Transmission boundary condition for mixed variable finite-difference method

All kinds of numerical methods based on the discretization of first-order velocity-stress hyperbolic system of elastic wave equations are named mixed variable finite-difference method in this paper, and the transmission boundary condition of artificial boundaries is studied here by the mixed variable finite-difference method. The transmission condition of complex geometrical boundaries of a transversely isotropic medium is presented based on the characteristic variables of wavefields propagating in the normal direction of the boundary. The boundary condition proposed in this paper is a local artificial boundary condition, with which the computation cost is very low. Elastic wave propagations in transversely isotropic medium are modelled by the staggered grid finite-difference method incorporated with the boundary condition presented. Numerical results and analysis of reflection coefficients show that the reflections of incoming waves by artificial boundaries are efficiently reduced.Supported by National Natural Science Foundation and Liaoning Province Science Foundation.     

Nonreflecting boundary conditions based on nonlinear multidimensional characteristics

Nonlinear characteristic boundary conditions based on nonlinear multidimensional characteristics are proposed for 2‐ and 3‐D compressible Navier–Stokes equations with/without scalar transport equations. This approach is consistent with the flow physics and transport properties. Based on the theory of characteristics, which is a rigorous mathematical technique, multidimensional flows can be decomposed into acoustic, entropy, and vorticity waves. Nonreflecting boundary conditions are derived by setting corresponding characteristic variables of incoming waves to zero and by partially damping the source terms of the incoming acoustic waves. In order to obtain the resulting optimal damping coefficient, analysis is performed for problems of pure acoustic plane wave propagation and arbitrary flows. The proposed boundary conditions are tested on two benchmark problems: cylindrical acoustic wave propagation and the wake flow behind a cylinder with strong periodic vortex convected out of the computational domain. This new approach substantially minimizes the spurious wave reflections of pressure, density, temperature, and velocity as well as vorticity from the artificial boundaries, where strong multidimensional flow effects exist. The numerical simulations yield accurate results, confirm the optimal damping coefficient obtained from analysis, and verify that the method substantially improves the 1‐D characteristics‐based nonreflecting boundary conditions for complex multidimensional flows. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Tests of a new numerical scheme on a “non-reflection and free-transmission” open-sea boundary for longwaves

A new numerical scheme of a “non-reflection and free-transmission” boundary for longwave equations proposed by Hino (1987) has been tested for a variety of cases. The test results verify the effectiveness of the method for (a) a single progressive wave train on a horizontal bottom, (b) two wave trains each propagating in opposite directions on a horizontal bottom, (c) a single wave train propagating on a sloping bottom with friction, (d) oscillatory flood waves in an open channel flow, (e) two-dimensional waves travelling obliquely to open boundaries and (f) water surface oscillation in a harbor by waves incident through an opening.     

DYNAMICAL ARTIFICIAL BOUNDARY FOR FLUID MEDIUM IN WAVE MOTION PROBLEMS

无限域流体介质的波动辐射效应是影响海域工程动力反应的重要因素,人工边界是实现此类开放系统近场波动问题数值分析的有效方法.基于位移格式的流体波动理论推导开放域流体介质的人工边界,分别给出一维、二维和三维空间中平面波、柱面波和球面波的流体介质动力人工边界条件,其中一维平面波动人工边界为经典的黏性边界,二维柱面波、三维球面波的人工边界处节点应力与节点速度和加速度成正比,可等效为由阻尼与质量系统构成的人工边界条件.讨论相应的数值模拟技术,给出流体介质动力人工边界在ANSYS软件平台的具体实现方法.近场流体介质动力反应问题的算例表明,所发展的流体动力人工边界对于轴对称波动与非轴对称波动在近场有限域截断处的透射吸收作用的模拟计算精度均较为良好,说明此流体介质人工边界具有较高的可靠性与实用性.所发展的流体介质动力人工边界可较为方便地与大型商用有限元软件结合,可为包括海域地形和海岛在内的海域工程的动力分析提供一定的方法借鉴.     

