超临界CO2气爆非均质煤体破裂规律模拟研究

为揭示超临界CO2气爆含割理裂隙非均质煤体的致裂规律,开发了识别实际煤体图像获取其割理裂隙几何信息的M atlab程序,将几何信息与煤体非均质物性参数关联并导入Abaqus中,实现了非均质煤体有限元表征,并采用SPH与FEM联合求解的方法模拟超临界CO2气爆非均质煤体的致裂过程,得到了弱面倾角、弱面到爆孔中心距离及初应力的变化对煤体气爆致裂效果的影响规律.模拟结果表明,初应力对主裂缝的萌生和扩展具有导向作用,气爆裂缝沿最大初应力方向扩展;弱面倾角相同时,弱面离爆孔越近,穿过弱面的裂缝尺度和密度越大,弱面离爆孔较远时,弱面完全阻断了裂缝的扩展;弱面到爆孔中心距离相同时,弱面倾角越大,弱面对裂缝扩展的阻碍作用越大,穿过弱面的裂缝尺度和密度越小,应力波透射率越小.现场气爆增透煤体时,应考虑割理裂隙和地应力特征合理布置气爆孔位置及爆破参数.     

超临界CO2气爆煤体致裂机理实验研究

为提高超临界CO₂气爆低渗透煤层增透技术的应用水平,进一步研究超临界CO₂气爆煤体致裂机理,利用自主研发的超临界CO₂气爆装置,在多通道电液伺服相似材料试验台上,对原煤和混凝土大试件(1 m×1 m×0.5 m)进行了超临界CO₂气爆实验,用动态应变仪采集试件内部监测点处的变形和破坏信息,并用工业窥镜对爆破孔内裂隙分布进行了观测。分析气爆应力波的变化规律和气爆后试件的破坏形貌特征可知,距离气爆孔由近及远依次分为粉碎区、裂隙区和震动区,其形成机理为:超临界CO₂冲击气爆孔周围介质并形成远超介质抗压强度的球面纵波,介质在径向压应力作用下发生粉碎性破坏,形成粉碎区;应力波传播能量逐步衰减,不足以使介质产生压缩破坏,然而脆性材料抗压不抗拉,其产生的环向应力仍然使介质产生径向裂隙,应力波之后具有准静态加载作用的高压CO₂气体进入裂隙形成气楔,促使裂隙进一步发育和扩展,形成裂隙区;裂隙区以外的介质在低能量应力波的作用下只发生震动,未发生明显破坏,即震动区。裂隙的扩展速度与其到气爆孔距离符合“S”形曲线衰减,裂隙的高速扩展发生在粉碎区,低速扩展发生在裂隙区;距离气爆孔越远,测点的峰值应变越小,相同距离内节理裂隙等结构面越复杂,峰值应变减小的幅度越大且应变波形差别越大。     

爆炸应力波对高速扩展裂纹影响的动态光弹性试验研究

本文用动态光弹性模拟试验和分析方法,观察和分析研究了爆炸应力波对高速扩展的运动裂纹扩展方向和扩展速度的影响过程和机理。结果表明:当[裂纹扩展方向与入射膨胀波(P波)波阵面法线的夹角]=0时,P波的作用不会改变裂纹的扩展方向,但使其扩展速度发生变化,入射剪切波(S波)能使裂纹改变扩展方向;当0/2时,P波和S波都能改变裂纹扩展方向,而且,P波使裂纹扩展速度降低,S波使裂纹扩展速度提高。这一试验研究对于理解爆炸、冲击载荷与扩展裂纹相互作用的机理,对于理解控制、光面、预裂爆破中相邻炮孔之间后爆炮孔产生的应力波与先爆炮孔壁上产生的裂纹的相互作用具有理论和实际意义。     

