Amplitude and Phase Fluctuations of Decimeter Radio Waves Raying the Atmosphere via Satellite-to-Satellite Paths

We present the results of experimental studies of the atmospheric phase and amplitude fluctuations of decimeter radio waves in radio occultation measurements using paths connecting the MICROLAB satellite and the satellites of the GPS navigation system. The dependences of the amplitude- and phase-fluctuation variance on the minimum altitude of the ray trajectory and the frequency spectra of the fluctuations are presented. The experimental data are compared with the theory of radio-wave propagation in random media. We determine the spectral index of irregularities of the atmospheric refractive index, the external scale of the irregularities, and the variance of the refractive-index fluctuations. It is shown that the radio occultation technique allows one to monitor small-scale irregularities of the atmosphere.     

The Structure of Stratospheric Irregularities According to Radio-Occultation Data Obtained using Satellite-to-Satellite Paths

We analyze the possibility of monitoring density or temperature fluctuations in the stratosphere based on data of amplitude radio-occultation measurements at centimeter waves using satellite-to-satellite paths. Comparison of the experimental spectra of amplitude fluctuations with the theoretical spectra calculated for a model containing both strongly anisotropic irregularities and an isotropic Kolmogorov turbulence shows that the amplitude fluctuations of radio waves in the stratosphere are mainly contributed by anisotropic irregularities which correspond to the model of saturated internal gravity waves. The efficiency of the radio occultation technique for the global remote monitoring of internal waves in the stratosphere is demonstrated.     

Asymmetry in Negative Refraction of Nonlinear Waves

Recently, inwardly propagating waves (called antiwaves, AWs) in nonlinear oscillatory systems have attracted much attention. An interesting negative refraction phenomenon has been observed in a bidomain system where one medium supports forwardly propagating waves (normal waves, NWs) and the other AWs. In this paper we find that negative refraction (NR) in nonlinear media has an asymmetric property, i.e., NR can be observed only by applying wave source withproper frequency to one medium, but not the other. Moreover, NR appears always when the incident waves are dense and the refractional waves are sparse. This asymmetry is a particular feature for nonlinear NR, which can neither be observed in linear refraction processes (both positive and negative refractions) nor in nonlinear positive refraction. The mechanism underlying the asymmetry of nonlinear NR are fully understood based on the competition of nonlinear waves.     

铁-铍介质界面上激波折射现象的数值研究

用数值方法研究铁-铍介质界面上的激波折射现象.运用激波极曲线理论分析不同强度的激波从正规折射过渡到非正规折射的临界角变化.运用一个具有二阶精度和波传播性质的激波捕捉法,数值求解激波折射运动的流体力学方程组.对正规折射,数值结果与激波极曲线理论一致;对非正规折射,不同强度的激波大都存在前驱的折射激波,并且入射激波的强度不同、入射角度不同,激波折射的图像也不同.     

光波在左手材料中全折射的理论分析

根据菲涅尔公式,从理论上证明了只有在左右手系两种介质中光波才能发生全折射现象,给出了产生全折射时介质折射率应满足的条件n1=－n2,μ1=－μ2.对n2=－1的负折射率平板的成像进行了分析讨论,此负折射率平板具有透镜的作用.     

Transverse Motion of Energy on Reflection and Refraction of Electromagnetic Waves

The equation of motion of the centre of energy of the reflected and refracted electromagnetic waves on the interface of dielectric media is obtained, it is shown that the physical reason leading to the transverse shift (TS) is the spin-momentum coupling of the electromagnetic waves near the interface.     

星光观测蒙气差补偿技术

为了消除大气内观星时蒙的影响,提高载体定姿精度,提出了一种蒙气差补偿算法。首先给出了补偿过程涉及的姿态转移矩阵,并完成了相关矢量坐标映射变换;接着在星敏感器坐标系内,用两矢量内积法求得视天顶距;最后利用几何公式列出了以真星光矢量投影点估计位置为未知量的方程组,作为星敏感器任意姿态下蒙气差补偿算法模型。在没有任何误差的条件下对模型有效性进行了仿真,10-6 pixel量级的位置估计精度表明了算法的有效性。加入不同量级的陀螺漂移误差进行了仿真,给定的漂移误差对于蒙气差补偿模型的估计精度影响甚微,仿真结果表明在捷联载体存在一定姿态误差的前提下,蒙气差补偿模型也是适用的,补偿后的星像坐标用以实现星光姿态确定,并进一步对陀螺漂移完成补偿。     

静止轨道卫星红外探测大气透过率与蒙气差分析

静止轨道卫星采用CO2和水汽吸收波段进行红外探测,探测性能受观测波段的大气透过率影响显著,同时,大气折射率随空间位置的变化影响目标的定位精度。通过建立大气中探测路径几何模型,利用FASCODE软件计算出路径上2.7μm和4.3μm波段大气透过率和蒙气差并制成图表,蒙气差计算结果与理论估算一致。结果表明,2.7μm波段大气透过率在5～25km高度变化显著,35km以上透过率达95%;4.3μm波段大气透过率在5～45km高度变化显著,50km以上透过率达95%。两个波段的蒙气差相同,对目标位置的影响较少,天顶角8°以内,影响只有50m量级,超过8°,偏差随角度增长很快,到地球圆盘边缘时达到1km。通过插值,透过率数据和蒙气差数据可用于系统设计、性能评估和实时仿真。     