Numerical study of spherical blast-wave propagation and reflection

The objective of this study is to understand the flow structures of weak and strong spherical blast waves either propagating in a free field or interacting with a flat plate. A 5th-order weighted essentially non-oscillatory scheme with a 4th-order Runge-Kutta method is employed to solve the compressible Euler/Navier-Stokes equations in a finite volume approach. The real-gas effects are taken into account when high temperature occurs. A shock-tube problem with the real-gas effect is first tested in order to verify the solver accuracy. Moreover, unsteady shock waves moving over a stationary wedge with various wedge angles, resulting in different types of shock wave reflections, are also tested. It is found that the computed results agreed well with the existing data. Second, the propagation of a weak spherical blast wave, created by rupture of a high-pressure isothermal sphere, in a free field is studied. It is found that there are three minor shock waves moving behind the main shock. Third, the problem of a strong blast wave interacting with a flat plate is investigated. The flow structures associated with single and double Mach reflections are reported in detail. It is found that there are at least three local high-pressure regions near the flat plate. Received 27 July 2000 / Accepted 25 January 2002 – Published online 17 June 2002     

To the boundary and back—a numerical study

This study identifies the key parameters upon which energy absorption at artificial boundaries depends. A thorough numerical study is presented, of typical reflections from open computational boundaries, for problems governed by hyperbolic systems of equations. The emphasis is on systems, where it is often the combination of all boundary procedures that determine the quality of boundary treatment. We study dissipative numerical models which have so far not been analysed to the same extent as non-dissipative models and employ a Law-Wendroff-type scheme as a prototype. While it is widely accepted that dissipative models tend to give fewer problems than non-dissipative ones, we show a variety of cases where substantial reflections do occur even in ID and quasi-ID set-ups, where theory predicts best results. This can partly be explained by the vanishing of dissipation in the far field. Group velocity analysis, justifiable on the grounds of weak dissipation, predicts a pathological behaviour which is confirmed by numerical experiments. We demonstrate strong focusing of asymptotic errors generated at the artificial boundary. Internal reflections due to slowly expanding grids are shown for non-linear systems. The need for high-frequency boundary conditions naturally arises and combined low-high-frequency boundary recipes following Higdon, Vichnevetsky and Pariser are adapted to systems and tested. Partial cures are also discussed, mainly in terms of pointing out their theoretically limited potential.     

A fully non‐linear model for three‐dimensional overturning waves over an arbitrary bottom

An accurate three‐dimensional numerical model, applicable to strongly non‐linear waves, is proposed. The model solves fully non‐linear potential flow equations with a free surface using a higher‐order three‐dimensional boundary element method (BEM) and a mixed Eulerian–Lagrangian time updating, based on second‐order explicit Taylor series expansions with adaptive time steps. The model is applicable to non‐linear wave transformations from deep to shallow water over complex bottom topography up to overturning and breaking. Arbitrary waves can be generated in the model, and reflective or absorbing boundary conditions specified on lateral boundaries. In the BEM, boundary geometry and field variables are represented by 16‐node cubic ‘sliding’ quadrilateral elements, providing local inter‐element continuity of the first and second derivatives. Accurate and efficient numerical integrations are developed for these elements. Discretized boundary conditions at intersections (corner/edges) between the free surface or the bottom and lateral boundaries are well‐posed in all cases of mixed boundary conditions. Higher‐order tangential derivatives, required for the time updating, are calculated in a local curvilinear co‐ordinate system, using 25‐node ‘sliding’ fourth‐order quadrilateral elements. Very high accuracy is achieved in the model for mass and energy conservation. No smoothing of the solution is required, but regridding to a higher resolution can be specified at any time over selected areas of the free surface. Applications are presented for the propagation of numerically exact solitary waves. Model properties of accuracy and convergence with a refined spatio‐temporal discretization are assessed by propagating such a wave over constant depth. The shoaling of solitary waves up to overturning is then calculated over a 1:15 plane slope, and results show good agreement with a two‐dimensional solution proposed earlier. Finally, three‐dimensional overturning waves are generated over a 1:15 sloping bottom having a ridge in the middle, thus focusing wave energy. The node regridding method is used to refine the discretization around the overturning wave. Convergence of the solution with grid size is also verified for this case. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

On the stability and dissipation of wall boundary conditions for compressible flows

