Determination of phenolic compounds in medicinal plants from the Lamiaceae family

A procedure for the determination of Phenolic compounds in extracts from the medicinal plants of the Lamiaceae family—garden sage (Salvia officinalis L.), creeping thyme (Thymus serpyllum L.), wild marjoram (Origanum vulgare L.), and common balm (Melissa officinalis L.)—obtained under different extraction conditions was developed. The identification of the extracted compounds was performed and their qualitative and quantitative composition was established by HPLC with diode array and mass-spectrometric detection with consideration for the obtained characteristics of the standard samples of individual components. The test samples of medicinal herbs contained caffeic acid (0.19–0.62 mg/g) and rosmaric acid (4–23 mg/g); the highest rosmaric acid content (23 mg/g) was found in wild marjoram, and the lowest content (4 mg/g), in creeping thyme. The extracts of wild marjoram contained the greatest amounts of Phenolic compounds; rosmaric acid and luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucuronide were major components, whereas protocatechuic, 3-O-caffeoylquinic, and caffeic acids were minor components.     

Characterization,thermal properties and phase transitions of amazonian vegetable oils

Thermal profiles of buriti pulp oil (Mauritia flexuosa Mart.), tucumã pulp and kernel oils (Astrocarium vulgare Mart.), rubber seed oil (Hevea brasiliensis), passion fruit oil (Passiflora edulis) and ucuúba butter (Virola surinamensis) were analyzed by thermogravimetry (TG/DTG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Gas chromatography and calculated iodine values were performed to determine the fatty acid profile and to measure the degree of unsaturation in these oils, respectively. The TG curves showed three steps of mass loss, which can be attributed to the degradation of polyunsaturated, monounsaturated and saturated fatty acids. The DSC crystallization and melting curves are reported and depended on the fatty acid composition. Usually, oil samples with a high degree of saturation showed crystallization and melting profiles at higher temperatures than the oils with a high degree of unsaturation. The data obtained by physicochemical analysis of oil samples were analyzed by principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis to increase understanding of the data set, examining the presence or absence of natural groupings between samples.     

Separation and Identification of Carotenoids in Flowers of Chelidonium majus L. and Inflorescences of Solidago canadensis L.

The current research project aimed at the carotenoid analysis of total extracts of the inflorescences of Canadian goldenrod (Solidago canadensis L.), and the flowers of greater celandine (Chelidonium majus L.). The plant extracts were separated and analyzed by column liquid chromatography (CLC) and LC. Carotenoids were identified on the basis of their UV–Vis spectroscopic properties in different solvents, chemical reactions [5,6-epoxide → 5,8-epoxide (furanoid oxide rearrangement), (E/Z)-isomerization] and by co-chromatography with authentic reference samples. The parallel use of CLC and LC allowed the identification of numerous minor carotenoids in all extracts and fractions.     

Potentiality of independent component regression in assessment of the peaks responsible for antimicrobial activity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Satureja hortensis</Emphasis> L. and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Oliveria decumbens</Emphasis> Vent. using GC–MS

Satureja hortensis L. and Oliveria decumbens Vent. are used in traditional medicine in the world due to its antifungal, antibacterial and antioxidant properties. In this study, the antimicrobial activities in Satureja hortensis L. and Oliveria decumbens Vent. essential oils against three microbial strains were evaluated by two different methods, including: disk diffusion method and micro-broth dilution assay [with minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) between 0.025 and 0.500 µL/mL, and minimal lethal concentration (MLC) between 0.050 and 1.000 µL/mL] and qualitative analysis was performed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry technique (GC–MS). The peaks potentially responsible for the antimicrobial activity in essential oils samples were indicated by some linear multivariate calibration techniques with different preprocessing methods. From the studied techniques, independent component regression (ICR) was preferred to exhibit the potential antimicrobial active compounds in Satureja hortensis L. and Oliveria decumbens Vent. essential oils because of its high repeatability, simplicity, and interpretability of the regression coefficients. Independent components (ICs) can give more chemical explanation than principal components (PCs), because independence is a high-order statistic that is a much stronger condition than orthogonality.     

