded as a single pulse with a center trough based on the considerations from both time and frequency domains, suggesting that the effective duration of a doubly peaked pulse rather than its structure is crucial to nonadiabatic molecular alignment.     

Single-shot measurement of revival structures in femtosecond laser-induced alignment of molecules

We present a single-shot detection technique for field-free molecular alignment. The method is based on probing the time-varying birefringence of an aligned sample by use of a chirped probe pulse, thus encoding the dependence of the alignment on time onto the spectral domain. The technique is applied to alignment of O2. The recorded signals are well described by an analytical formula.     

Two-electron photodetachment of negative ions in a strong laser field

We study the photodetachment of H-, F-, and Br- in a short laser pulse of 800 nm wavelength and 6 x 10(14) W/cm2 peak intensity. Photoelectron spectra, recorded with the use of an imaging technique, reveal a substantial contribution from the sequential process of double detachment of halogen negative ions. The saturation effect is shown to play a crucial role in this process. The role of the alignment of atoms produced by photodetachment is discussed.     

Postpulse molecular alignment measured by a weak field polarization technique

We report a direct nonintrusive observation of alignment and planar delocalization of CO2 after an intense linearly polarized femtosecond laser pulse excitation. The effects are measured by a polarization technique involving a perturbative probe that itself does not induce appreciable alignment. We show that this technique allows one to measure a signal proportional to -1/3, with theta the angle between the molecular axis and the laser polarization. Simulations that support this analysis allow one to characterize the experimentally observed alignment and planar delocalization quantitatively.     

Angular distributions of CH3I fragment ions under the irradiation of single pulse and trains of ultrashort laser pulses

The angular distribution of CH₃I is investigated experimentally using a single Fourier transform-limited laser pulse and a pulse train, where a 90-fs 800-nm linearly polarized laser field with a moderate intensity of 2.8×10¹³ W/cm² is used. The dynamic alignment is demonstrated in a single pulse experiment. Moreover, a pulse train is used to optimize the molecular alignment, and the alignment degree is almost identical to that with the single pulse. The results are analysed by using chirped femtosecond laser pulses, and it demonstrates that the structure of pulse train rather than its effective duration is crucial to the molecular alignment.     

Low power autocorrelation technique based on the degree-of-polarization measurement

Based on the degree-of-polarization (DOP) measurement, an autocorrelation technique to measure the pulse width of chirp-free optical short pulse with a very low optical power (<?60 dBm) is demonstrated. The impacts of chirp and misalignment of the input light are also discussed in detail. The pulse width measurement results are consistent with the conventional second-harmonic generation (SHG) autocorrelation, while our autocorrelation technique does not require high input power or rigid optical alignment.     

“神龙一号”加速器聚焦磁场准直

 “神龙一号”是一台正在建造中的脉冲强流加速器。这台加速器的主体由72个直线感应加速腔和18个用于测试和真空泵接口的多功能腔组成。为获得高品质的电子束流，减小发射度的增加，抑制corkscrew的增长，聚焦磁场的磁轴准直精度要求很高。在使用激光跟踪仪对机械轴进行准直的前提下，脉冲悬丝技术被应用于准直加速段聚焦磁场，并在磁轴准直测试的同时对磁场固有倾斜偏差（tilt）进行初步校正。介绍和讨论了测试方法，测试精度以及测试结果。     

Conservation of molecular alignment for cyclic rotational wave packets in periodic pulse trains

The existence of states for which molecular alignment can be maintained for long periods of time is shown. These states, consisting of coherent superpositions of rotational states, are found among cyclic states of the generalized Floquet operator corresponding to a molecule in a short nonresonant laser pulse. For a single pulse alignment can be maintained, in some cases, for more than 40 times the pulse duration. Because of the special properties of these coherent states, arbitrarily long alignment can be achieved by using well-timed pulse trains.     

Observation of enhanced field-free molecular alignment by two laser pulses

We show experimentally that field-free alignment of iodobenzene molecules, induced by a single, intense, linearly polarized 1.4-ps-long laser pulse, can be strongly enhanced by dividing the pulse into two optimally synchronized pulses of the same duration. For a given total energy of the two-pulse sequence the degree of alignment is maximized with an intensity ratio of 1:3 and by sending the second pulse near the time where the alignment created by the first pulse peaks.     

Development of Field Alignment Methods for Electron-Вeam Lithography in the Case of X-Ray Bragg–Fresnel Lenses

A method providing more than a tenfold improvement in the precision of exposure field alignment in electron-beam lithography is proposed. The method uses a scanning electron microscope with a standard mechanical positioning system and alignment markers produced by contact photolithography. Bragg–Fresnel lens (1–3–5 orders) with a tenfold decrease in the error of exposure field alignment through the use of mechanical stages are created via this technique.     

Dynamics of molecular alignment steered by a few-cycle terahertz laser pulse

The field-free alignment of molecule ClCN is investigated by using a terahertz few-cycle pulse (THz FCP) based on the time-dependent density matrix theory. It is shown that a high degree of molecular alignment can be obtained by changing the matching number of the THz FCPs in the adiabatic regime and the non-adiabatic regime. The matching number can affect both the maximum value of the alignment and the time at which it is achieved. It is also found that a higher degree of alignment can be achieved by using the THz FCP at lower intensity and there exists an optimal threshold of molecular alignment with the increase of the field amplitude. Also found is the frequency sensitive region in which the degree of maximum alignment can be enhanced greatly by modulating the center frequencies of different THz FCPs. The investigation demonstrates that comparing with a THz single-cycle pulse, a better result of the field-free alignment can be created by a THz FCP at a constant rotational temperature of molecule.     

