非线形嵌段共聚物的合成

主要介绍了非线形嵌段共聚物,如星型嵌段共聚物、杂臂星型共聚物、梳型聚合物等的合成方法,包括多官能团引发剂法、大分子引发剂法等。各种活性聚合方法,如阳离子开环聚合、原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)和氮氧稳定自由基聚合等都可以用于合成非线形嵌段共聚物。     

甲基丙烯酸丁酯和苯乙烯的原子转移自由基嵌段共聚

活性聚合以其无链转移、无链终止和引发速度远大于增长速率的特点,应用于合成单分散聚合物、预定序列结构的嵌段共聚物等．常用的活性聚合方法如阴离子聚合、阳离子聚合及基团转移聚合对反应条件要求苛刻,不能用于丙烯酸酯类极性单体和苯乙烯类非极性单体的嵌段共聚．与...     

双官能团引发剂进行的基团转移嵌段共聚

嵌段共聚物的合成技术有较大的可靠性和预见性,并可提供别的聚合物所不能达到的特殊性能。用基团转移聚合的方法进行丙烯酸酯类极性单体室温下的活性聚合,能得到具有预定链长、嵌段纯度和多分散性指数小的嵌段共聚物。用双官能团引发剂进行基团转移嵌段共聚,可减少加单体的次数,避免引进杂质,且能合成用单官能团引发剂所无法得到的A—B—     

活性聚合法合成结构精确的含氟嵌段共聚物

结构精确的含氟嵌段共聚物具有优异而独特的化学和物理性能,有广阔的应用前景,因此受到广泛的关注.含氟嵌段共聚物可分为两类,一类是侧基含氟嵌段共聚物,另一类是主链含氟嵌段共聚物.活性聚合为嵌段共聚物的合成提供了最为重要的方法,利用它可以合成结构精确、分子量可控、分子量分布窄的嵌段共聚物.根据单体的反应特性选择不同的聚合方法,可以得到不同的含氟嵌段共聚物.本文主要综述了近几年利用各种活性聚合方法合成结构精确的含氟嵌段共聚物方面的进展.     

活性正离子聚合转化法合成嵌段共聚物的研究进展

综述了国内外利用活性正离子聚合转化法合成嵌段聚合物的研究进展。     

可控自由基聚合与其它活性聚合方法结合制备嵌段共聚物

可控自由基聚合与其它聚合方法结合,可以制备多种类型的嵌段共聚物,因此得到了广泛关注。本文着重介绍可控自由基聚合与离子开环聚合、阴离子聚合、烯类单体的阳离子聚合及其它活性聚合方法结合制备嵌段共聚物的研究现状和进展。     

嵌段液晶高分子的合成进展

综述了近几年嵌段液晶共聚物在合成方面取得的新进展，主要包括活性聚合、液晶（或非液晶、低聚物与非液晶（或液晶）聚全物的单体反应、液晶低聚物与非液晶低降物直接反应和先制备非液晶嵌段共聚物再于侧链引入液晶基元四个方面。同时还简要地介绍了嵌段液晶共聚物的结构、性能以及今后的发展趋势。     

基于聚异戊二烯嵌段共聚物的研究进展

含异戊二烯结构单元的嵌段共聚物,以其优异的性能,在自组装材料和纳米尺寸材料等领域得到了日益广泛的关注和研究。本文从合成的角度出发,系统地综述了聚异戊二烯嵌段共聚物的制备方法,特别介绍了基于聚异戊二烯嵌段合成的阴离子聚合以及活性自由基聚合中的氮氧自由基聚合(NMRP)、可逆加成-断裂链转移自由基聚合(RAFT)、原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)等聚合方法。以可控聚合为基础的多种聚合技术综合运用是制备聚异戊二烯嵌段共聚物未来的发展方向。     

含糖嵌段聚合物的合成

含糖嵌段聚合物生物降解性和生物相容性好,其分子链上含有大量可反应性基团(如羟基、氨基或羧基),可进行后续功能化改性,在热塑性弹性体、增容剂、表面活性剂、生物降解材料、药物载体材料等方面显示出广阔的应用前景,是近年来发展起来的一种新型功能材料.本文综述了含糖嵌段聚合物的合成研究进展,糖种类涉及寡糖、纤维素、葡聚糖、直链淀粉和透明质酸等,聚合方法主要包括阴离子聚合、阳离子聚合、自由基聚合、开环聚合、酶促聚合、化学偶联等.     