SPME determination of volatile aldehydes for evaluation of in-vitro antioxidant activity

The in-vitro antioxidant activity of natural (essential oils, vitamin E) or synthetic substances ( tert-butyl hydroxy anisole (BHA), Trolox) has been evaluated by monitoring volatile carbonyl compounds released in model lipid systems subjected to peroxidation. The procedure employed methodology previously developed for the determination of carbonyl compounds as their pentafluorophenylhydrazine derivatives which were quantified, with high sensitivity, by means of capillary gas chromatography with electron-capture detection. Linoleic acid and sunflower oil were used as model lipid systems. Lipid peroxidation was induced in linoleic acid by the Fe2+ ion (1 mmol L-1, 37 degrees C, 12 h) and in sunflower oil by heating in the presence of O2 (220 degrees C, 2 h). The change in hexanal (the main lipoxidation product) concentration found in the lipid matrix subjected to oxidation with and without the substance being tested was used to calculate the antioxidant protection effect. These procedures were employed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the essential oils of cilantro ( Coriander sativum L.), fennel ( Foeniculum vulgare Mill.), rosemary ( Rosmarinus officinalis L.), "salvia negra" ( Lepechinia schiedeana), and oregano ( Origanum vulgare L.), and the well-known antioxidants BHA, vitamin E, and Trolox, its water-soluble analog. In the sunflower oil system, the essential oils had a stronger protective effect against lipid peroxidation than BHA, vitamin E, and Trolox within the range of concentrations examined (1-20 g L-1). The highest protecting effect, corresponding to a 90% drop in hexanal release, was observed for cilantro oil at 10 g L-1.     

Essential Oils as In Vitro Ruminal Fermentation Manipulators to Mitigate Methane Emission by Beef Cattle Grazing Tropical Grasses

There is increasing pressure to identify natural feed additives to mitigate methane emissions from livestock systems. Our objective was to investigate the effects of essential oils (EO) extracts star anise (Illicium verum), citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus), clove bud (Eugenia caryophyllus), staigeriana eucalyptus (Eucalyptus staigeriana), globulus eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus), ginger (Zingiber officinale), ho wood (Cinnamomum camphora), melaleuca (Melaleuca alternifolia), oregano (Origanum vulgare) and white thyme (Thymus vulgaris) on in vitro methane emissions from four rumen-cannulated Nellore cattle grazing a tropical grass pasture as inoculum donors. The semi-automated gas production technique was used to assess total gas production, dry matter degradability, partitioning factor, ammoniacal nitrogen, short-chain fatty acids and methane production. All essential oils were tested in four doses (0, 50, 250 and 500 mg/L) in a randomized block design, arranged with four blocks, 10 treatments, four doses and two replicates. Within our study, oregano and white Thyme EO reduced net methane production at 250 mg/L, without affecting substrate degradation. Essential oils from oregano and white thyme have the potential to modify ruminal fermentation and suppress rumen methanogenesis without negative effects on feed digestibility, indicating promise as alternatives to ionophores for methane reduction in beef cattle.     

By-products from fruit processing

The oxidative stability of soybean oil added of extracts from by-products generated in the pulp processing of mango (CM), Barbados cherry (CB) and guava (CG), as well as the combination of these extracts with the antioxidants butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and tertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), were evaluated by pressurized differential scanning calorimetry (P-DSC) and Rancimat methods. Among the extracts, that obtained from CB showed the highest content of total extractible phenolic. Soybean oil added of CM extract showed greater (p < 0.05) oxidative stability in Rancimat analysis, while by P-DSC method CB was the extract more effective (p < 0.05) to protect soybean oil. Soybean oil added of CB extract showed higher (p < 0.05) OIT values compared to those added of CM, CG and synthetic antioxidants BHT and TBHQ. The combination of CB, CM and CG extracts with TBHQ showed synergistic effects, while CM and CB combined with BHT showed antagonistic effect on oxidative stability in soybean oil. The OIT results obtained from analysis by P-DSC and the OSI results obtained by Rancimat showed Pearson moderate correlation (r = 0.42). These results suggest the CB, CM and CG extracts as good source of antioxidant compounds with potential for combined application with synthetic antioxidants to prevent oxidation in soybean oil.     