爆生气体驱动的裂纹扩展速度研究

通过分析计算炮孔周边径向裂纹尖端的应力强度因子，认为:爆生气体驱动的裂纹扩展可分为稳定扩展和非稳定间断扩展两阶段。在稳定扩展阶段，裂纹扩展速度由Ｇｒｉｆｆｉｔｈ理论确定；在间断扩展阶段，裂纹的平均扩展速度完全取决于焊生气体在裂纹中的一维膨胀流动速度。     

初应力条件下超临界CO2气爆致裂规律研究

为研究地下爆破工程中初始地应力条件下超临界CO2气爆的致裂规律,利用自主研发的三轴加载式超临界CO2气爆实验系统,对不同应力组合工况下混凝土试件进行了超临界CO2气爆致裂实验,实验结果表明超临界CO2气爆爆破峰值压力低且高压持续时间长,致裂过程不同于传统炸药爆破,分为动态和准静态过程：应力波将气爆孔附近介质压碎形成粉碎区,在环向拉应力作用下粉碎区周围介质产生径向裂隙的动态过程,高压CO2气体进入裂隙形成气楔,促使裂隙继续扩展的准静态过程,得到了气爆后试件沿最大初始压应力方向开裂的规律。通过理论计算的方法分析了初应力作用下气爆过程中介质应力状态的变化规律,揭示了初应力影响裂纹起裂和扩展的机理：位于气爆孔最大初始压应力方向的介质产生初始环向压应力最小,在超临界CO2径向冲击产生的环向拉应力作用下首先发生开裂;位于气爆孔最小初始压应力方向介质中初始环向压应力最大,开裂所需的径向冲击压力增大,开裂滞后;垂直裂隙方向的应力抑制裂隙的张开而阻碍CO2气体的进入,同时增大了裂隙扩展所需的气楔压力,气楔作用效果大幅减弱,对裂隙扩展的阻碍作用显著。裂隙的扩展速度与扩展距离呈“S型”曲线关系,初始压应力越大,裂隙扩展相同距离降低的速度值越大,且压碎区和裂隙扩展范围逐渐减小。     

钻孔爆破过程中顺倾边坡软弱夹层的运动力学模型

针对顺倾边坡爆破时爆轰气体冲刷、压密软弱夹层而形成爆腔从而影响边坡稳定的问题,应用爆轰流体动力学和气液两相流理论,分析了在钻孔爆破过程中软弱夹层在爆轰气体作用下的压密和推移机理,建立了爆破过程中软弱夹层的运动力学模型,导出了爆腔在爆轰气体作用下的运动速度、最终半径和扩腔时间同装药参数和软弱夹层力学参数的定量关系。将该运动力学模型应用于两个典型实例的爆腔计算中,计算值与实测值的相对误差仅为4%左右,软弱夹层的运动速度随距炮孔中心距离的关系曲线也与试验曲线变化规律一致。     

定向断裂控制爆破的空孔效应实验分析

采用新型数字激光动态焦散线实验系统, 对爆炸荷载作用下空孔周围的动应力场分布及空孔对爆生主裂纹扩展行为的影响进行了研究。研究结果表明, 在空孔周围强应力场的影响下, 2条相向扩展的爆生主裂纹逐渐向空孔处偏转, 并在空孔处贯通; 空孔附近的主应力方向与炮孔连心线夹角基本稳定在约12°, 增大空孔尺寸对空孔附近的主应力方向影响不明显; 爆炸应力波与空孔相互作用, 产生反射拉伸波, 改变了主裂纹尖端的应力场, 降低了主裂纹的扩展速度, 且空孔直径越大, 主裂纹的扩展速度越低; 当爆生主裂纹扩展到空孔附近时, 主裂纹尖端动态应力强度因子再次出现上升的趋势。     