Characteristic formulations for boundary conditions have demonstrated their effectiveness to handle inlets and outlets, especially to avoid acoustic wave reflections. At walls, however, most authors use simple Dirichlet or Neumann boundary conditions, where the normal velocity (or pressure gradient) is set to zero. This paper demonstrates that there are significant differences between characteristic and Dirichlet methods at a wall and that simulations are more stable when using walls modelled with a characteristic wave decomposition. The derivation of characteristic methods yields an additional boundary term in the continuity equation, which explains their increased stability. This term also allows to handle the two acoustic waves going towards and away from the wall in a consistent manner. Those observations are confirmed by stability matrix analysis and one‐ and two‐dimensional simulations of acoustic modes in cavities. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Generalized solutions of transient thermal shock problem with bounded boundaries

In this work, the generalized thermoelastic solutions with bounded boundaries for the transient shock problem are proposed by an asymptotic method. The governing equations are taken in the context of the generalized thermoelasticity with one relaxation time (L–S theory). The general solutions for any set of boundary conditions are obtained in the physical domain by the Laplace transform techniques. The corresponding asymptotic solutions for a thin plate with finite thickness, subjected to different sudden temperature rises in its two boundaries, are obtained by means of the limit theorem of Laplace transform. In the context of these asymptotic solutions, two specific problems with different boundary conditions have been conducted. The distributions of displacement, temperature and stresses, as well as the propagations, intersections and reflections of two elastic waves, named as thermoelastic wave and thermal wave separately, are obtained and plotted. These results are agreed with the results obtained in the existing literatures.     

On the effects of irregular boundaries in finite difference models

Propagation of periodic waves in the vicinity of irregular saw-tooth shaped boundary in finite difference models is investigated. The reflection of an incoming wave from a single saw-tooth boundary is found to be accompanied by a phase shift. It is shown that any wave mode propagating along such a boundary is trapped and decays in the direction normal to the boundary. A wave propagating along a channel with saw-tooth shaped lateral boundaries is influenced by the trapped waves, which leads to a reduction of the phase velocity. Phase velocities obtained from the present normal mode analysis are compared to velocities in numerical experiments. The agreement is excellent.     

Numerical simulation of fully nonlinear irregular wave tank in three dimension

A fully nonlinear irregular wave tank has been developed using a three‐dimensional higher‐order boundary element method (HOBEM) in the time domain. The Laplace equation is solved at each time step by an integral equation method. Based on image theory, a new Green function is applied in the whole fluid domain so that only the incident surface and free surface are discretized for the integral equation. The fully nonlinear free surface boundary conditions are integrated with time to update the wave profile and boundary values on it by a semi‐mixed Eulerian–Lagrangian time marching scheme. The incident waves are generated by feeding analytic forms on the input boundary and a ramp function is introduced at the start of simulation to avoid the initial transient disturbance. The outgoing waves are sufficiently dissipated by using a spatially varying artificial damping on the free surface before they reach the downstream boundary. Numerous numerical simulations of linear and nonlinear waves are performed and the simulated results are compared with the theoretical input waves. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Finite element method for shallow water equation including open boundary condition

A method to deal with an open boundary condition in the analysis of water surface waves, the tide, etc. by means of the finite element method is proposed in this paper. The present method has two important features relating to the treatment of the open boundary condition. The first feature is to consider the non-reflective virtual boundary condition which has been developed in the numerical wave analysis method. The incident wave conditions without spurious reflected waves can be imposed at the open boundary. The second feature is to identify the amplitude of the components of incident waves in terms of observed water elevations in the field of standing waves. This can be done as a parameter identification based on an optimization problem by applying the conjugate gradient method. The applicability of this method to wave propagation problems is verified by several numerical computations.     

近场波动模拟的一种应力人工边界

采用平面波和远场散射波混合透射，引入无限介质线弹性本构关系建立了一种应力人工 边界条件. 其优点在于边界结点反应与内部有限元结点反应采用相同的积分格式计算，有限 元积分方法稳定时不存在人工边界失稳问题. 数值算例表明：边界精度高于现有黏性边 界、黏弹性人工边界，以及一、二阶透射人工边界.     