采用脉冲悬丝法测量强流加速腔聚焦场磁轴

 介绍了利用脉冲悬丝法校正、测量加速腔磁轴，以及对10MeV LIA束输运系统中40cm长聚焦线圈磁轴偏差的测量，详细描述了实验装置和实验方法。从测得的电压波形可区分出磁轴的倾斜与偏移，并可辨别出倾斜与偏移的方向，在聚焦线圈轴向磁场最强为0.072T的条件下，通过多次实验改变悬丝电流从0 .3A到3.8A，并改变电流脉冲宽度从0.3ms到1.5ms，测出了40cm聚焦线圈磁轴的偏差，并给出了磁轴偏差分布的对应波形。测试灵敏度估计为磁轴倾斜1mrad, 偏移0.2mm。     

Sampling measurement of soft-x-ray-pulse shapes by femtosecond sequential ionization of Kr+ in an intense laser field

We propose a sampling technique for measuring the shape of ultrashort soft-x-ray pulses. The technique uses the transient state of Kr+ ions that is produced by the femtosecond sequential evolution of Kr ions during optical-field-induced ionization as an ultrafast x-ray-absorption sampling gate. We demonstrate the technique by measuring the pulse shape of the 51st harmonic (15.6 nm) generated by a 100-fs titanium:sapphire laser pulse. The measured pulse duration is 220 fs. Our experimental result confirms that the sequential evolution of Kr+ ions from neutral Kr to Kr2+ is the dominant contribution to the ionization process from the aspect of time-domain measurement.     

Alignment-dependent strong field ionization of molecules

We demonstrate a method to measure strong field laser ionization of aligned molecules. The method employs a macroscopic field-free dynamic alignment, which occurs during revivals of rotational wave packets produced by a femtosecond laser pulse. We investigate the dependence of strong field ionization of N2 on molecular orientation. We determine that N2 molecules are four times more likely to ionize when aligned parallel to the field than when aligned perpendicular to it.     

基于时分复用技术的甚多束光脉冲产生系统

提出了一种基于时分复用技术的全光纤、全固化的用于惯性约束聚变驱动器的甚多路光脉冲产生系统.系统中采用单纵模振荡器输出连续激光信号,利用时分复用技术结合高速电光调制技术实现序列脉冲的产生和甚多束脉冲的独立整形.采用偏振无关的声光调制技术实现甚多束脉冲的独立输出.每个序列脉冲包含8个子脉冲,子脉冲间隔设置为120ns,对子脉冲独立整形和选单后将其传输放大至微焦耳量级输出.实验成功验证了采用时分复用技术完全可以实现序列脉冲输出,各子脉冲可以独立任意整形且最后的单束输出能量为1.275μJ.     

Nanoparticles-doped guest-host liquid crystal displays

The technique, nanoparticles-induced vertical alignment (NIVA), was applied to fabricate a guest-host liquid crystal display (GH-LCD) without conventional alignment layers. The GH-LCD produced by NIVA exhibited a high reflectance of approximately 59% in the voltage-off state and a low threshold voltage of approximately 2.1 V(rms). NIVA is very suitable to be applied for fabricating a plastic LCD requiring a low temperature process, and a flexible timepiece by using NIVA was demonstrated.     

电流型探测器单粒子灵敏度标定的原理及应用

 采用电荷模数转换记录单个脉冲电荷的方法,标定了单能射线在电流型闪烁探测器中产生的平均电流,从而得到其灵敏度。标定结果与传统的电流法在±8%的范围内一致。该标定方法准确度高,扣除本底容易,对标定源的强度要求也大大降低。加上飞行时间法,还可对粒子进行甄别,能在中子-γ射线混合场中将中子和γ射线的电荷贡献分开,得到探测器对每种射线单独的灵敏度。该方法适用于在单个脉冲电荷信噪比较高的场合下标定脉冲电流型探测器。     

A technique for analysing the transmission of sound pulses through open plan spaces

A technique is described which enables the major reflections produced by a pulse in an open plan space to be identified, isolated and their frequency spectra determined. No existing pulse source was found to be completely suitable for this purpose and the paper reports the development of a new source which gives a short, clean pulse from a blank cartridge by providing a free combustion zone. An application of the technique to the measurement of the oblique incidence absorption properties of a ceiling is described.     

Effects of aligning pulse duration on the degree and the slope of nitrogen field-free alignment

Through theoretical analysis,we show how aligning pulse durations affect the degree and the time-rate slope of nitrogen field-free alignment at a fixed pulse intensity.It is found that both the degree and the slope first increase,then saturate,and finally decrease with the increasing pump duration.The optimal durations for the maximum degree and the maximum slope of the alignment are found to be different.Additionally,they are found to mainly depend on the molecular rotational period,and are affected by the temperature and the aligning pump intensities.The mechanism of molecular alignment is also discussed.