中国实体经济与虚拟经济协调发展水平的区域异质性研究

本文使用熵权法与耦合协调度模型,测算出中国31个省市在2000-2019年间的实体经济与虚拟经济协调发展水平,首次考虑结合Moran’sⅠ指数、Dagum基尼系数及其分解、Kernel核密度估计方法分析中国实体经济与虚拟经济协调发展水平的区域异质性特征。结果表明:(1)我国各个省市的实体经济与虚拟经济协调发展水平都在逐年提升,较多省市依然处于不同程度的非协调发展状态,目前四大区域实体经济与虚拟经济协调发展的平均水平由高到低依次为东部、中部、东北、西部。(2)我国实体经济与虚拟经济协调发展水平具有明显的空间正相关性和空间集聚特征,表现为显著高-高集聚特征的省市都位于东部地区,而表现为显著低-低集聚特征的省市都位于西部地区。(3)我国实体经济与虚拟经济协调发展水平的总体相对差异有60%以上是区域间相对差异造成的,西部地区的区域内相对差异最大,东部地区与西部地区之间的相对差异最大。(4)全国及四大区域实体经济与虚拟经济协调发展水平的绝对差异都在扩大,较为落后的省市难以在短期内赶超领先的省市。根据研究结论,提出可以促进我国实体经济与虚拟经济协调发展、缩小区域差距的对策建议。     

中西部地区人口就近城镇化意愿的受教育程度差异研究

基于对中西部地区15个省市农业转移人口就近城镇化意愿的问卷调查数据,以社会认同度为研究视角,构建多群组结构方程模型分析中西部地区人口就近城镇化的受教育程度差异及其影响因素。研究结果表明:个人特征差异性对中西部地区不同受教育程度的农业转移人口的就近城镇化意愿影响显著;中西部地区不同受教育程度的农业转移人口的社会认同度与其就近城镇化意愿显著正相关,且社会认同度对中西部地区小学及以下学历的农业转移人口就近城镇化意愿的影响最显著,大专及以上学历的农业转移人口的就近城镇化意愿受社会认同度的影响最小。     

二氧化碳排放决定因素的实证分析——基于70个国家(地区)面板数据

由于温室气体大量排放引起的全球气候变化已经严重影响了人类社会的生存与发展,二氧化碳减排问题成为学术界十分关注的热点问题。本文利用1993-2006年度,70个国家(地区)的面板数据,研究了人口、经济、技术对世界整体及不同发展水平国家(地区)二氧化碳排放的影响。结果表明,二氧化碳排放的国家间差异呈扩大趋势,对于不同发展水平国家(地区),人口、经济、技术对二氧化碳排放的影响是不一样的,同时也证实了经济快速增长是世界二氧化碳排放增加最主要的驱动因素。     

我国长期护理保险设计创新及定价研究

随着我国人口老龄化程度不断加深,针对老年人的长期护理保险的定价方法成为保险精算方向的热点问题.本文利用中国老年健康影响因素跟踪调查(CLHLS) 2014–2018年的数据,在传统的三、四状态马尔科夫模型的基础上,进一步将老年人的健康状况划分为六种状态,采用马尔科夫模型对各状态进行数值测算,利用Robinson幂函数综合考虑了性别和年龄两种因素求解健康状态的转移强度矩阵和转移概率矩阵,随后运用双随机Lee-Carter模型、随机游走模型和预期寿命公式估算了65、75和85岁的保费年限,以此为依据给出了长期护理保险的保费计算方法,为我国的长期护理保险定价提供理论参考.     

市场潜能、预期收入与跨省人口流动——基于空间计量模型的分析

综合新经济地理学模型与迁移效应函数,本文构建了包含市场潜能和预期收入的人口迁移理论模型,并采用空间计量模型及其稳健性检验进行了中国数据的实证分析。研究结果表明:市场潜能和预期收入及其空间溢出效应对人口迁入有显著的促进作用,但是两者对人口迁移的作用路径不同,市场潜能仅对本地区有直接正向作用,对相邻地区的空间溢出效应不明显,相邻地区则对本地区的人口迁移存在负向反馈效应;而预期收入对本身以及相邻地区的影响为正向,相邻地区的预期收入反馈效应也为正;地区的人口密度和消费水平则对人口迁移有显著的负向作用。     