Elastic Waves in Swelling Porous Media

Time harmonic waves in a swelling porous elastic medium of infinite extent and consisting of solid, liquid and gas phases have been studied. Employing Eringen’s theory of swelling porous media, it has been shown that there exist three dilatational and two shear waves propagating with distinct velocities. The velocities of these waves are found to be frequency dependent and complex valued, showing that the waves are attenuating in nature. Here, the appearance of an additional shear wave is new and arises due to swelling phenomena of the medium, which disappears in the absence of swelling. The reflection phenomenon of an incident dilatational wave from a stress-free plane boundary of a porous elastic half-space has been investigated for two types of boundary surfaces: (i) surface having open pores and (ii) surface having sealed pores. Using appropriate boundary conditions for these boundary surfaces, the equations giving the reflection coefficients corresponding to various reflected waves are presented. Numerical computations are performed for a specific model consisting of sandstone, water and carbon dioxide as solid, liquid and gas phases, respectively, of the porous medium. The variations of phase speeds and their corresponding attenuation coefficients are depicted against frequency parameter for all the existing waves. The variations of reflection coefficients and corresponding energy ratios against the angle of incidence are also computed and depicted graphically. It has been shown that in a limiting case, Eringen’s theory of swelling porous media reduces to Tuncay and Corapcioglu theory of porous media containing two immiscible fluids. The various numerical results under these two theories have been compared graphically.     

Waves in Nonlocal Elastic Solid with Voids

In this paper, the governing relations and equations are derived for nonlocal elastic solid with voids. The propagation of time harmonic plane waves is investigated in an infinite nonlocal elastic solid material with voids. It has been found that three basic waves consisting of two sets of coupled longitudinal waves and one independent transverse wave may travel with distinct speeds. The sets of coupled waves are found to be dispersive, attenuating and influenced by the presence of voids and nonlocality parameters in the medium. The transverse wave is dispersive but non-attenuating, influenced by the nonlocality and independent of void parameters. Furthermore, the transverse wave is found to face critical frequency, while the coupled waves may face critical frequencies conditionally. Beyond each critical frequency, the respective wave is no more a propagating wave. Reflection phenomenon of an incident coupled longitudinal waves from stress-free boundary surface of a nonlocal elastic solid half-space with voids has also been studied. Using appropriate boundary conditions, the formulae for various reflection coefficients and their respective energy ratios are presented. For a particular model, the effects of non-locality and dissipation parameter (\(\tau \)) have been depicted on phase speeds and attenuation coefficients of propagating waves. The effect of nonlocality on reflection coefficients has also been observed and shown graphically.     

High-frequency plasma oscillations in junction diodes

Longitudinal high-frequency plasma oscillations in junction diodes are examined by the kinetic equation method with allowance for the asymmetry of the boundary conditions at the boundaries between the plasma and the electrode barriers. It is shown that when the time taken by the wave to travel the distance between the electrodes is half the wave attenuation time in the unbounded plasma, an undamped wave may occur as a result of the superposition of waves reflected from the electrodes on the perturbation wave. In many gas-discharge and semiconductor diodes there are regions of quasineutral plasma bounded by potential barriers which create favorable conditions for the formation of standing waves in the plasma. Studies [1–5] are devoted to the investigation of these waves in an electron plasma between plane electrodes. In all these instances, however, the conditions at the two boundaries were assumed to be the same. In fact, in a glow or arc-discharge plasma, and also in semiconductor diodes when current passes through the diode, the conditions at the boundaries between the plasma and the space-charge regions are not the same. For example, in a p-i-n diode in the forward-current, mode holes and electrons from the i region that reach the boundary between the i region and the n and p regions behave differently. Holes are reflected from the boundary between the i and the p regions and readily pass into the n region, where they recombine; electrons, on the other hand, readily pass into the p region, where they recombine, but are reflected from the boundary between the i and the n regions. A similar asymmetry of the boundary conditions occurs at the boundaries between the positive column and the electrode barriers in glow and arc discharges, as well as in a cesium diode plasma. This paper examines the longitudinal high-frequency plasma oscillations in junction diodes by the kinetic equation method with allowance for the asymmetry of the boundary conditions.     