Determination of the antioxidant capacity of the micellar extracts of spices in Brij® 35 medium by differential pulse voltammetry

It was established that the micellar extracts of spices are electrochemically active on a glassy carbon electrode modified with cerium dioxide nanoparticles in a 0.02 M Brij® 35 in the presence of a phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.4) under the conditions of differential pulse voltammetry. The number of oxidation steps and their potentials vary over a wide range depending on the type of spice. A number of the oxidation peaks of the micellar extracts of spices were identified based on the oxidation potentials of the following individual antioxidants: gallic acid, ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid, thymol, eugenol, vanillin, syringaldehyde, capsaicin, rutin, quercetin, catechin, tannin, and curcumin. The contribution of the main antioxidants to the amperometric response of the extracts was confirmed by the standard addition method. A procedure for the voltammetric determination of the antioxidant capacity of the extracts of spices based on the oxidation of their antioxidants was developed. The antioxidant capacity of spices was evaluated from the total area of the oxidation steps in units of gallic acid, whose analytical range, detection limit, and determination limit were 50–2490, 11.9, and 39.6 μM, respectively. Twenty types of spices were analyzed. Positive correlations of the antioxidant capacity with the ferric reducing power and the antioxidant activity (r = 0.8971 and 0.9127, respectively at r_crit = 0.497) were found.     

Determination of mycotoxins,alkaloids, phytochemicals,antioxidants and cytotoxicity in Asiatic ginseng (Ashwagandha,Dong quai, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Panax ginseng</Emphasis>)

Mycotoxins and selected hazardous alkaloids in the medicinal plants (Panax ginseng, Angelica sinensis, and Withania somnifera) and dietary supplements were determined. Purine alkaloids were found in majority of samples; however, isoquinoline alkaloids were less abundant than indole. The predominant alkaloids appear to be caffeine (purine group), harman (indole group) and berberine (isoquinoline). Examined medicinal plants and dietary supplements were contaminated by mycotoxins (especially ochratoxin A 1.72–5.83 µg kg^?1), and many species of mold (e.g. Cladosporium, Eurotium, Aspergillus, Rhizopus, Penicillium). MTT cytotoxicity tests revealed that plant and supplements extracts exhibited medium or high cytotoxicity (only Dong quai—low). Moreover, antioxidant activity, total phenolics content and selected phytochemicals were analyzed by spectrophotometric and chromatographic methods. Quercetin and rutin were predominant flavonols (1.94-9.51 and 2.20–7.28 mg 100 g^?1, respectively). Analysis of phenolic acids revealed—gallic acid, as the most abundant, except Panax ginseng, where ferulic acid was prevailing. The results were analyzed by chemometric methods (cluster analysis, ANOVA).     

Thermal Pretreatment of Harvest Residues and Their Use in Anaerobic Co-digestion with Dairy Cow Manure

Several batch experiments were conducted on the anaerobic co-digestion of dairy cow manure (DCM) with three harvest residues (HR) (soybean straw, sunflower stalks, and corn stover). The influence of thermal pretreatment of HR on biogas production was investigated, where the HR were thermally pretreated at two different temperatures: T = 121 °C and T = 175 °C, during t = 30 and t = 90 min, respectively. All anaerobic co-digestion batch experiments were performed simultaneously under thermophilic regime, at T = 55 °C. Biogas and methane yields were significantly improved in experiments performed with corn stover thermally pretreated at 175 °C for 30 min (491.37 cm³/g VS and 306.96 cm³/g VS, respectively), if compared to experiments performed with untreated corn stover. The highest VS and COD removal rates were also observed in the same group of experiments and were 34.5 and 50.1%, respectively. The highest biogas and methane yields with soybean straw (418.93 cm³/g VS and 261.44 cm³/g VS, respectively) were obtained when soybean straw pretreated at 121 °C during 90 min. The highest biogas and methane yields with sunflower stalk (393.28 cm³/g VS and 245.02 cm³/g VS, respectively) were obtained when sunflower stalk was pretreated at 121 °C during 90 min.     

