19.6nm波长类氖锗X光激光光源理论模拟

 波长19.6nm的类氖锗X光激光适合作为诊断激光等离子体界面不稳定性的光源。用经过实验检验的系列程序对预-主短脉冲驱动类氖锗进行了系统的优化设计和理论分析。采用2%~3%的预脉冲强度，6~8ns的预-主脉冲时间间隔，在4×10¹³W/cm²功率密度驱动下, 波长19.6nm增益区的宽度可以超过60μm，增益区的维持时间可以达到90ps。对于16mm长的平板靶，增益系数可达11.8/cm；弯曲靶增益系数可达13.3/cm；单靶小增益长度积可达21.3，单靶就可以获得饱和增益。采用双靶对接，其小讯号增益可达38.4，可以获得深度饱和增益，能满足应用演示所需的X光激光光源。     

电子碰撞激发类氖锗X光激光增益饱和的理论研究

耦合ｘ光激光辐射输运方程与速率方程，编制了研究类氖锗等离子体中多条激光线增益饱和过程的程序。计算结果与普通饱和方程的结果在深度饱和阶段有显著区别。计算结果还显示了增益曲线“烧孔”及线宽在饱和前后由不断变窄到不断加宽的现象。理论结果与“多靶串接”类氖锗Ｘ光激光实验数据进行了比较。     

X光激光在等离子体中的传播

由于等离子体柱中有垂直于轴向的电子密度梯度,致使X光激光在等离子体柱内传播时发生折射。折射效应限制了增益区的长度,采用“双靶对接”的实验方法,能有效地抑制折射的影响。本文从理论上阐述了折射效应对激光增益的影响相当于在小讯号增益系数上加了一个负项;并给出X光激光出靶端的强度角分布及偏离轴向的折射角;为“双靶对接”实验提供靶面的夹角值。理论计算结果与实验结果符合得很好。     

反射镜多靶串接增益饱和软X光激光实验

利用Mo/Si多层膜软X光反射镜实现了类氖锗软X光激光的双程放大,在顺接双靶总长28mm时,加与不加反射镜相比,软X光激光输出强度增强了40倍左右,已接近饱和;光束发散角减小,增益区厚度变薄,光束的空间相干性改善。当串接四靶总长为56mm时,加与不加反射的软X光激光输出强度没有明显的差异,表明已达到深度的增益饱和。     

提高X光激光相干性的镶嵌靶的研究

 在以锗等离子体为增益介质的X光激光实验研究中，使用铜锗镶嵌靶可以获得一维横向宽度很窄的柱状等离子体，这有利于X光激光的单横模输出。本文对铜锗镶嵌靶进行了实验研究。     

诊断技术领域的新设备——平焦场光栅光谱仪

<正> 平焦场光栅光谱仪是由中国工程物理研究院上海激光实验室自行研制的用于X光激光研究的诊断设备。在1990年5月的锗双靶对接X光激光实验中,该谱仪已与西安光机所生产的软X光扫描相机相接,在国内首次测出了类氖锗高增益X光激光时间分辨谱线。用脉宽1ns的激光打靶时,产生的X     

倍频纳秒激光驱动类氖锗X射线激光的研究

利用JB19等程序分别对基频和倍频激光驱动条件下类氖锗X射线激光进行了模拟计算,结果表明利用倍频激光驱动同样也能够获得高强度的类氖锗X射线激光输出,只是对驱动激光的输出要求要高3.3倍.尽管如此,这也为将来在大型激光装置上开展类氖系列X射线激光研究指明了方向.初步的实验研究也证实了利用倍频纳秒激光驱动能够获得类氖锗X射线激光输出的结果. 关键词： X射线激光 类氖锗 数值模拟     

模拟 ps激光驱动的类氖锗19.6 nm X光激光

 瞬态电子碰撞激发产生X光激光的机制可以极大减少X光激光的泵浦能量。模拟了脉宽为1 ps,波长1.053 μm的钕玻璃激光驱动的类氖锗X光激光。模拟表明,在临界面附近可以产生高达60 cm ^-1的增益,还计算了X光激光在等离子体中的传播,计算表明X光激光在等离子体中的折射效应仍然是影响X光激光输出强度及分布的重要因素。     