预期视角下住房需求调控效果的城市差异研究

如何抑制住房需求的非理性增长已成为稳定房价,促进市场健康发展的关键问题。建立了含有市场参与者预期和城市差异的住房需求调控模型,并对1999-2010年间住房调控政策在各类城市的实施效果进行了比较和模拟分析。研究表明:市场参与者预期在样本期内对4类城市的住房需求都具有显著的正向影响,且房价水平越高的城市其住房需求越容易受房价预期的影响;存款准备金率只对B-D类城市住房需求产生了不同程度的抑制作用;土地工具对4类城市住房需求都产生了刺激作用,但作用力度各不相同;利率、经适房工具只对A类城市产生了显著影响,且作用方向相反;模拟分析表明同一政策工具在4类城市实施后,住房需求的响应是不同的。研究结论在一定程度上解释了国内住房调控的低效,对于提高住房需求调控的针对性、差异化和有效性,促进市场主体合理决策等都具有一定的现实意义。     

城市化与城乡收人差距:基于东、中、西部省级面板数据的研究

城市化水平是影响我国城乡收入差距的重要原因,采用1997-2013年的中国省级面板数据,分析了全国及东、中、西部地区各省市城市化水平对城乡居民收入差距的影响,研究结果显示:从全国来看,城市化总体上扩大了城乡收入差距,但存在明显的地区差异,其中东部和中部地区城市化水平对城乡收入差距的扩大具有正向的促进作用,而西部地区城市化进程对城乡收入差距具有缩小的效应;从各个省市来看,城市化进程对城乡收入差距具有扩大作用的省市为21个,对城乡收入差距具有缩小作用的省市有9个.因此,政府在制定政策时不能一刀切,要结合各地自身特点及经济发展水平推进城市化的步伐,从根本上提高农民的收入,使城乡居民收入差距逐渐缩小.     

人体营养健康角度的中国果蔬发展战略研究

基于人体营养健康对中国果蔬的消费与生产趋势进行预测,首先运用近期中国果蔬产量、所含营养素的成分及含量等相关数据,选取主要果蔬作为研究对象,并应用SPSS软件预测其消费量.通过建立离散动态人口模型预测中国未来人口数量,并根据保障人体健康的营养标准,评价目前及至2020年中国居民的营养健康状况.结果表明:中国居民对主要果蔬的人均消费量呈现出逐年增加的趋势,但目前及至2020年人均营养摄入水平存在不同程度的失衡.     

基于人口老龄化的中国医疗卫生人员配置充分性测度——贝叶斯时空演化分析实证

基于2010-2018年省级数据,用贝叶斯时空模型分析中国老龄化与医疗卫生人员配置的时空演化特征,并构建了基于老龄化的医疗卫生人员配置水平充分性和增长充分性测度指数进行分析。研究结果表明:中国老龄化和医疗卫生人员的空间分布格局不同,局部变化趋势各异;基于老龄化的医疗卫生人员配置水平充分性西北部优于东南部,老龄化程度越高的地区医疗卫生人员配置水平越显不足;医疗卫生人员配置增长充分性西部优于东部,老龄化增长越强的地区医疗卫生人员配置增长的充分性越低;基于老龄化的医疗卫生人员配置充分性将各地区分为四个层次:水平充分性和增长充分性兼具的省份占26%,水平充分、增长不足的省份占22%,水平不足、增长充分的省份占39%,水平和增长双重不足的省份占13%。基于上述结论提出了基于老龄化时空演化特征进行医疗卫生资源均衡、充分配置的相关建议。     

家庭经济因素和人口特征如何影响不同收入等级城镇居民消费

本文使用2007年中国家庭收入项目(CHIPS)调查数据,在考虑家庭消费影响因素的线性和非线性效应的前提下,采用可加的半参数分位数回归模型,在不同消费水平上研究家庭经济因素和家庭人口特征是否影响消费.结果表明,消费水平较高的家庭的收入弹性也比较大.户主受教育年限和家庭子女数量对消费具有正向影响,尤其对低收入家庭影响显著.家庭消费在地区上存在明显差异,地区效应对中部低消费家庭的影响尤其显著.户主年龄、户主健康状况和家庭规模也是家庭消费的显著影响因素.     