Heterologous Expression of Aldehyde Dehydrogenase in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lactococcus lactis</Emphasis> for Acetaldehyde Detoxification at Low pH

Aldehyde dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.2.1.x) can catalyze detoxification of acetaldehydes. A novel acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (istALDH) from the non-Saccharomyces yeast Issatchenkia terricola strain XJ-2 has been previously characterized. In this work, Lactococcus lactis with the NIsin Controlled Expression (NICE) System was applied to express the aldehyde dehydrogenase gene (istALDH) in order to catalyze oxidation of acetaldehyde at low pH. A recombinant L. lactis NZ3900 was obtained and applied for the detoxification of acetaldehyde as whole-cell biocatalysts. The activity of IstALDH in L. lactis NZ3900 (pNZ8148-istALDH) reached 36.4 U mL^?1 when the recombinant cells were induced with 50 ng mL^?1 nisin at 20 °C for 2 h. The IstALDH activity of recombinant L. lactis cells showed higher stability at 37 °C and pH 4.0 compared with the crude enzyme. L. lactis NZ3900 (pNZ8148-istALDH) could convert acetaldehyde at pH 2.0 while the crude enzyme could not. Moreover, the resting cells of L. lactis NZ3900 (pNZ8148-istALDH) showed a 2.5-fold higher activity and better stability in catalyzing oxidation of acetaldehyde at pH 2.0 compared with that of Escherichia coli expressing the IstALDH. Taken together, the L. lactis cells expressing recombinant IstALDH are potential whole-cell biocatalysts that can be applied in the detoxification of aldehydes.     

Overexpression of a Chitinase Gene from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Trichoderma asperellum</Emphasis> Increases Disease Resistance in Transgenic Soybean

In the present study, a chi gene from Trichoderma asperellum, designated Tachi, was cloned and functionally characterized in soybean. Firstly, the effects of sodium thiosulfate on soybean Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation with embryonic tip regeneration system were investigated. The transformation frequency was improved by adding sodium thiosulfate in co-culture medium for three soybean genotypes. Transgenic soybean plants with constitutive expression of Tachi showed increased resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum compared to WT plants. Meanwhile, overexpression of Tachi in soybean exhibited increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) level as well as peroxidase (POD) and catalase (SOD) activities, decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) content, along with diminished electrolytic leakage rate after S. sclerotiorum inoculation. These results suggest that Tachi can improve disease resistance in plants by enhancing ROS accumulation and activities of ROS scavenging enzymes and then diminishing cell death. Therefore, Tachi represents a candidate gene with potential application for increasing disease resistance in plants.     

Influence of solvents and novel extraction methods on bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phyllanthus amarus</Emphasis>

Phyllanthus amarus (P. amarus) is a herbal plant used in the treatment of various diseases such as hepatitis, diabetes, and cancer. Efficiency of its bioactive compounds extraction and therefore the biological activity of the extracts are significantly influenced by both solvent character and extraction method. This study is aimed at the determination of the influence of six various solvents (water, acetonitrile, ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate, and dichloromethane) and nine different extraction methods (conventional, ultrasound-assisted, microwave-assisted, and six novel methods) on the extraction efficiency and antioxidant capacity of P. amarus. The results indicated that water extracted the maximal amount of phenolics from P. amarus and had the highest antioxidant capacity, while microwave-assisted extraction provided the highest yields of phenolics and saponins, and the highest antioxidant capacity with the lowest energy consumption when compared to the other extraction methods. These findings implied that water and microwave-assisted extraction are recommended as the most effective solvent and method for the extraction of bioactive compounds from P. amarus for potential application in the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries.     

