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1.
Fluorous carbobenzyloxy ((F)Cbz) reagents RfCH(2)CH(2)C(6)H(4)CH(2)OC(O)OSu (where Su is succinimidoyl and Rf is C(6)F(13) and C(8)F(17)) have been used to make (F)Cbz derivatives of 18 of the 20 natural amino acids. The potential utility of this new family of reagents in both standard fluorous synthesis with spe separation and fluorous quasiracemic synthesis is illustrated with representative reactions of the (F)Cbz-Phe derivatives.  相似文献   

2.
Practical syntheses of new triarylphosphines bearing both linear and branched fluorous tags (Rf) are reported. The phosphines have one, two, or all three aryl rings bearing fluorous tags: (Ph)(3)(-)(n)()P(C(6)H(4)(CH(2))(m)()Rf)(n)(). Fluorous-organic partition coefficients have been measured and the retention properties of both the phosphines and the derived phosphine oxides on fluorous reverse phase silica have been studied. While applications relying on liquid-liquid extractive separations of these phosphines may be limited to those bearing three fluorous chains, the technique of solid phase extraction should be broadly applicable to phosphines, phosphine oxides, and derived metal complexes. A parallel platinum-catalyzed allylation of aldehydes with fluorous allyl stannanes illustrates the usefulness of the new fluorous ligands in small-scale synthesis.  相似文献   

3.
Fluorous solutions of alkyl halides Rf8(CH2)mX (m = 2, 3; X = Cl, Br, I) are inert toward solid or aqueous NaCl, NaBr, and KI, but halide substitution occurs in the presence of fluorous phosphonium salts (10 mol %, 76-100 degrees C).  相似文献   

4.
First generation fluorous DEAD reagent bis(perfluorohexylethyl)azo dicarboxylate (C(6)F(13)(CH(2))(2)O(2)CN=NCO(2)(CH(2))(2)C(6)F(13), F-DEAD-1) has been shown to underperform relative to diisopropylazodicarboxylate in difficult Mitsunobu reactions involving hindered alcohols or less acidic pronucleophiles (phenols). Two new second generation fluorous reagents bearing propylene spacers instead of the ethylene spacers show expanded reaction scope while retaining the easy fluorous separation features. Byproducts from "half fluorous" reagent perfluorooctylpropyl tert-butyl azo dicarboxylate (C(8)F(17)(CH(2))(3)O(2)CN=NCO2(t)Bu, F-DEAD-2) can be removed by fluorous flash chromatography, and byproducts from bis(perfluorohexylpropyl)azo dicarboxylate (C(6)F(13)(CH(2))(3)O(2)CN=NCO(2)(CH(2))(3)C(6)F(13), F-DEAD-3) can be removed by fluorous solid-phase extraction. The new reagents promise to provide general and complementary solutions for separation problems in Mitsunobu reactions without restricting reaction scope.  相似文献   

5.
The first fluorous variants of the Boc (tert-butyloxycarbonyl) group have been prepared and tested for their suitability as nitrogen protecting groups. A group with two fluorous chains and an ethylene spacer, (RfCH2CH2)2(CH3)COC(O)-, was readily attached to a representative amine but was difficult to cleave. In contrast, groups with two fluorous chains and a propylene spacer, (RfCH2CH2CH2)2(CH3)COC(O)-, or one fluorous chain and an ethylene spacer, (RfCH2CH2)(CH3)2COC(O)-, were readily formed and cleaved. The fluorous alcohol component of the (F)Boc group can be removed by evaporation and can be recovered and reused. The utility of the new (F)Boc group (C8F17CH2CH2)(CH3)2COC(O)- was demonstrated in 16 and 96 compound library synthesis exercises. Separations can be achieved either by manual, parallel fluorous solid-phase extraction, or automated, serial fluorous chromatography. The results provide additional confirmation of the value of "light" fluorous synthesis techniques, and the new fluorous Boc groups expand the applicability of fluorous synthesis techniques to many classes of nitrogen-containing organic compounds.  相似文献   

