Cyclopropanation of betulin and its diacetate with dihalocarbenes

Reactions of betulin, its diacetate, and 17-acetoxy-28-norlupan-3-one with dichlorocarbene generated from chloroform follow the [1 + 2]-cycloaddition pattern leading to the corresponding adducts in moderate to quantitative yield. In the reaction with betulin, [1 + 2]-cycloaddition is accompanied by dichlorocarbene attack on the primary hydroxy group to give the corresponding halogen derivative and formate. The addition of dichlorocarbene to betulin is strictly stereoselective, while the reaction with betulin diacetate affords a mixture of two diastereoisomers at a ratio of 95 : 5. The reaction of betulin diacetate with dibromocarbene yields dibromocyclopropane derivative which can be converted into the the corresponding diol.Translated from Zhurnal Organicheskoi Khimii, Vol. 40, No. 10, 2004, pp. 1511–1516.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2004 by Komissarova, Belenkova, Shitikova, Spirikhin, Yunusov.     

Solid-phase mechanochemical synthesis of arabinogalactan and chlorsulfuron complexes

Possibility of mechanochemical synthesis of water-soluble complexes from Siberian-larch arabinogalactan and poorly soluble herbicide chlorsulfuron was examined, their molecular dynamics was analyzed by the NMR method, and their stability and herbicide activity were compared with those of the starting substances.     

Vinylic substitution in the reaction of betulin diacetate with tert-butyl hypochlorite

Unlike unsaturated compounds containing alkyl groups at the double bond, low-temperature chlorination of betulin diacetate with tert-butyl hypochlorite involves mainly replacement of hydrogen in the vinylic position to give Z- and E-isomeric chlorides and a small amount of the allylic isomer, the latter resulting from elimination of hydrogen from the C³⁰H₃ group.     

Influence of mechanical treatment on the properties of betulin,betulin diacetate,and their mixture with water-soluble polymers

The influence of mechanical treatment on the properties of betulin, betulin diacetate, and their mixture with water-soluble polymers was studied. It was shown that mechanical treatment in a planetary mill-activator disordered the crystalline structure of betulin and betulin diacetate. Composites of betulin with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and polyethyleneglycol (PEG) that gave an increased betulin concentration upon dissolution in water were prepared. It was shown that H-bonds formed between betulin and PVP upon mechanical activation of their mixtures.     

New composites of betulin esters with arabinogalactan as highly potent anti-cancer agents

Betulin and its esters are the natural compounds with high in vitro cytotoxicity toward many cancer cells. However, the poor water solubility of these compounds has limited their applications. We prepared new composites of betulin esters using two methods, namely ball-milling of the mixtures of betulin esters with arabinogalactan and preparation of thin films of these mixtures by evaporating the aqueous solutions. These composites revealed higher water solubility as compared with the initial substances without losing the structural integrity and functionality. As a result, the new composites have shown much higher inhibitory effects against different cancer cell lines such as Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells and lung carcinoma cells (A549) in comparison with the initial substances. The cell viability studies based on Annexin V and Propidium iodide probes have confirmed the high proapoptotic effect of betulin ester derivatives against cancer cells.     

Modifying the structure of dinuclear ruthenium complexes with antitumor activity

In order to modulate the structure of a recently developed series of antitumor‐active, dinuclear Ru(II)–arene compounds, complexes 1c – 4c were synthesized. The complexes were modified with respect to their pyridinone moieties and the spacer linking the two metal centers. More particularly, the series of dinuclear ruthenium(II) complexes was extended to compounds with longer spacers, i.e. tetradecane and 3,7,10‐trioxotridecane, and the pyridinone ring was modified by replacing the methyl group by an ethyl group and by shifting the position of the methyl group. The organometallic ruthenium compounds were obtained from the reaction between [RuCl₂(η⁶‐p‐isopropyltoluene)]₂ and ligands 1b – 4b with yields ranging from 41 to 67%. All compounds were characterized by standard methods: MS, ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The synthesis and antitumor activity of metal complexes of amine–carboxyborane adducts

The amine carboxyborane metal complexes, tetrakis - μ - (trimethylamine – boranecarbo - xylato)acetonitrile dicopper(II) and bis-μ- (morpholine–boranecarboxylato)zinc(II) dihydrate demonstrated cytotoxic activity against human Tmolt₃, HeLa-S³ and MB-9812 cell growth.Tetrakis-μ-(trimethylamine–boranecarboxylato)-acetonitrile dicopper(II) and bis - μ - (morpholine – boranecarboxylato)zinc (II) dihydrate inhibited L₁₂₁₀ DNA, RNA and protein syntheses, with greatest inhibitory effects on DNA synthesis. The reduction in DNA synthesis correlates well with inhibition of de novopurine synthesis and the key enzymes involved in this pathway, i.e. IMP dehydrogenase and PRPP amido transferase. These compounds were also observed to induce DNA strand scission but did not appear to intercalate between base pairs of DNA, alkylate bases or cause cross-linking of the strands of DNA. Tetrakis-μ-(trimethylamine – boranecarboxylato)acetonitrile dicopper(II) also demonstrated the ability to inhibit L₁₂₁₀ DNA topoisomerase II activity. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Microwave-assisted synthesis of (η-arene)tricarbonylchromium complexes