Quantitative Analysis of Phenolic Acids in Extracts Obtained from the Fruits of Peucedanum alsaticum L. and Peucedanum cervaria (L.) Lap

Peucedanum alsaticum L. and Peucedanum cervaria (L.) Lap. are, in common with all species belonging to the Apiaceae family, rich in coumarins and essential oils. Phenolic acids also present in the plant are very important pharmacologically, because of their broad spectrum of biological activity. A simple high-performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for separation and quantitative analysis of the major phenolic acids in extracts obtained from the fruits of P. alsaticum and P. cervaria. Soxhlet extraction, ultrasound extraction, and accelerated solvent extraction under different conditions were used to find the most efficient extraction conditions. Optimum chromatographic performance was obtained with a C₁₈ column and acetonitrile—1% (v/v) aqueous acetic acid as mobile phase. Ferulic, p-coumaric, caffeic, vanillic, syringic, p-hydroxybenzoic, protocatechuic, chlorogenic, and gallic acids were investigated in the fruits of the plants. For all calibration plots linearity was good (R ² > 0.9991) in the ranges tested. The highest yields of most of the phenolic acids were achieved by use of accelerated solvent extraction. The predominant phenolic acid in the fruits of both plants was chlorogenic acid. The amounts, which depended on the method of extraction, were approximately 146 ± 1.616 and 109.92 ± 3.405 mg per 100 g dry weight for P. cervaria and P. alsaticum, respectively.     

Fed-Batch Enzymatic Saccharification of High Solids Pretreated Lignocellulose for Obtaining High Titers and High Yields of Glucose

1-Deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) is an efficient α-glucosidase inhibitor (α-GI) with potential applications in the prevention and treatment of diabetes. In this study, 16 Bacillus strains were screened for α-GI rate, and the strain HZ-12 with the highest α-GI rate was identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens through the analysis of physiological biochemical characteristics and 16S rDNA sequence. By LC-MS/Q-TOF analysis, the α-GI component produced by B. amyloliquefaciens HZ-12 was identified as DNJ. Soybean was used as the substrate for the solid-state fermentation; 870 mg/kg DNJ was produced by B. amyloliquefaciens HZ-12 after optimizing the fermentation conditions and media, which was 3.83-fold higher than the initial yield. Also, evaluations of nutraceutical enrichment in the form of anticoagulant activity, antioxidant activity, total nitrogen (TN), and total reducing sugars (TRS) of the B. amyloliquefaciens HZ-12 fermented soybeans were substantially higher than unfermented soybeans. This study provided a promising strain for high-level production of DNJ and produced nutraceutical enriched soybeans by fermentation.     

Bioethanol Production from Soybean Residue via Separate Hydrolysis and Fermentation

Bioethanol was produced using polysaccharide from soybean residue as biomass by separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF). This study focused on pretreatment, enzyme saccharification, and fermentation. Pretreatment to obtain monosaccharide was carried out with 20% (w/v) soybean residue slurry and 270 mmol/L H₂SO₄ at 121 °C for 60 min. More monosaccharide was obtained from enzymatic hydrolysis with a 16 U/mL mixture of commercial enzymes C-Tec 2 and Viscozyme L at 45 °C for 48 h. Ethanol fermentation with 20% (w/v) soybean residue hydrolysate was performed using wild-type and Saccharomyces cerevisiae KCCM 1129 adapted to high concentrations of galactose, using a flask and 5-L fermenter. When the wild type of S. cerevisiae was used, an ethanol production of 20.8 g/L with an ethanol yield of 0.31 g/g consumed glucose was obtained. Ethanol productions of 33.9 and 31.6 g/L with ethanol yield of 0.49 g/g consumed glucose and 0.47 g/g consumed glucose were obtained in a flask and a 5-L fermenter, respectively, using S. cerevisiae adapted to a high concentration of galactose. Therefore, adapted S. cerevisiae to galactose could enhance the overall ethanol fermentation yields compared to the wild-type one.     

Three-dimensional porous Au nanocoral structure decorated with Pt submonolayer via galvanic displacement of copper adatoms for electrooxidation of formic acid

Three-dimensional (3D) porous Au nanocoral network (GNN) structure was fabricated on glassy carbon (GC) electrode by one-step, template-free electrodeposition and decorated with ultrathin Pt film by combining the underpotential deposition (UPD) of copper adatoms and the galvanic displacement (GD) between PtCl₆^2- and Cu. The thickness of Pt atomic layers can be controlled precisely by repeating the UPD–GD process. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) were employed to characterize the morphology of GNN and Pt_n/GNN (n, the cycles of repeating the UPD–GD process). Cyclic voltammometric and chronoamperometric tests indicate that all Pt_n/GNN samples effectively support the direct oxidation of formic acid and show higher electrocatalytic performance than the commercial Pt/C catalyst (Pt, 20 wt %, Johnson Matthey Co.), where Pt₁/GNN completely eliminates the indirect oxidation of formic acid, exhibiting the best electrocatalytic activity and stability among all Pt_n/GNN samples due to the optimal coverage and distribution of Pt atoms on GNN.     