2ω1ω激光驱动的类氖锗19.6 nm X光激光

 类氖离子的X光激光理论研究可以为类镍X光激光提供有益启示。设计了一系列瞬态电子碰撞激发类氖锗19.6 nm X光激光的实验,采用2ω1ω泵浦方式,即预脉冲采用倍频钕玻璃激光,主脉冲采用基频,用新开发的瞬态电子碰撞激发类氖锗的系列程序进行了模拟,并与1ω1ω驱动的情况进行了比较。模拟表明, 2ω1ω泵浦方案使类氖锗19.6 nm Ｘ光激光的小信号增益系数增大为1ω1ω方案的1.6倍,增益区也转移到了更高的电子密度区,是获得更短波长X光激光的一种有效方法。     

类氖锗X光激光增益实验

本文介绍了在LF-12激光器上进行的类氖锗X光激光增益实验。当泵浦激光波长为1.053μm,脉宽为1.1～1.4ns、能量为550～650J、线聚焦焦斑为185μm×20mm时,使用片状锗靶测量波长为19.61、23.22、23.63、24.73及28.65nm的五条激光跃迁线的增益分别为3.06、3.99、3.72、2.36及4.59cm^(-1)。实验给出了关于柱形等离子体激光介质发射区厚度及软X射线激光发射角的实验数据。实验也给出了软X射线激光强度随泵浦激光功率密度变化的讯息。最后分析了由薄膜锗X光激光靶进行的增益实验中未看到激光增益线的原因。     

Complex polarization-phase and spatial-frequency selections of laser images of blood-plasma films in diagnostics of changes in their polycrystalline structure

We present a theoretical formalism of correlation phase analysis of laser images of human blood plasma with spatial-frequency selection of manifestations of mechanisms of linear and circular birefringence of albumin and globulin polycrystalline networks. Comparative results of the measurement of coordinate distributions of the correlation parameter—the modulus of the degree of local correlation of amplitudes—of laser images of blood plasma taken from patients of three groups—healthy patients (donors), rheumatoid-arthritis patients, and breast-cancer patients—are presented. We investigate values and ranges of change of statistical (the first to fourth statistical moments), correlation (excess of autocorrelation functions), and fractal (slopes of approximating curves and dispersion of extrema of logarithmic dependences of power spectra) parameters of coordinate distributions of the degree of local correlation of amplitudes. Objective criteria for diagnostics of occurrence and differentiation of inflammatory and oncological states are determined.     

2D-Mueller-matrix tomography of optically anisotropic polycrystalline networks of biological tissues histological sections

A new technique of Mueller-matrix mapping of the birefringent structure of biological preparations of human organs tissues is suggested. The algorithms of reconstruction of average values and magnitude of fluctuations of the phase (birefringence) and amplitude (dichroism) of optically anisotropic structure of myocardium and connective tissue component of the vaginal wall histological section are proposed. The magnitudes and ranges of changes in the statistical moments of the 1st-4th order that characterize the distribution of average values and magnitude of fluctuations of birefringence and dichroism of the myocardium and connective tissue of the vaginal tissues histological sections were determined. Joint studies of distributions of the characteristics of phase and amplitude of the anisotropy of myocardium and connective tissue component of the vaginal wall tissues of different states were performed. The cases of various necrotic changes in the myocardium and pathological conditions of the vagina wall (prolapse of the genitals) are examined. Balanced accuracy of the method of Mueller-matrix polarization-phase and diffuse tomography of optically anisotropic polycrystalline networks in the differentiation of necrotic and pathological changes in human organs is determined.     