6.
A library of fluorous, (1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluoroalkyl)silyl-substituted derivatives of triphenylphosphine, Ph(3-a)P[C(6)H(5-y)[SiMe(3-b)(CH(2)CH(2)C(x)F(2x+1))(b)](y)-pos](a) [a = 1-3; b = 1-3; x = 4, 6, 8, or 10; pos = 3, 4 (y = 1) or 3,5 (y = 2)], was prepared using parallel synthetic techniques. Upon variation of these four parameters, a total of 108 different fluorous phosphines can be synthesized. Using factorial design, 37 phosphines were selected and their partition coefficients in the typical fluorous biphasic solvent system PFMCH/toluene (PFMCH = perfluoromethylcyclohexane) determined. By fitting of the partition coefficient data to linear functions of the parameters a, b, and x, the partition coefficients of the remaining 71 fluorous phosphines, which were not prepared, could be predicted. Using this approach, some unexpected trends in the dependence of the partition coefficient on variations of the four parameters became clear, resulting in a better understanding of the optimum fluorous substitution pattern for obtaining the highest partition coefficient (P). In this way, the partition coefficient was increased by 2 orders of magnitude, i.e., from the initial value P = 7.8 for 1(3, 2, 6, C4) to P > 238 for 1(2, 3, 6, C3C5). Para- and 3,5-substituted phosphines showed irregular behavior in the sense that elongation or increase of the number of perfluoroalkyl tails did not necessarily lead to higher partition coefficients. Particularly high values were found for phosphines containing a total of 72 fluorinated carbon atoms on the meta position(s) of the aryl rings. Linear relationships were found between the predicted log P of 1(a, b, x, C4) and the experimentally determined log P values of fluorous diphosphines [CH(2)P[C(6)H(4)(SiMe(3-b)(CH(2)CH(2)C(6)F(13))(b))-4](2)](2) and monophosphines Ph(3-a)P(C(6)H(4)(CH(2)CH(2)C(6)F(13))-4)(a). One of the most fluorophilic phosphines, i.e., 1(3, 1, 8, C3C5), was applied and efficiently recycled in rhodium-catalyzed, fluorous hydrosilylation of 1-hexene by HSiMe(2)Ph using PFMCH as the fluorous phase and the substrates as the organic phase. It was demonstrated that a higher partition coefficient of the ligand in PFMCH/toluene at 0 degrees C indeed resulted in less leaching of both the catalyst and the free ligand during phase separation.  相似文献   

7.
采用氟碳-有机溶剂两相催化体系,考察了1,1,3,3-四(全氟己基乙基)二锡氧烷二聚体(1)在环氧化合物开环反应中的催化作用.结果表明,催化剂(1)在氟碳-有机溶剂两相体系中使环氧苯乙烯和甲醇的开环反应产率高达95%,13CNMR谱表明,开环反应的区域选择性为100%.在氟碳-有机溶剂两相催化体系中以一锅法制备了3-苯基丙酸2-甲氧基-2-苯乙醇酯,收率高,方法简便,催化剂几乎可以定量回收循环使用.  相似文献   

8.
A modular synthetic protocol was developed for the preparation of fluorous trialkylphosphines with a different number of methylene spacers and various lengths of the fluorous ponytails P[(CH(2))(A)R(FX)][(CH(2))(B)R(FY)][(CH(2))(C)R(FZ)] (A, B, C = 3 and 4; X, Y, Z = 4, 6, and 8). [reaction: see text]  相似文献   

9.
A novel approach to the preparation of perfluorotail-functionalized triarylphosphines using a p-silyl substituent as the branching point has been developed. This approach enabled the attachment of between three and nine perfluorotails per phosphorus atom, resulting in the production of highly fluorous tris[p-(1H,1H,2H, 2H-perfluoroalkylsilyl)aryl]phosphines, P[C(6)H(4)-p-SiMe(3)(-)(n)()(CH(2)CH(2)C(x)()F(2)(x)()(+1))(n)()](3) (n = 1, 2, 3; x = 6, 8), containing between 50 and 67 wt % fluorine. (31)P NMR studies indicate that the phosphorus atoms, and consequently the sigma-donor and pi-acceptor properties of these phosphines, are not influenced by the electron-withdrawing perfluoroalkyltails. The fluorous triarylphosphines are readily soluble in fluorous solvents and display fluorous phase preference in several fluorous biphasic systems. The phase partitioning of these fluorous ligands, as well as their donor properties, is discussed in relation to their potential for fluorous biphasic catalyst separation.  相似文献   

