一元弱酸溶液氢离子浓度近似计算的课程新设计

通常情况下,一元弱酸HA溶液氢离子浓度可按近似式■估算。不同于现有教科书,本文以新的方式导出上述公式,并用数学方法推导出了[H~+]_(AV1)和[H~+]_(AV2)近似式的使用条件。(1)溶液中[H~+][OH-]时,可忽略水的离解,此时可用[H~+]_(AV1)估算溶液pH。[H~+]_(AV1)与氢离子准确浓度[H~+]T相对误差不大于±5%时,需要满足两条件c6.0×10~(-6)mol·L~(-1)和c K_a≥10K_w;(2)用[H~+]_(AV2)估算溶液pH的条件为[H~+]■[OH-]和[HA]≈c,即同时忽略水的离解和忽略HA的离解。[H~+]_(AV2)与[H~+]T相对误差不大于±5%时,要求满足c K_a≥10K_w和c≥105K_a。本文首次用数学方法推导出c K_a≥10K_w或c≥105K_a等条件,与现教科书有关内容比较,具有判据严谨、边界条件清晰、学生容易理解等优点,对提高教学效果具有积极意义。     

数学方法推导一元弱酸溶液氢离子浓度的近似公式及适用条件

近似计算一元弱酸HA溶液的氢离子浓度[H+]（相对误差在±5%以内）是分析化学工作者需要掌握的方法。利用严谨的数学方法,获得了各类近似公式的使用条件和浓度适用范围。例如,从近似式[H+]AV1=1/2（-Ka+√Ka2+4cKa+4c）出发,推导出了计算氢离子浓度的其他2个近似公式：（1）c越小,[H+]AV1越趋向c。计算表明,当满足c≤1/19Ka和c≥5.0×10-7 mol/L时,弱酸HA就可作强酸处理,此时得到近似式[H+]AV4=c,这极大简化了弱酸溶液氢离子浓度的计算。（2）c越大,[H+]AV1越接近√cKa。当满足c≥105Ka和cKa≥10Kw时,弱酸溶液氢离子浓度可按最简式[H+]AV2=√cKa计算。还解释了c≥105Ka和c≤1/19Ka时所包含的物理意义。需要强调的是,本文首次给出了各近似式的浓度适用范围,比如忽略水的解离时,除了满足cKa≥10Kw,还必须要求c≥6.0×10-6 mol/L。     

忽略第二级离解的判据推导和二元弱酸溶液氢离子浓度的近似计算*

为推导出忽略二元弱酸$H_{2}A$第二级离解的判据,设计了虚拟酸A和虚拟酸B并计算了酒石酸、虚拟酸A和虚拟酸B的准确氢离子浓度$[H^{+}]_{T}$和近似氢离子浓度$[H^{+}]_{AV}$。计算结果表明:忽略$H_{2}A$第二级离解的判据与$\frac{K_{a1}}{K_{a2}}$比值相关。从极端二元酸($K_{a1}=K_{a2}$)得到的判据为$\frac{2K_{a2}}{[H^{+}]_{AV}}为推导出忽略二元弱酸H_2A第二级离解的判据,设计了虚拟酸A和虚拟酸B并计算了酒石酸、虚拟酸A和虚拟酸B的准确氢离子浓度[H~+]_T和近似氢离子浓度[H~+]_(AV)。计算结果表明:忽略H_2A第二级离解的判据与■比值相关。从极端二元酸(K_(a1)=K_(a2))得到的判据为■,其中[H~+]_(AV)=■。■≤0.11判据具有广泛的普适性,可以用于所有二元弱酸溶液。新判据除了保证溶液氢离子浓度近似值[H~+]_(AV)的准确度外(误差SymbolqB@5%以内),同时还具有覆盖浓度区间宽的显著优点。     

两性物质NaHA溶液pH近似式的物理意义及使用条件

两性物质NaHA溶液的pH计算是化学教学的重要内容,当前教科书介绍了各类p H近似公式,但对各近似式的物理意义和使用条件缺少论证,存在物理意义不清晰、使用条件错误等弊端。按照Na HA溶液呈酸性(K_a1K_a2>K_w)或呈碱性(K_a1K_a2w)的属性,详述了Na HA溶液各p H近似式的物理意义,修正了各近似式的使用条件。c K_a2≥20K_w时,忽略碱式解离产生的OH^-和水离解产生的OH^-,可得到酸性两性物质溶液p H近似式;c≥20K_a1 (相当于cK_b2≥20K_w)时,忽略酸式解离产生的H⁺和水离解产生的H⁺,可得到碱性两性物质溶液p H近似式;最简式pH=(pK_a1+pK_a2)/2可适用于酸性和碱性...     