Reconstruction of synthesized holograms-Fresnel projectors at angles of incidence of reconstructing wave that exceed the angle of incidence of the reference wave in hologram synthesis

The possibility of the aberration-free reconstruction of a synthesized hologram-Fresnel projector in the case when the angles of incidence of the reconstructing plane wave exceed the angle of incidence of the plane reference wave during hologram synthesis is shown. The character of the dependence of admissible angles of incidence of the reconstructing wave on the parameters of the synthesis of hologram projectors is revealed and described mathematically. The results of an experimental study that confirms the possibility of the aberration-free reconstruction of hologram projectors at angles of incidence of the reconstructing plane wave that exceed the angle of incidence of the reference wave of the plane are presented. The results of the successful implementation of the projection photolithography process using a synthesized relief-phase reflection hologram-Fresnel projector are demonstrated.     

The Nature of Anomalous Particles (Granules) in Rapidly Quenched PREP Powders: I. A Multiscale Study of the Heating Zone of the Rotating Electrode Used to Obtain the Rapidly Quenched PREP Ni-Based Superalloy Powder

The uniformity of composition of rapidly quenched PREP particles of the powder of high temperature Ni-based superalloys and stainless steels is characterized by an important feature—the occurrence of anomalous particles (granules) with a significantly different content, mainly of microalloying interstitial elements, carbon and boron, as well as active carbide- and boride-forming alloying elements. A detailed multi-scale experimental study of the heating zone of the crater of the Ni-based superalloy electrode after its use to obtain rapidly quenched PREP powder was carried out in order to find the nature and mechanisms of the formation of anomalous granules. Direct nuclear physics methods of activation autoradiography on carbon, track autoradiography on boron, metallography, SEM, EDX, OIM were used. In the electrode crater, the heat-affected zone (HAZ) and the partially melted zone (PMZ) were detected. Intense migration of boron to the electrode surface due to the formation of thermal macrocracks was also revealed. The behavior of carbon is determined by the formation of a thin layer of melt on the surface of the crater. The features of the evolution of the terminal solidification region TSR and incipiently melted regions IMR, the main type of heterogeneity of the composition of the dendritic structure of Ni-based superalloys and stainless steels, are revealed. The interrelation of the evolution of these areas is established, which is a consequence of the thermodynamic principle of the reversibility of the processes of solidification and melting, respectively, in the smelting of an ingot electrode and in the process of subsequent atomization. The analysis of the influence of the behavior of boron, carbon, and the characteristics of the crater structure on the nature and mechanism of the formation of anomalous granules using the PREP method for producing rapidly quenched powder of the Ni-based superalloy is performed.

     

Spectra of resonance light scattering of gold nanoshells: Effects of polydispersity and limited electron free path

The effects of the polydispersity of the structure of gold nanoshells and of the limited electron free path in a thin metal layer on the spectra of resonance light scattering of a suspension of two-layer nanoparticles are studied theoretically and experimentally for the first time. It is shown theoretically that both factors lead to a broadening of the plasmon resonance in light scattering and to a change in its magnitude. To experimentally test the calculations, two samples of nanoshells based on gold and silicon dioxide (silica) were synthesized. Nanoshells of sample 1 have a diameter of the core of 90 nm and a broad thickness distribution of shells (with an average value of 30 nm), whereas nanoshells of sample 2 have a diameter of the core of 70 nm and a narrow thickness distribution of shells (with an average value of 12 nm). The core diameter, the shell thickness, and the polydispersity of the structure of nanoparticles are estimated by dynamic light scattering. It is shown that the simulation of the optical properties of nanoparticles with their parameters estimated from the dynamic light scattering data makes it possible to obtain good agreement between experimental and theoretical spectra of light scattering. For nanoshells of sample 1, the inhomogeneous broadening of the scattering spectrum is completely determined by the polydispersity; therefore, the bulk constants of gold can be used in simulation of the spectra of such nanoshells. The main mechanism of the broadening for nanoshells of sample 2 is connected with the limitation of the free path length of electrons, whereas the contribution from the thickness distribution of shells can be neglected.     

Host-based data acquisition system to control pulsed facilities of the accelerator

The report discusses development of the host-based system to carry out timed measurements and data acquisition for the control of pulsed facilities of the accelerator. We consider modes of timing and allocation of operations of channels and the system node. The time of any working cycle of the pulsed facilities, rate of a data flow and an amount of serviced channels are coordinated with operation characteristics of the system node. Estimations of the readout rate of the data and the waiting time demonstrate the system efficiency. The technique has been developed to provide checking of groups of pulse parameters and control the facilities of the linear accelerator of electrons LUE-200 of the neutron source IREN.     