10.
A series of fluorous derivatives of group 10 complexes MCl(2)(dppe) and [M(dppe)(2)](BF(4))(2) (M = Ni, Pd or Pt; dppe = 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane) and cis-PtCl(2)(PPh(3))(2) was synthesized. The influence of para-(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluoroalkyl)dimethylsilyl-functionalization of the phosphine phenyl groups of these complexes, as studied by NMR spectroscopy, cyclovoltammetry (CV), XPS analyses, as well as DFT calculations, points to a weak steric and no significant inductive electronic effect. The steric effect is most pronounced for M = Ni and leads in the case of NiCl(2)(1c) (3c) and [Ni(1c)(2)](BF(4))(2) (7c) (1c = [CH(2)P[C(6)H(4)(SiMe(2)CH(2)CH(2)C(6)F(13))-4](2)](2)) to a tetrahedral distortion from the expected square planar geometry. The solubility behavior of NiCl(2)[CH(2)P[C(6)H(4)(SiMe(3-b)(CH(2)CH(2)C(x)F(2x+1)b)-4](2)](2) (3: b = 1-3; x = 6, 8) in THF, toluene, and c-C(6)F(11)CF(3) was found to follow the same trends as those observed for the free fluorous ligands 1. A similar correlation between the partition coefficient (P) of complexes 3 and free 1 was observed in fluorous biphasic solvent systems, with a maximum value obtained for 3f (b = 3, x = 6, P = 23 in favor of the fluorous phase).  相似文献   

11.
[reaction: see text] The relative reactivities of triphenylphosphine (PPh(3)) and three fluorous triarylphosphines [(p-R(F)(CH(2))(2)C(6)H(4))(n)PPh(3)(-)(n), where n = 1-3] have been compared in internal competition experiments. Product ratios were determined by (31)P NMR spectroscopy. The four phosphines have about the same reactivities in oxidation, alkylation, and Staudinger reactions and give comparable yields in a preparative Mitsunobu reaction. Previously observed rate and yield differences in Staudinger reactions of the fluorous phosphines are attributed to solubility effects, not reactivity differences. A light fluorous phosphine [(p-C(8)F(17)(CH(2))(2)C(6)H(4))PPh(2)] outperforms a commercially available resin-bound phosphine in a competitive benzylation experiment by a factor of about 4.  相似文献   

12.
A series of N,N'-dialkyl-4,13-diaza-18-crown-6 lariat ethers possessing two C8H17 (2), (CH2)3C8F17 (3), (CH2)3C10F21 (4), and (CH2)2C8F17 (5) side arms were synthesized in good yields by N-alkylation of 4,13-diaza-18-crown-6. Potassium picrate could be extracted from an aqueous solution into an organic phase by all of the perfluoroalkylated macrocycles demonstrating their potential to be used as phase-transfer catalysts, and preliminary studies on a classical nucleophilic substitution established that they each gave higher catalytic activities under solid-liquid than under liquid-liquid phase-transfer conditions. The light fluorous macrocycles gave similar, if not better, catalytic activity compared to the parent, non-fluorinated phase-transfer catalyst 2 under solid-liquid conditions in conventional organic solvents in both an aliphatic and an aromatic nucleophilic substitution. N,N'-Bis(1H,1H,2H,2H,3H,3H-perfluoroundecyl)-4,13-diaza-18-crown-6 (3) was recycled six times in the iodide displacement reaction of 1-bromooctane and four times in the fluoride displacement reaction of 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene using fluorous solid-phase extraction without any loss in activity.  相似文献   