2-氨基-6-甲基吡啶/Keggin型多酸超分子化合物的合成、结构及催化氧化碘离子研究

本论文采用水热法合成了一种新型多酸基超分子化合物,通过元素分析、X-射线单晶衍射IR、XRD、TG对化合物进行了表征,结果表明:化合物的结构式为(C_6H_9N_2)_3[PMo_(12)O_(40)]·2H_2O(PMo-12),属正交晶系,Pnma空间群,晶胞参数a=14.5600(2)?,b=19.4862(3)?,c=17.7475?,α=β=γ=90°,V=5035.30(12)?~3,Z=4,R_1=0.0387,wR_2=0.0997。以过氧化氢为氧化剂,用PMo-12催化碘离子氧化,结果表明:该催化剂在催化过氧化氢氧化碘离子中表现出较为优异的催化活性且具有稳定的可重复性,25℃条件下,当m(PMo-12)=0.01g,c(I~-)=2.5×10~(-3) mol·L~(-1),c(H_2O_2)=1.25×10~(-3 )mol·L~(-1),c(H~+)=2.5×10~(-3) mol·L~(-1)时其反应速率达到1.8043×10~(-6)mol·L~(-1)·S~(-1),比未加催化剂的反应速率提高了106倍。     

关于一元酸准确滴定判据的商榷

化学分析教科书中给出的弱酸能被准确滴定的条件是cKa≥1.0×10-8。本文根据这一判据的来源(滴定突跃≥0.3pH单位),对一元酸体系的滴定情况进行了严格数学处理。计算结果表明,只有同时满足弱酸的浓度c1.0×10-3mol/L和cKa≥1.0×10-8条件下,弱酸才能被准确滴定。对于浓度极稀的酸溶液(c≤1.4×10-4mol/L),无论强酸还是弱酸都不能被准确滴定。对教材很少涉及的不同浓度酸碱互相滴定的情况也给出了有价值的结论。     

工科无机化学元素部分实验试题

下列试题均要写出实验报告.内容包括详细的实验步骤、实验现象和结果及反应式,并从结果作出相应的推论. 1.根据给定试剂,用实验说明在不同的[H~+]溶液中反应Ni~(2+)+H_2S=NiS_+2H~+进行的情况. 给定试剂:NiSO_4(0.1mol·L~(-1));H_2S(0.1mol·L~(-1));H_2SO_4(2mol·L~(-1));NaOH(2mol·L~(-1))NH_3·H_2O(2mol·L~(-1));二乙酰二肟(丁二酮肟)(1%);pH试纸.     

中国科学院上海有机化学研究所1986年研究生入学考试试题——无机及分析化学

一、选择题(10分)1.一个电子排布为1s~2 2s~2 2p~6 3s~2 3p~6 3d~(10) 4s~1元素的最高氧化数是()。(a) 1,(b) 2,(c) 3,(d)-2,(e)-12.将1mol P_4O_(10)分子转化为正磷酸需要水分子()。(a)2mol,(b)4mol,(c)6mol,(d)8mol(e)10mol3.根据Bronsted的酸碱理论,H_3PO_4的共轭碱是()。(a)H~ ,(b)OH~-,(c)PO_4~(3-),(d)HPO_4~(2-),     

有关一元弱酸溶液中[H＋]的求算

当求算浓度为C-元弱酸HA溶液中[H^ ]时，除极弱较稀酸液外，通常忽略水的电离，得求解[H^ ]的近似式     

电解氧化分解稀土沉淀废水中草酸的研究

为有效去除稀土草酸沉淀废水中残留的草酸,采用电解氧化探索氧化分解废水中草酸的可行性。考察不同阳极、反应温度、反应时间、废水初始酸度等因素对氧化效果的影响。草酸的氧化速度随反应温度、电流和反应时间的增加而升高,随初始酸度的增加反而降低,确定了优化工艺条件。[C_2O_4~(2-)]=1.84 g·L~(-1),[H~+]=0.90 mol·L~(-1)的Eu草酸沉淀废水,在反应温度30℃,电流1.5 A,反应时间5 h,草酸的氧化率可达99%,废水中残留的草酸质量浓度仅为0.01 g·L~(-1),处理后的废水可直接返回稀土萃取分离,实现了工艺流程的闭路循环。     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.     

Chemistry of heterocyclic compounds at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, over 50 years (Review)

The review contains a concise historical account and information on the most significant researches undertaken by the staff at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds. Dedicated to Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences B. A. Trofimov on his 70th jubilee. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 10, pp. 1443–1502, October, 2008.