The efficiency of health and education expenditures in the Philippines

This paper attempts to measure the efficiency of provinces in the Philippines in utilizing public resources for health and education where only 1% of the total budget is spent for health and 3% is allocated for education. With such budget constraints, it is important to examine the efficiency of spending on social services as small changes can have a major impact in achieving the Millennium Development Goals. Efficiency is defined as the deviation from the frontier which represents the maximum output attainable from each input level. This efficiency frontier is estimated using the data envelopment analysis, free disposal hull and Malmquist-DEA. We use expenditures for social services for input and primary and secondary enrollment rates, literacy rate per province, and life expectancy for outputs. An analysis of efficiency scores shows that provinces where the level of inequality is higher (as measured by the Gini coefficient) as well as those who receive a larger portion of their budget as grants are among the least efficient. This research can help in the budget allocation and rationalization among Philippine provinces.     

Applications of a multi-state risk factor/mortality model in life insurance

Mortality rates are known to depend on socio-economic and behavioral risk factors, and actuarial calculations for life insurance policies usually reflect this. It is typically assumed, however, that these risk factors are observed only at policy issue, and the impact of changes that occur later is not considered. In this paper, we present a discrete-time, multi-state model for risk factor changes and mortality. It allows one to more accurately describe mortality dynamics and quantify variability in mortality. This model is extended to reflect health status and then used to analyze the impact of selective lapsation of life insurance policies and to predict mortality under reentry term insurance.     

Applications of a multi-state risk factor/mortality model in life insurance

Mortality rates are known to depend on socio-economic and behavioral risk factors, and actuarial calculations for life insurance policies usually reflect this. It is typically assumed, however, that these risk factors are observed only at policy issue, and the impact of changes that occur later is not considered. In this paper, we present a discrete-time, multi-state model for risk factor changes and mortality. It allows one to more accurately describe mortality dynamics and quantify variability in mortality. This model is extended to reflect health status and then used to analyze the impact of selective lapsation of life insurance policies and to predict mortality under reentry term insurance.     

家庭收入与父母受教育水平:哪个对孩子的健康更重要?

以中国健康营养调查2006年的数据为样本,本文估计了家庭收入和父母的受教育程度对小孩健康的影响。研究发现,家庭收入对小孩健康水平的提高有正向作用,但该作用并不显著。父母的受教育程度对小孩的健康有显著的改善作用,随着小孩年龄的增加,父母的受教育水平越有助于小孩健康水平的提高。另一个发现是,社区内家庭收入差距越大,小孩的健康状况越差。     

Recent trends in infant mortality in China [abstract

The China 1988 Two per Thousand Survey data on infant mortality are evaluated for validity as far back as the 1950s. Existing data available from official statistics of registration and census materials have been found to be inadequate for the coverage between the 1950s and 1980. The conclusion is that the 2 per 1000 data are valid for the study of the pace, distribution, and causes of the decline of infant mortality in China between the 1950s and 1988. The sample of more than 500,000 women included 2 ever-married women aged 15-57 years for every 1000 population and their pregnancy histories by province. The data are considered suitable for multivariate analysis and time-series analysis. Validity is examine for omitted events and misplaced events and age selectivity. Data analysis shows that infant mortality declined at a different pace across provinces. The result of the Great Leap Forward and the associated famine was great excess infant mortality in general, which occurred in only some provinces. The age pattern of infant mortality shows an upward concave pattern, which also varies across provinces. The sex differences in mortality vary across provinces, and the potential meaning is discussed. Analysis indicates that the declines in infant mortality occurred before the early 1970s and consequently before substantial economic development. These economic conditions and infant mortality decline have occurred in China and in Cuba.     

Characterization of between-group inequality of longevity in European Union countries

Comparisons of differential survival by country are useful in many domains. In the area of public policy, they help policymakers and analysts assess how much various groups benefit from public programs, such as social security and health care. In financial markets and especially for actuaries, they are important for designing annuities and life insurance products. This paper presents a method for clustering information about differential mortality by country. The approach is then used to group mortality surfaces for European Union (EU) countries. The aim of this paper is to measure between-group inequality in mortality experience in EU countries through a range of mortality indicators. Additionally, the indicators permit the characterization of each group. It is important to take into account characteristics such as sex; therefore, this study differentiates between males and females in order to detect whether their patterns and characterizations are different. It is concluded that there are clear differences in mortality between the east and west of the EU that are more important than the traditional south–north division, with a significant disadvantage for Eastern Europe, and especially for males in Baltic countries. We find that the mortality indicators have evolved in all countries in such a way that the gap between groups has been maintained, both in terms of the differences in mortality levels and variability.     