13.
Reactions of the diphosphine 1,3-C6H4(CH2PH2)2 and fluorous alkenes H2C=CHR(fn)(R(fn)=(CF2)(n-1)CF3; n = 6, 8) at 75 degrees C in the presence of AIBN give the title ligands 1,3-C6H4(CH2P(CH2CH2R(fn))2)2(3-R(fn)) and byproducts 1,3-C6H4(CH3)(CH2P(CH2CH2R(fn))2)(4-R(fn)) in 1 : 3 to 1 : 5 ratios. Workups give -R(fn) in 4--17% yields. Similar results are obtained photochemically. Reaction of 1,3-C6H4(CH2Br)2 and HP(CH2CH2R(f8))2 (5) at 80 degrees C (neat, 1 : 2 mol ratio) gives instead of simple substitution the metacyclophane [1,3-C6H4(CH2P(CH2CH2R(f8))2 CH2-1,3-C(6)H(4)CH(2)P[lower bond 1 end](CH2CH2R(f8))2C[upper bond 1 end]H2](2+)2Br-, which upon treatment with LiAlH(4) yields 3-R(f8)(20%), 4-R(f8), and other products. Efforts to better access 3-R(f8), either by altering stoichiometry or using various combinations of the phosphine borane (H3B)PH(CH2CH2R(f8))2 and base, are unsuccessful. Reactions of 3-R(fn) with Pd(O2CCF3)2 and [IrCl(COE)2]2(COE=cyclooctene) give the palladium and iridium pincer complexes (2,6,1-C6H3(CH2 P(CH2CH2R(fn))(2)(2)Pd(O2CCF3)(10-R(fn); 80-90%) and (2,6,1-C6H3(CH2P(CH2CH2R(f8))2)2)Ir(Cl)(H)(11-R(f8); 29%), which exhibit CF3C6F(11)/toluene partition coefficients of >96 : <4. The crystal structure of 10-R(f8) shows CH2CH2R(f8) groups with all-anti conformations that extend in parallel above and below the palladium square plane to create fluorous lattice domains. NMR monitoring shows a precursor to 11-R(f8) that is believed to be a COE adduct.  相似文献   

14.
Reactions of the bis(pyridine) complex (H2IMes)(Py)2(Cl)2Ru(=CHPh) and fluorous phosphines P(CH2CH2R(fn))3 (n = a, 6; b, 8; c, 10; R(fn) = (CF2)(n-1)CF3) give (H2IMes)(P(CH2CH2R(fn))3)(Cl)2Ru(=CHPh) (2a-c, 64-73%), which are analogs of Grubbs' second generation catalyst and effective alkene metathesis catalysts under organic monophasic and fluorous/organic biphasic conditions. The latter give rate accelerations, which are believed to arise from phase transfer of the dissociated fluorous phosphine.  相似文献   

15.
A new type of fluorous distannoxanes, [XRf2SnOSnRf2Y]2 (Rf = C6F13C2H4; X, Y = C6F13SO3 (2) and (C6F13SO2)2N, Cl (3)) was prepared successfully as hydrates from the reaction of [ClRf2SnOSnRf2Cl]2 with C6F13SO3Ag and (C6F13SO2)2NAg, respectively. Despite their high fluorine content (59.85 and 59.27% F), these distannoxanes were completely insoluble in fluorocarbons as well as hydrocarbons and halo alkanes. In contrast to this, fluorous distannoxanes 2 and 3 were soluble in polar organic solvents, such as EtOAc, acetone, and THF. When 2 and 3 were added to a two-phase mixture of fluorocarbon and EtOAc, the mixture turned miscible in proportion to the amount of 2 and 3 added, and finally, the mixture turned to a homogeneous solution.  相似文献   