Comparison of the effect of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pleurotus citrinopileatus</Emphasis> extract and vitamin E on the stabilization properties of camellia oil

We selected Camellia tenuifolia (Hayata) seed oil to compare the effects of mushroom extract and vitamin E on its stabilization properties. Camellia tenuifolia was selected for its higher oil content, but its proportions of unsaturated fatty acids and natural antioxidants as well as its oxidation stability are lower than those of Camellia oleifera oil. Our aim was to improve the oxidation stability, thermal stability, and photodegradation of C. tenuifolia seed oil and then compare the advantages of mixing traditional antioxidant (vitamin E) and mushroom natural antioxidant components (mushroom extract) in the oil. The focus was on the analysis of the effects of Pleurotus citrinopileatus (Singer) extract and vitamin E on the stabilization properties of C. tenuifolia seed oil, which involved some degradation research, such as evaluating the thermal, oxidation, and antioxidant effects as well as the irradiative (pulsed light) stability of the original oil and oil mixed with additives for comparing the differences by differential scanning calorimetry tests and isothermal microcalorimeter (TAM Air) analyses. We determined the effects of stabilization additives vitamin E and various PC extract doses by using pulsed light irradiation (0, 30, and 60 pulses) and found that the 3 mass% PC extract had the best antiphotodegradation characteristics, and the 0.1 mass% vitamin E indicated the outstanding oxidation stability for among all of the additives in this study. Overall, we obtained the following suitable conditions to stabilize camellia oil: addition of vitamin E, addition of 3 mass% PC extract, and a nitrogen atmosphere.     

Epoxidation and Heterocyclization of Arenesulfonamides of the Norbornene Series

Reactions of previously known and newly synthesized N-(bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-endo-2-ylmethyl)arenesulfonamides with monoperoxyphthalic acid generated in situ from phthalic anhydride and 30% hydrogen peroxide lead mostly to the corresponding N-arylsulfonyl-exo-2-hydroxy-4-azatricyclo[4.2.1.0^3,7]nonanes (azabrendanes). In some cases, N-(exo-5,6-epoxybicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-exo-2-ylmethyl)arenesulfonamides were isolated as the only products or mixtures of alternative oxidation products were obtained. The presence of electron-acceptor nitro groups in the benzene ring and bulky substituents, primarily in the ortho position, is considered to be a structural factor preventing the primary oxidation products (epoxy derivatives) from undergoing heterocyclization.     

Rancimat and PDSC accelerated techniques for evaluation of oxidative stability of soybean oil with plant extracts

Taking into account the importance of natural antioxidants in the preservation of oils and fats, the present study evaluated the antioxidant action of five plant extracts in the control of soybean oil stability, by means of the accelerated techniques Rancimat and PDSC. These plants are rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.), coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), and senna (Cassia angustifolia Vahl). The plant extracts and also the synthetic antioxidant BHT were added to the samples of crude soybean oil at the concentration of 1,000 mg kg^?1. The values of total phenolic contents ranged from 8.7 ± 0.4 to 63.0 ± 2.3 mg GAE g^?1 extract and a strong positive correlation was observed between the total phenolic contents and the overall antioxidant activity of the plant extracts. Such high values indicate a good protection of the analyzed soybean oil, moreover for the Rosemary extract that was superior to the remaining extracts. In the Rancimat technique the rosemary extract was more effective than the synthetic BHT antioxidant. The OIT values of Rosemary extract and the BHT antioxidant were equivalent, and the former, showed the highest phenolic contents among the extracts, for all the performed tests, confirming that it is a powerful natural source of antioxidants.