We have undertaken a study of the microwave-assisted synthesis of (η⁶-arene)tricarbonylchromium complexes. Under microwave irradiation, the reactions of hexacarbonylchromium with arenes gave high yields of (η⁶-arene)chromium tricarbonyl complexes.     

Microwave-assisted synthesis of borneol esters and their antimicrobial activity

Seventeen borneol esters (1–17) were synthesised by conventional and microwave-assisted methodology using DIC/DMAP, and seven are described for the first time (8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 16 and 17). The microwave-assisted methodology was carried out without use of solvents, displayed short reaction times, and showed equal or higher yields for all the long-chain esters and three aromatic compounds (11, 12 and 14) when compared to the conventional approach. All the borneol esters were evaluated against the bacteria Streptococcus sanguinis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the fungus Candida albicans. Compounds 12, 13 and 14 displayed promising antibacterial activity with a MIC equal to ampicilin (62.5 mg mL^?1) for some microorganisms. In fact, bornyl 3′,4′-dimethoxybenzoate (13) was active against all tested bacteria and fungus.     

Arvanil的绿色合成及其抗肿瘤活性

采用微波辐射、硅胶负载和催化合成辣椒素类似物Aranvil,在高产率地得到Aranvil的同时,建立了一种微波辅助、硅胶负载和催化合成辣椒素及其类似物的绿色合成新方法.该方法具有无需使用腐蚀性或毒性大的羧酸活化试剂、无溶剂、操作简单、反应时间短、收率高、环境友好等优点.并采用MTT法考察了Aranvil对脑胶质瘤C6细胞和人肝癌Huh7细胞的体外增殖抑制作用,结果显示Aranvil具有较好的抗肿瘤活性.     

微波辅助离子热合成具有高光催化活性的BiOBr片层微米立方体

微波辅助离子热合成技术因其加热和反应速度快、反应时间短、产物选择性高、环保、节能等优点, 而广泛应用于纳米棒、纳米线和中空纳米微球等各种形貌功能材料的合成. BiOBr 光催化剂具有毒性低、光生空穴氧化能力强、光降解活性高等优点, 在光催化降解污染物方面研究非常广泛. 虽然各种形貌的 BiOBr 光催化剂可以通过传统的溶剂热法合成,但仍然需要开发绿色和高效节能的合成方法, 来设计新型结构和高光催化降解活性的 BiOBr 光催化剂. 本文首次报道了由微波辅助离子热自组装的方法合成新型结构的 BiOBr 微米立方体. 该 BiOBr 由规则的多层纳米片组成, 其通过在 Br-端表面上选择性吸附离子液体形成, 随后形成氢键的π-π堆叠. 结果显示 BiOBr 是由厚度小于 50 nm 的纳米片组装成为 4 μm 左右的纳米立方块. 其中 Bi:Br:O 摩尔比为 1:1:1, 表明生成纯化学计量比的 BiOBr, 且具有高结晶度的纯四方相. 我们通过添加不同的表面活性剂, 进一步确认氢键-co-π-π叠层在 BiOBr 片层立方块形成中的重要性.将 BiOBr 片层立方块研磨粉碎后其 BET 表面积为从 2.30 急剧增至 17.3 m2/g, 但其降解 RhB 活性却大幅度下降. 由于纳米片层的层间反射和散射, 有效地提升了 BiOBr 的可见光吸收, 光学带隙由 2.66 窄化为 2.56 eV, 因而具有高的可见光光降解活性和优异的稳定性及矿化能力. 光催化降解 180 min 后, 罗丹明 B 的转化率约为 99.57%, 而有机碳去除率高达12.24%; 对于磨碎的 BiOBr 罗丹明 B 的转化率和有机碳去除率分别为 68.68% 和 8.62%. 光催化反应前后的 BiOBr 中, Bi3+离子的 XPS 峰位置没有明显的变化, 进一步表明 BiOBr 光催化剂具有较高的稳定性. 这种具有高活性、优异的稳定性以及高矿化能力的 BiOBr, 在实际应用光催化降解染料废水和清洁能源方面显示出很好的潜力. 此外, 通过光催化反应过程中不同捕获剂的添加确定了光降解的主要活性物种. 当加入硝酸银溶液的时候, 由于光生电子快速被 Ag+离子捕获, 光降解活性明显下降. 活性物种的捕获实验表明, 光生电子为主要的活性物种.     