16.
Iodinations of the ortho, meta, and para fluorous arenes (R(f8)CH(2)CH(2)CH(2))(2)C(6)H(4) (R(f8)=(CF(2))(7)CF(3)) with I(2)/H(5)IO(6) in AcOH/H(2)SO(4)/H(2)O give 3,4-(R(f8)CH(2)CH(2)CH(2))(2)C(6)H(3)I (5) and the analogous 2,4- (6) and 2,5- (7) isomers, respectively. Spectroscopic yields are >90 %, but 5 and 7 must be separated by chromatography from by-products (yields isolated: 70 %, 97 %, 61 %). Reaction of 1,3,5-(R(f8)CH(2)CH(2)CH(2))(3)C(6)H(3) with PhI(OAc)(2)/I(2) gives 2,4,6-(R(f8)CH(2)CH(2)CH(2))(3)C(6)H(2)I (8) on multigram scales in 97 % yield. The CF(3)C(6)F(11)/toluene partition coefficients of 5-8 (24 degrees C: 69.5:30.5 (5), 74.7:25.3 (6), 73.9:26.1 (7), 98.0:2.0 (8)) are lower than those of the precursors, but CF(3)C(6)F(11)/MeOH gives higher values (97.0:3.0 (5), 98.6:1.4 (6), 98.0:2.0 (7), >99.3:<0.3 (8)). Reactions of 5-8 with excess NaBO(3) in AcOH yield the corresponding ArI(OAc)(2) species 9-12 (9, 85 % as a 90:10 9/5 mixture; 10, 97 %; 11, 95 %; 12, 93 % as a 95:5 12/8 mixture). These rapidly oxidize 1,4-hydroquinones in MeOH. Subsequent additions of CF(3)C(6)F(11) give liquid biphase systems. Solvent removal from the CF(3)C(6)F(11) phases gives 5-8 in >99-98 % yields, and solvent removal from the MeOH phases gives the quinone products, normally in >99-95 % yields. The recovered compounds 5-8 are easily reoxidized to 9-12 and used again.  相似文献   

17.
A variety of Group 10 metal complexes [MXY(dfppp)], M = Ni, X, Y = Cl, Br, M = Pd, Pt, X, Y = Cl or CH(3), containing the recently reported highly fluorous diphosphine ligand, dfppp, 1,3-bis[di(fluoroponytail)phosphino]propane, {(p-F(13)C(6)C(6)H(4))(2)P}(2)(CH(2))(3) have been synthesised. They have been characterised by NMR, mass spectrometry and microanalysis, with two platinum complexes, [PtCl(2)(dfppp)] and [PtClMe(dfppp)], structurally characterised by single crystal X-ray diffraction studies. The highly fluorous nature of the ligands affords the complexes good supercritical CO(2) solubility as measured by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), and has allowed for the copolymerisation of CO and ethylene using [PdClMe(dfppp)] as the catalyst precursor and CO(2) as the solvent. Additionally, PtCl(2) complexes of the new ligands dfppb, {(p-F(13)C(6)C(6)H(4))(2)P}(2)(CH(2))(4), and dfpop, {(p-F(13)C(6)C(6)H(4)O)(2)P}(2)(CH(2))(3), have also been prepared and characterised.  相似文献   

18.
This fluorous biphasic catalysis (FBC) contribution was focused on the synthesis and characterization of new fluorous soluble R(f)-Cu(II) carboxylate complexes containing nonfluoroponytailed ligands and defines their role as precatalysts for the FBC oxidation of alkenols and alcohols in the presence of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl (TEMPO)/O(2). In this FBC approach, we have utilized the phase-switching technique of Vincent et al. (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 12942) to solubilize the nonfluoroponytailed ligands, N-1,4,7-Me(3)TACN, 2, and N-1,4,7-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA), 3, by reaction with a fluorous solvent-soluble copper (II) dimeric complex, [Cu({C(8)F(17)(CH(2))(2)}(2)CHCO(2))(2)](2), 1. Moreover, the reaction of nonfluoroponytailed ligands 2 and 3 with 1 afforded new perfluoroheptane-soluble Cu(II) complexes, [Cu({C(8)F(17)(CH(2))(2)}(2)CHCO(2))(2)(2)], 4, and [Cu({C(8)F(17)(CH(2))(2)}(2)CHCO(2))(2) (3)], 5, respectively. The known Cu(II) complex, 1, was further characterized by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy confirming its dimeric structure, while 4 and 5 were characterized by elemental analysis, IR, diffuse reflectance UV-vis, and EPR spectroscopy. Furthermore, 1, 4, and 5 were evaluated as precatalysts for alkenol and alcohol oxidation. The oxidation reactions of alkenols and alcohols in the presence of TEMPO/O(2) proceeded under FBC conditions for 1, 4, and 5, but 1-octanol was unreactive under single-phase FBC conditions at 90 degrees C with TEMPO/O(2). The thermomorphic property of 5, soluble in chlorobenzene/toluene at 90 degrees C but insoluble at room temperature, was also evaluated in the selective oxidation of p-nitrobenzyl alcohol to p-nitrobenzaldehyde. Plausible mechanisms concerning these FBC/thermomorphic oxidation reactions will be discussed.  相似文献   