爆炸荷载对不同距离邻近隧洞背爆侧裂纹影响的模拟试验

利用爆炸加载动态焦散线测试系统,模拟了不同起爆距离L时,爆炸荷载作用于邻近隧洞的全过程;通过分析迎爆侧破坏现象和背爆侧预制裂纹扩展的位移、速度以及裂纹尖端动态应力强度因子曲线的变化规律,研究了不同间距并行隧洞爆破开挖对既有隧洞的影响。试验结果表明:随着L增大,隧洞背爆侧裂纹的最终扩展位移呈先增大后减小的变化规律;裂纹扩展速度曲线的振荡幅值以及频率呈降低趋势,Ⅰ型应力强度因子的变化曲线逐渐趋于平缓,且最大峰值均出现延迟现象,最大峰值所对应的时间点由t=50μs~100μs向t100μs转移;起爆距离L从50mm增大到60mm时,裂纹扩展的位移、速度曲线以及应力强度因子曲线出现显著变化;而小于50mm或大于60mm时,它们分别呈相似性变化。研究结果可为现场试验确定邻近隧洞爆破开挖的距离L提供参考。     

爆炸应力波与裂纹作用实验研究

为研究爆炸应力波与裂纹相互作用机理,利用透射式爆炸动态焦散线光学实验系统研究了预制水平静态裂纹和切缝药包炮孔爆破产生的水平运动裂纹受正入射爆炸动载作用后动态特性的变化规律。结果表明:正入射爆炸应力波与静止裂纹作用时,爆炸应力波P波使得裂纹先闭合后张开,S波在裂纹壁面形成波浪状散斑上下交替向外扩展;运动裂纹尖端应力场对静止裂纹的起裂和扩展有重要影响。后爆孔爆炸应力波对先爆孔产生的水平定向运动裂纹尖端动力学特性影响显著。当爆炸应力波与运动裂纹同向时,P波使得裂纹扩展速度和应力强度因子KI^d先减小后增大,S波促进了裂纹的扩展,波与裂纹作用之后,裂纹扩展速度增大;当爆炸应力波与运动裂纹反向时,P波抑制了运动裂纹的扩展,波与裂纹作用之后,裂纹扩展速度和应力强度因子KI^d均逐渐降低。     

几种常用炸药的爆压与爆轰反应区精密测量

为了获得几种常用炸药的爆压和反应区宽度数据,采用激光干涉测试技术对TNT、PETN、RDX、HMX、TATB和CL-20炸药的稳态爆轰波界面粒子速度进行了测试,获得了高精度的界面粒子速度时程曲线,利用阻抗匹配公式计算得到了炸药的爆压。结果表明:PETN、RDX、HMX和CL-20等理想炸药的界面粒子速度曲线存在较明显的拐点,爆轰反应区较窄,反应时间为7~15 ns。TNT和TATB炸药由于存在碳凝聚慢反应过程,界面粒子速度曲线没有明显的拐点,爆轰反应时间分别为（100±15） ns和（255±20） ns。初步的不确定度分析表明,激光干涉法测试爆压的相对扩展不确定度为4.4%（包含因子k=2）。     

Failure mechanisms of concrete slab–soil double-layer structure subjected to underground explosion

The failure mechanism of a concrete slab–soil double-layer structure subjected to an underground explosion was investigated by experimental and numerical methods in this paper. Two underground explosion depths of 150 and 350 mm were tested. The typical failure modes such as the conoid spall of concrete, the bulge of the concrete slab and the cavity in the soil were obtained experimentally. Numerical simulations of the experiments were performed using a hydrodynamic code to analyze the effects of both the stress wave and the expansion of the blast products. Based on the experimental and numerical results, the effects of explosive depth, blast wave front and expansion of the blast products on the failure modes and failure mechanisms were discussed. The underground explosion process at different explosion depths was also analyzed. The results show that attenuation of the stress wave in the soil is significant. The blast wave front and the expansion of the blast products play different roles at different explosion depths. At the explosion depth of 150 mm, the failure mode is mainly caused by a point load induced by the blast wave front, whereas at the depth of 350 mm a sphere-shaped load resulting from the expansion of the blast products is a key factor for failure.     