Microwave-assisted synthesis,crystal structure and toxicity of L-aspartic acid zinc spiral linear supramolecular polymer

~~Microwave-assisted synthesis,crystal structure and toxicity of L-aspartic acid zinc spiral linear supramolecular polymer~~     

Trofimov synthesis of betulin derivatives with 2,3-annelated pyrrole

Lupane-type triterpenoid derivatives containing a 2,3-annelated 1H-pyrrole or an N-vinylpyrrole moiety were synthesized by reaction of 28-OTr-lup-20(29)-en-3-one oxime and acetylene in KOH/DMSO superbase medium at atmospheric pressure.     

Microwave-assisted synthesis and antimicrobial activity of 5-trihalomethyl-3-arylisoxazoles

A series of twelve 5-trihalomethyl-3-arylisoxazoles was synthesized and screened for antibacterial and antifungal activities. The compounds were synthesized from the cyclondensation of 1,1,1-trihalo-4-alkoxy-3-alken-2-ones [CX ₃C(O)C(R ²)=C(R ¹)OR, where X = Cl and F; R=Me; R ²=H; R ¹=H, Me, F, Cl, Br, and NO₂] with hydroxylamine hydrochloride through a rapid one-pot reaction via microwave irradiation. Some of the 5-trihalomethyl-3-arylisoxazoles exhibited good in vitro anti-Cryptococcus activity. Correspondence: Marcos A. P. Martins, Núcleo de Química de Heterociclos (NUQUIMHE), Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97.105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.     

Experimental study of the synthesis of supramolecular complexes in hybrid dusty plasma

The processes that form the reaction volume as plasma-dust entities during the injection of protein drug powders into RF-discharge plasma (plasma trap) have been investigated. Using albumin and acetylsalicylic acid as an example, plasma-assisted vapor deposition of sublimable organic compounds onto the surface of particles levitating in the plasma trap was studied. The geometry of the reaction volume, the dynamics of the dust particles, and the intensity of the vapor fllux can be effectively controlled using a continuous or pulse-periodic electron beam. The thickness and degree of adhesion of the deposited layer are determined by the electron beam parameters, whereas the characteristics of RF discharge have an effect only on the initial geometry and stability of the reaction volume.     

Synthesis and antibacterial activity of betulin esters

Betulin isonicotinate, 6-chloronicotinate, 2-chlorocinnamate, and benzoates were synthesized by the reaction of betulin and the acid chlorides. It was shown that the 3,4-difluorobenzoate exhibited antibacterial activity against Ochrobactrum anthropi, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and S. nitritireducens whereas the 3,5-dinitrobenzoate was active against the last two microorganisms.     

Microwave-assisted reactions in heterocyclic compounds with applications in medicinal and supramolecular chemistry

Microwave irradiation has been successfully applied in organic chemistry. Spectacular accelerations, higher yields under milder reaction conditions and higher product purities have all been reported. Indeed, a number of authors have described success in reactions that do not occur under conventional heating and modifications in selectivity (chemo-, regio- and stereoselectivity) have even been reported. Recent advances in microwave-assisted combinatorial chemistry include high-speed solid-phase and polymer-supported organic synthesis, rapid parallel synthesis of compound libraries, and library generation by automated sequential microwave irradiation. In addition, new instrumentation for high-throughput microwave-assisted synthesis continues to be developed at a steady pace. The impressive speed combined with the unmatched control over reaction parameters justifies the growing interest in this application of microwave heating. In this review we highlight our recent advances in this area, with a particular emphasis on cycloaddition reactions of heterocyclic compounds both with and without supports, applications in supramolecular chemistry and the reproducibility and scalability of organic reactions involving the use of microwave irradiation techniques.     

Microwave-assisted synthesis,characterization and biological activity of novel pyrazole derivatives

A series of 1-(4-substitutedphenyl)-3-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carbaldehydes 4a–l have been synthesized and tested for their biological activities. Formation of the pyrazole derivatives was achieved by treating with Vilsmeier-Haack reagent. The newly synthesized compounds were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities compared to Diclofenac sodium as standard drug. Compounds 4g, 4i and 4k exhibited the maximum anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities. The detailed synthesis, spectroscopic and toxicity data are reported.     

Efficient synthesis and antitumor activity of novel 14-fluoroanthracyclines

The title compounds, (+)-14-fluoro-4-demethoxy- and (+)-14-fluorodaunorubicin, were synthesized from (−)-7-deoxy-4-demethoxy- and (−)-7-deoxydaunomycinone, respectively, by featuring the novel fluorination reaction in which tetrabuthylammonium fluoride is employed in the presence of a half equiv of p-toluenesulfonic acid as a key step. These novel anthracyclines were found to exhibit significant inhibitory activity against P388 murine leukemia in vitro and in vivo.