Evaluation of China's regional hospital efficiency: DEA approach with undesirable output

This paper investigates regional hospital efficiency in China. As hospital operations naturally increase along with an undesirable output of patient mortality, which may induce medical disputes and ligations, this study adopts data envelopment analysis to evaluate and compare the efficiency scores obtained with and without considering the undesirable output. On the basis of province-level panel data over 2002–2008 and considering the risk-adjusted undesirable output, empirical estimates indicate that hospital efficiency is moderate, but increases gradually from 0.6881 to 0.8159. Importantly, without considering the undesirable output, the average efficiency score is overestimated and the efficiency ranking across provinces changes considerably. An efficiency gap is found between coastal and non-coastal regions, but this gap’s drop is mainly contributed by the fast efficiency improvement of the western regions. However, the central regions continue to achieve a significantly lower efficiency score than the eastern and western regions. Moreover, the initiation of the New Rural Cooperative Medical System has overall enhanced hospital efficiency in China, especially for the non-coastal regions.     

Longevity risk management for life and variable annuities: The effectiveness of static hedging using longevity bonds and derivatives

For many years, the longevity risk of individuals has been underestimated, as survival probabilities have improved across the developed world. The uncertainty and volatility of future longevity has posed significant risk issues for both individuals and product providers of annuities and pensions. This paper investigates the effectiveness of static hedging strategies for longevity risk management using longevity bonds and derivatives (q-forwards) for the retail products: life annuity, deferred life annuity, indexed life annuity, and variable annuity with guaranteed lifetime benefits. Improved market and mortality models are developed for the underlying risks in annuities. The market model is a regime-switching vector error correction model for GDP, inflation, interest rates, and share prices. The mortality model is a discrete-time logit model for mortality rates with age dependence. Models were estimated using Australian data. The basis risk between annuitant portfolios and population mortality was based on UK experience. Results show that static hedging using q-forwards or longevity bonds reduces the longevity risk substantially for life annuities, but significantly less for deferred annuities. For inflation-indexed annuities, static hedging of longevity is less effective because of the inflation risk. Variable annuities provide limited longevity protection compared to life annuities and indexed annuities, and as a result longevity risk hedging adds little value for these products.     

高技术产业技术创新生态系统健康性评价及关键影响因素分析——基于改进熵值-DEMATEL-ISM组合方法的实证研究

高技术产业技术创新生态系统的健康发展对完善国家创新生态系统至关重要。本研究选取24个系统健康性影响因素,运用改进熵值-DEMATEL-ISM组合方法得出2011~2016年中国省际系统健康性得分,并对健康性关键影响因素及因素间的作用关系予以分析。结果表明,几年间系统健康性得分水平偏低且存在东部优于中部、中部优于西部的区域差异;系统健康性关键影响因素为有研发机构的企业数占比、国际竞争力、市场需求、对人员的吸附能力、知识产权保护、国内竞争力、引进外资和高技术企业数量;关键原因因素借助中层因素的中介传递作用影响关键结果因素最终影响系统健康的9条影响传递路径是关联广泛的主导路径,在改善系统健康性时应优先重视。     

动态传播率模型及其在疫情分析中的应用

应用数据驱动的动态传播率来代替基本传染数$R_0$,在全国和省市两个层面上研究COVID-19疫情发展的特点和趋势。首先,基于动态增长率建立传染病常微分方程,推导得出动态传播率模型。其次,选择幂函数作为动态传播率的拟合函数,以3天作为最优滑窗期,对各地拐点进行了估计。最后,通过动态模型对各地不同程度尾声开始的起点进行了预测,并在13个省市间进行9个疫情相关指标的对比分析。结果显示,各地动态传播率在经过短暂的波动后均稳步下降,疫情得到有效控制;估计的拐点主要集中在2月中旬,而预测的尾声都将在3月底之前到来;同时,各地疫情发展特点和趋势、防控措施力度和效果存在一定差异。