19.
Reactions of 2,6-dibromo-, 3,5-dibromo-, and 2,4,6-tribromopyridine with IZnCH(2)CH(2)R(f8) (R(f8) = (CF(2))(7)CF(3)) in THF at 65 degrees C in the presence of trans-Cl(2)Pd(PPh(3))(2) (5 mol %) gave the fluorous pyridines 2,6- and 3,5-NC(5)H(3)(CH(2)CH(2)R(f8))(2) (1 and 2; 85%, 31%) and 2,4,6-NC(5)H(2)(CH(2)CH(2)R(f8))(3) (3, 61%). Reaction of 2,6-pyridinedicarboxaldehyde with [Ph(3)PCH(2)CH(2)R(f8)](+)I(-)/K(2)CO(3) (p-dioxane/H(2)O, 95 degrees C) gave 2,6-NC(5)H(3)(CH[double bond]CHCH(2)R(f8))(2) (95%; 70:30 ZZ/ZE), which was treated with H(2) (1 atm, 12 h) and 10% Pd/C to yield 2,6-NC(5)H(3)(CH(2)CH(2)CH(2)R(f8))(2) (5, 95%), a higher homologue of 1. Longer reaction times afforded piperidine cis-2,6-HNC(5)H(8)(CH(2)CH(2)CH(2)R(f8))(2) (6, 98%). The stereochemistry was established by NMR analysis of the N-benzylpiperidine. Pyridines 1-3 and 5 are low-melting white solids with CF(3)C(6)F(11)/toluene partition coefficients (24 degrees C) of 93.8:6.2, 93.9:6.1, >99.7:<0.3, and 90.4:9.6, respectively (6, 93.6:6.4). Reaction of 1 and CF(3)SO(3)H gave a pyridinium salt, and Cl(2)Pd(NCCH(3))(2) (0.5 equiv) yielded trans-Cl(2)Pd(1)(2). The crystal structure of the former, which also exhibited liquid crystalline and ionic liquid phases, was determined.  相似文献   

20.
A convenient and effective method for the preparation of perfluoroalkylated ethenes is described. First, the free radical addition of perfluoroalkyl iodides to trimethylvinylsilane in the presence of AIBN gave iodoethylsilane intermediates (F(CF(2))(n)()CH(2)CHISiMe(3), n = 4 (1), 6 (2), 8 (3), 10 (4); 94-99%). Then an unusual dehydrohalogenation-desilylation reaction was effected by tetrabutylammonium fluoride, and finally the product isolation (F(CF(2))(n)()CH=CH(2) (5-8), 62-87%) was facilitated using a fluorous phase separation technique. This novel approach can also be applied to adjust short C(2) hydrocarbon units to functionalized fluorinated segments (e.g., HOCH(2)(CF(2))(8)CH=CH(2) (11), 71%). All structures were verified by state-of-the-art multinuclear one- and two-dimensional NMR experiments involving both homo- ((19)F-(19)F) and heteronuclear ((1)H-(13)C, (19)F-(13)C) correlations based on the GMQFCOPS and inverse (1)H and/or (19)F detected GHSQC, GHMQC sequences with broad-band adiabatic (13)C decoupling.  相似文献   

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