星载激光测高系统的大气折射延迟改正模型研究

星载激光测高仪通过测量从卫星平台发射的激光脉冲在卫星与地面激光脚点之间的渡越时间计算两者之间的距离。由于光束经过大气层时发生的折射,导致卫星激光测高系统典型的与大气延迟相关的测距误差在数米量级。讨论了大气折射延迟修正的理论与方法,分析比较了各种大气折射率模型,以全球首个对地观测星栽激光测高仪系统GLAS系统为例,给出了各种折射率模型的计算偏差,发现在常见温度和湿度范围内Owens375模型是一种精度较高的简化折射率模型;计算了GLAS系统高度角偏离天顶方向不超过10°的情况下,使用简单映射函数与CfA2．2映射函数模型的值,发现其差异不超过0．5mm。     

Phase Fluctuations of Radio Waves Behind a Turbulent Phase Screen

We consider the problem of phase fluctuations of radio waves behind a turbulent optically thin irregular layer (phase screen). Expressions are derived for the main statistical characteristics of phase fluctuations in the case where modern direct methods based on measurements of the complex field of the received radiation are used to obtain these characteristics. Regimes of weak and saturated scintillations of signals are analyzed. It is shown that in the case of weak scintillations, such statistical characteristics of phase fluctuations of the received radiation as the structure function and the fluctuation spectra for single-point and interference reception almost coincide with those at the screen output. In the regime of saturated scintillations, we obtain an information on the structure function of phase fluctuations of the received radiation in the cases of relatively large and small spatial separations of the reception points. The results obtained allow one to correctly analyze the data of modern experiments on remote sensing of the near-Earth and space plasmas with the help of direct phase methods for environmental diagnostics. __________ Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 48, No. 7, pp. 563–573, July 2005.     

Phase Fluctuations of Radio Waves in the Saturated-Scintillation Regime

We consider the problem of phase fluctuations of radio waves behind a strong phase screen and in an optically thick layer. It is shown that the phase-fluctuation distribution of the received radiation at an observation point located in the saturated-scintillation area behind a turbulent phase screen is almost identical to the normal distribution of phase fluctuations of the wave on the screen. Amplitude and phase fluctuations of the received radiation are uncorrelated both for single-point and space-diversity reception if, in the latter case, the distance between the observation points exceeds the spatial scale of the diffraction component of the complex field of the received signal. Expressions for the mean square and the structural function of phase fluctuations of radio waves behind a turbulent phase screen in the saturated-scintillation regime are obtained. It is shown that the structural function of phase fluctuations in the diffraction component of the scattered field, which is exactly the function that forms saturated scintillations of the received radiation, almost coincides with the structural function of phase fluctuations on the screen. It is also shown that the diffraction effects can be neglected and the geometric-optical approximation should be used when calculating statistical characteristics of phase fluctuations of a plane wave in the saturated-scintillation area in an optically thick layer with large-scale refractive-index irregularities. __________ Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 48, No. 4, pp. 275–282, April 2005     

Attenuation of Electromagnetic Waves by a Plasma Layer at Atmospheric Pressure

Plasma layers at atmospheric pressure, are good broad band absorbers of electromagnetic radiation. However, to get substantial attenuations, two parameters have to be optimized. These are the plasma number density, and the thickness of the plasma layer. It is found that in order to be an effective attenuator of microwave radiation, a plasma layer has to have a number density in the 10¹³ cm^–3 range, and a thickness equal or larger than the wavelength of the incident wave. However, as the frequency increases, the amount of attenuation tends to reach a limiting value directly proportional to the number density.     

Radio Emission of Rydberg Atoms in the Upper Atmosphere Modified by High-Power HF Radio Waves

Radiophysics and Quantum Electronics - We report on the results of studying the radio emission of the Rydberg states of atoms and molecules in the Earth’s upper atmosphere at ionospheric...     

Backscatter of Radio Waves by Spheroidal Rain Drops

Radiophysics and Quantum Electronics - The characteristics of backscattering of radio waves from the drops in the clouds and precipitation are calculated using the algorithm for separating the...     

Propagation of VHF Radio Waves on Sea Routes in the South Polar Latitudes

We present the results of meteorological and radiometeorological observations as well as the results of measurements of the attenuation factor of very-high-frequency (VHF) radio waves during the 28th Soviet Antarctic expedition in January–March 1983. It is shown that radiometeorological parameters over the South ocean area in summer almost coincide with the corresponding averaged parameters over the land in winter. The main mechanism of radio-wave propagation at distances over 100 km is single scattering by turbulent fluctuations of the atmospheric refractive index. Absolute values of the running attenuation at high frequencies are low compared to those in other climatic areas. __________ Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 48, No. 7, pp. 588–595, August 2005.     

Results of Studying the Daytime Polar Ionosphere by the Radio Occultation Method on Satellite-To-Satellite Paths

Radiophysics and Quantum Electronics - We analyze specific features of the radio occultation method and the possibility of using it to study the altitude profiles of electron density and the...     

Reflection and Refraction of Plane Waves at an Interface of Mirror-Conjugate Chiral Media

We consider reflection and refraction of plane electromagnetic waves by a plane interface of mirror-conjugate isotropic chiral media for differently assigned incident fields. Relationships between the reflection or refraction coefficients, the common angle of incidence, and the physical parameters of the interfacing media are adduced and discussed. __________ Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 48, No. 6, pp. 537–543, June 2005