Permutation symmetry and condensation of identical particles consisting of fermions

For identical particles, consisting of fermions, the upper bound for the number of particles that can occupy a single state is determined. In the macroscopic case, it is proportional to the square root of the number of possible ways of formation of particles of a given composition of all fermions present in the mixture (the normalization constant of the respective density matrix). Particles capable of accumulating in macroscopic quantities in one state can consist only of an even number of fermions of different kinds. In the case of atoms in a trap, this bound can approach arbitrarily close to the total number of atoms. Since the state of the centers of mass of the atoms is described by a symmetric wave function, they, like elementary bosons, can form a condensate, the coherence properties of the components of which are characterized by an antisymmetric wave function of a single atom in relative coordinates.     

Spectroscopic investigation of binding of three fluorescent nanomarkers to bionanomolecules of human serum albumin in dependence on pH

The analysis of fluorescent characteristics and degree of molecular association of three fluorescent nanomarkers (eosin, erythrosin and fluorescein) in solutions of human serum albumin (HSA) at different pHs is made. The common features for all three nanomarkers under influence of bionanomolecules of HSA are the quenching of the fluorescence, the red shift of maximum of fluorescence and the decrease of degree of molecular association for every fixed value of pH. The differences in dependences of fluorescence and degree of molecular association on pH between fluorescein and its halogen – derivatives (eosin and erythrosin) are registered. It is established that the quenching of fluorescence by HSA is of compound statically–dynamical type. The electronegativity of lateral atoms in structural formulas of nanomarkers forms the basis of explanation of all features of experimental data in the system “fluorescent nanomarker – protein – buffer solution”.     

The pecularities of ultrasonic equipment design for stabilization of dispersed structures of alumosilicic reagents for wastewater treatment

Acoustic fields formed during operation of ultrasonic reactors with waveguides of following types: rod-type, cylindrical with rectangular protrusions and tubular were calculated and measured. The influence of distribution of acoustic fields arising from the operation of waveguide systems of three different types on the efficiency of ultrasonic activation of alumosilicic flocculant-coagulant and magnetite intended for water purification was investigated. It was shown that regardless of the equipment used on an industrial scale it is possible to reactivate the alumosilicic flocculant-coagulant even after the shelf life period of it passed, however in case of activation of magnetite the use of a bigger reactor in inefficient.In case of industrial scale processes, the choice of the correct reactor design is of significant importance, since it allows to reduce the required processing time, and, as a result, the energy consumption of the processes. The advantages of tubular waveguide systems include the possibility of processing large volumes of liquid. The high efficiency and uniformity of the excited ultrasonic fields can lead to reduction of operating costs. In case of smaller flows, the waveguide system with rectangular protrusions allowed to obtain better results.Our work illustrates the dependence of the success of a specific method on the choice of the waveguide and the size of the reactor during upscale.     

Electronic States and Photoprocesses in Bichromophore Systems

We present the results of quantumchemical investigation of energy transfer in organic molecules and systems and the inferences drawn. The Förster theory has been subjected to a critical analysis in order that the energy transfer could be described in the context of the current theory of nonradiative transitions and the incorrectness of the basic premises of the Förster theory has been demonstrated. A new variant of the mechanism of electronic energy transfer on the basis of the theory of electron transitions and of the quantum mechanics of molecules has been suggested. It is shown that the interaction of the molecules of the donor and acceptor perturbs the electronic states of isolated molecules even before the excitation of the donor molecule. A characteristic feature of the manifestation of intermolecular interaction is the spatial delocalization of the wave functions of the electronic states of interacting molecules, leading to the possibility of occurrence of conventional photophysical processes with participation of the electronic states of various molecules of the bimolecular system. In experimental investigations, the result of the intermolecular nonradiative transition is recorded as evidence of the spatial transfer of the energy of electronic excitation from the donor molecule to the acceptor molecule.