Dynamic expansion of a spherical cavity within a rate-dependent compressible porous material

The problem of shock expansion of cavities in geological or geologically derived media is of fundamental interest because it is closely related to the blast problem (propagation of waves from an explosion source) as well as to crater formation by hypervelocity projectile impact. Since rock and cementitious materials exhibit very strong high-rate and high-confinement sensitivities, those effects cannot be neglected in a realistic analysis of penetration events. In this paper a new model for the shock expansion of a spherical cavity in an infinite medium that displays very strong high-rate and high-confinement sensitivities is proposed. Waves are generated by an instantaneous rise of the pressure at the surface of the cavity.     

Effect of laser supported detonation wave confinement on termination conditions

A laser supported detonation (LSD) wave was driven using line-focusing laser optics, in which an induced blast wave expanded laterally from the LSD region to surrounding air in two-dimensional space. The LSD wave was confined in quasi-1D space using a wedge nozzle to restrict the lateral expansion of a blast wave. The LSD termination threshold and the blast wave energy were deduced from shadowgraphs showing the blast wave expansion. The respective threshold laser intensities for cases with and without confinement were estimated as 17 and 34 GW/m², indicating that the lateral expansion strongly influenced on the LSD termination condition.      

空腔膨胀理论靶体阻力模型及其应用研究进展

从静/动态空腔膨胀模型的理论体系出发,介绍了空腔膨胀模型在不同方向上取得的成果,主要涉及理想侵彻条件的空腔膨胀压力计算模型及数值模拟方法和空腔膨胀模型在典型侵彻问题及复杂弹靶条件下的应用。在理想侵彻条件下的空腔膨胀压力计算模型中,主要讨论了靶体材料、屈服准则和状态方程对空腔边界应力的影响规律及空腔膨胀模型的适用性问题;根据数值模拟中初始条件的不同,介绍了空腔表面恒定速度/恒定压力两种数值模拟方法,证明了数值模拟方法的可靠性;整理了空腔膨胀模型的基本假设、适用范围、工程应用特点,列举了其在典型侵彻问题及多层复合靶板、约束靶体、弹体刻槽和异形截面形状弹体等复杂弹靶条件下的应用。针对空腔膨胀模型的研究现状,总结了目前空腔膨胀模型在冲击动力学领域的应用方向,归纳了空腔膨胀模型应用中尚存在的问题,展望了空腔膨胀模型下一步的重点发展方向。     

椭圆形孔扩张弹性分析

圆孔扩张理论作为一种相对成熟的理论工具已经广泛运用于岩土工程中的各类问题,但是对于初始孔为椭圆孔的扩孔问题,圆孔扩张理论并不适用。基于保角变换的方法将原物理平面上初始椭圆孔洞的外部映射到像平面上的单位圆外部,将原物理平面上由于椭圆孔洞扩张所产生的位移边界条件转换到像平面上,利用平面复变弹性理论,得到初始椭圆形孔洞孔扩张的弹性解。将本文椭圆孔扩张的退化解与传统圆孔扩张的弹性解进行对比分析,验证椭圆孔扩张弹性解的正确性。续而,针对一算例详细分析了椭圆孔扩张的弹性力学特性。研究结果表明,椭圆孔的退化解与传统的圆孔扩张弹性解完全一致,椭圆孔在弹性扩张过程中长轴方向比短轴方向较难扩张,长轴方向需要的扩张压力比短轴方向的要大。此外,当扩张率a2/a1=0.11/0.1=1.1时,扩张的影响半径为10倍的孔径左右.     