波动数值模拟中的外推型人工边界条件

当前波动数值模拟中的人工边界条件(artificial boundary condition, ABC)数量繁多, 但用于串联它们的理论及公式体系还需进一步完善, 以便在复杂波动问题模拟中更准确地选取ABC并评估其性能. 本工作发展一种外推型人工边界条件理论, 将一系列利用临近边界一组节点在前若干时刻的运动来外推人工边界节点运动的经典ABC纳入一个体系. 这些ABC包括廖氏透射边界(multi-transmittig formula, MTF)、旁轴近似边界、Higdon边界以及Givoli-Neta、Hagstrom-Warburton、AWWE辅助变量边界等. 针对现有边界公式存在的不足, 分别提出一种引入多个人工波速进行优化的MTF公式(离散公式)和一种定义在统一局部坐标之上并采用多个人工波速作为控制参数的统一Higdon边界公式(连续公式或微分方程形式ABC), 作为外推型ABC的两个基本公式. 这二者是最简单实用的外推型ABC, 其他同类ABC大多可以由它们转化得到, 或者通过某种等价的中间形式与之相关联. 数值试验证实了理论的正确性, 并初步展示了多人工波速ABC比传统单一人工波速ABC所具有的优势. 研究结果不仅具有重要理论价值, 还为更好地解决具有差异较大的多种物理波速的复杂波动, 如大纵横波速比的软土介质中波动或海洋声学、 气象学中的频散波动等的ABC问题提供了实用方法.      

轴向冲击载荷作用下锥壳中弹性应力波传播的计算和实验研究

本文利用有限元分析和模型实验研究了在轴向冲击载荷作用下,锥壳中弹性应力波的传播、计算和实验结果表明,结构中存在着弹性纵波和弹性弯曲波的传播,它们传播的速度各不相同,使壳面承受不同的应力状态;讨论了纵波和弯曲波随壳面的衰减;实验指出,由于边界的影响,即使纵波的反射也会产生新的反射弯曲波沿锥面传播。     

Plotnikov——Toland板模型中水弹性孤立波的迎撞

通过奇异摄动方法研究了在薄冰层覆盖的不可压缩理想流体表面上传播的两个水弹性孤立波之间的迎面碰撞.借助特殊的 Cosserat 超弹性壳 理论以及Kirchhoff--Love 板理论,冰层由 Plotnikov--Toland板模型描述.流体运动采用浅水假设和Boussinesq 近似. 应用Poincaré--Lighthill--Kuo 方法进行坐标变形,进而渐近求解控制方程及边界条件, 给出了三阶解的显式表达. 可以观察到碰撞后的孤立波不会改变它们的形状和振幅. 波浪轮廓在碰撞之前是对称的, 而在碰撞之后变成不对称的并且在波传播方向上向后倾斜. 弹性板和流体表面张力减小了波幅. 图示比 较了本文与已有结果可知线性板模型可作为本文的一个特例.      

土-结构动力相互作用分析中基于人工边界子结构的地震波动输入方法

数值模拟是解决土-结构动力相互作用问题的重要手段,而合理地实现地震波动输入直接影响地震作用下土-结构动力相互作用问题数值模拟的精度。波动法是目前常用的地震动输入方法之一,该方法将输入地震动转化为人工边界上的等效荷载,相较于其他地震动输入方法,波动法模拟精度高,但实施上相对复杂。从有限元模型入手,推导了采用波动法确定等效输入地震荷载的另一种形式,以此为基础,提出了一种在人工边界上实现地震动输入的新方法。新方法通过对土-结构有限元模型中由包含人工边界节点的单元组成的子结构施加自由场位移时程并进行动力分析,直接获得可实现地震波动有效输入的等效荷载,然后将等效输入地震荷载施加在土-结构模型的人工边界节点上,从而完成土-结构动力相互作用问题分析中地震动输入和地震反应计算。与原有波动法相比,新方法避免了需分别计算人工边界上自由场应力和由引入人工边界条件带来的附加力,以及需要根据不同人工边界面确定荷载的作用方向等较为复杂的处理过程,具有等效地震荷载计算简便、地震动输入过程更易于实施的特点。采用竖直入射和斜入射地震波动作用下的弹性半空间和成层半空间地震反应算例验证了新方法的有效性。