Further study on effect of concrete defense layer on evolution mechanism of stress-waves

The Taylor–Chen–Kuszmaul model, which regards the dynamic fracture process of brittle materials as a continuous accrual of damage, has been successfully applied to simulate rock blast and concrete penetration. This paper employs the TCK damage model to numerical study on the effect of perforated concrete defense layer on evolution mechanism of blast-induced stress waves. The numerical results reveal that the tensile damage near free boundary should be noteworthy under a higher blast loading, and the peak values of hydrostatic pressure beneath an artificial cavity are largely reduced. The effects of cavity dimensions and position on wave evolution and reduction are detailedly explored. One empirical formula is proposed to relate the decay factor of peak hydrostatic pressure to the dimensions and relative position of cavity.     

混凝土靶体计及压实效应的球腔动态膨胀模型和侵彻计算

建立了一混凝土靶体的球腔动态膨胀的侵彻模型。靶体的静水压力一体积应变关系考虑了不同的密实混凝土模型。也研究了混凝土作为多孔材料在高压下的压实效应。混凝土有拉伸强度极限值，其剪切强度与压力相关为Mohr—Coulomb定律。球腔动态膨胀模型考虑球对称空腔在无限介质里从零半径开始以常速度膨胀，产生一塑性区和一弹性区。当膨胀速度足够小时，由于介质的低拉伸强度，塑性区和弹性区之间可存在一径向裂纹区。可由解析方法获得空腔表面压力和弹塑性区界面传播速度随空腔表面扩张速度变化的曲线，再由球腔动态膨胀模型所得的空腔表面压力分布用于计算混凝土靶体的刚性杆弹侵彻深度。本文模型的计算结果与经验公式，不可压缩和线性可压缩混凝土模型的进行了比较。     

尖头弹穿甲韧性金属靶模型分析

基于延性扩孔模式,分析了尖头弹穿甲韧性金属靶的Chen-and-Li模型和Forrestal-and-Warren模 型。结果表明,2种模型形式相同但适用范围不同,差异源于分别应用球形和柱形动态空腔膨胀理论。将2 种模型与相关尖头弹穿甲金属靶的实验数据做了比较,对应于尖头刚性弹对韧性金属靶的延性扩孔穿甲,理 论分析与实验结果吻合。     

Analytical solutions for finite cylindrical dynamic cavity expansion in compressible elastic-plastic materials

Analytical solutions for the dynamic cylindrical cavity expansion in a com-pressible elastic-plastic cylinder with a finite radius are developed by taking into account of the effect of lateral free boundary, which are different from the traditional cavity expan-sion models for targets with infinite dimensions. The finite cylindrical cavity expansion process begins with an elastic-plastic stage followed by a plastic stage. The elastic-plastic stage ends and the plastic stage starts when the plastic wave front reaches the lateral free boundary. Approximate solutions of radial stress on cavity wall are derived by using the Von-Mise yield criterion and Forrestal’s similarity transformation method. The effects of the lateral free boundary and finite radius on the radial stress on the cavity wall are discussed, and comparisons are also conducted with the finite cylindrical cavity expansion in incompressible elastic-plastic materials. Numerical results show that the lateral free boundary has significant influence on the cavity expansion process and the radial stress on the cavity wall of metal cylinder with a finite radius.     

The interaction of oblique blast waves with buildings

Assessment of the net load imparted to a building that is oriented at some angle to an incident blast wave is complicated by the difficulty of establishing the impulse delivered to each part of the building’s surfaces. Expansion waves originating from the edges and top of the building—where regions of different pressures meet—tend to reduce the (oblique) reflected impulses that would develop on an infinitely large surface. This process is referred to as oblique clearing. An investigation which considered a single, tall building aligned obliquely to an effectively uniform blast wave has been undertaken with the aim of demonstrating and describing the path of these expansion waves as the blast wave passes over the building. The investigation comprised a series of small-scale experiments supported by numerical simulations using the code ftt_air3d. The loads arising at two scaled stand-off distances were considered. It is shown that depending on the angle of the building to the blast and the length of the blast wave with respect to the size of the building, the effect of the expansion waves may vary considerably, hence altering the load experienced by the building.