基于ATRP技术的多嵌段共聚物研究进展

原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)技术是合成结构规整性聚合物的有效途径。综述了近十年来采用ATRP技术合成多嵌段共聚物的研究进展。从引发剂、共聚单体和反应条件等方面讨论了ABA型、ABC型和ABCBA型等类型多嵌段共聚物的合成、性质与潜在应用。对原子转移自由基聚合技术在合成功能性多嵌段共聚物中的应用前景进行了展望。     

Direct through anionic,cationic, and radical active species: Terminal carbon–halogen bond for “controlled”/living polymerizations of styrene

In this work, we examined the synthesis of novel block (co)polymers by mechanistic transformation through anionic, cationic, and radical living polymerizations using terminal carbon–halogen bond as the dormant species. First, the direct halogenation of growing species in the living anionic polymerization of styrene was examined with CCl₄ to form a carbon–halogen terminal, which can be employed as the dormant species for either living cationic or radical polymerization. The mechanistic transformation was then performed from living anionic polymerization into living cationic or radical polymerization using the obtained polymers as the macroinitiator with the SnCl₄/n‐Bu₄NCl or RuCp^*Cl(PPh₃)/Et₃N initiating system, respectively. Finally, the combination of all the polymerizations allowed the synthesis block copolymers including unprecedented gradient block copolymers composed of styrene and p‐methylstyrene. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2019 , 57, 465–473     

Polyisobutylene based designed polymers

The field of cationic polymerization has moved center stage with the recent discovery of living polymerization that lead to the design of polymers with controlled molecular architecture. This report will provide a brief introduction of living cationic polymerization of isobutylene (IB) by tertiary ethers, and new cationic initiating systems based on peroxides and hydroperoxides. This paper will also briefly review some our recent work on the design of block copolymers via multi-mode polymerization (cationic–radical transformation) including the synthesis of star-blocks. The application of polyisobutylenes (PIBs) in the design of “beaded molecular strings,” a new class of molecular assembly will be discussed as well.     

Photoinitiating systems and their use in polymer synthesis

This paper on recent developments in the use of photoinitiating systems in polymer synthesis concentrates on: (i) the possiblity of controlled//living polymerization by photopolymerization, (ii) major photoinitiating systems for both cationic and radical polymerization and (iii) preparation of block copolymers and functional polymers by photoinduced processes. Much progress has been made in the past ten years in preparation of block copolymers by photoinduced reactions of either chromophoric groups incorporated into polymers or low‐molecular‐weight compounds with suitable functional groups present in polymer chains.     

Living Cationic Ring-Opening Polymerization of Hetero Diels–Alder Adducts to Give Multifactor-Controlled and Fast-Photodegradable Vinyl Polymers

Precise control of multiple structural parameters associated with vinyl polymers is important for producing materials with the desired properties and functions. While the development of living polymerization methods has provided a way to control the various structural parameters of vinyl polymers, the concomitant control of their sequence and regioregularity remains a challenging task. To overcome this challenge, herein, we report the living cationic ring-opening polymerization of hetero Diels–Alder adducts. The scalable and modular synthesis of the cyclic monomers was achieved by a one-step protocol using readily available vinyl precursors. Subsequently, living polymerization of the cyclic monomers was examined, allowing the synthesis of vinyl polymers while controlling multiple factors, including molecular weight, dispersity, alternating sequence, head-to-head regioregularity, and end-group functionality. The living characteristics of the developed method were further demonstrated by block copolymerization. The synthesized vinyl polymers exhibited unique thermal properties and underwent fast photodegradation even under sunlight.     

A ligand exchange strategy for one-pot sequential synthesis of (hyperbranched polyethylene)-b-(linear polyketone) block polymers

Upon the addition of an equimolar amount of 2,2'-bipyridine, a cationic Pd-diimine complex capable of facilitating "living" ethylene polymerization is switched to catalyze "living" alternating copolymerization of 4-tertbutylstyrene and CO. This unique chemistry is thus employed to synthesize a range of well-defined treelike (hyperbranched polyethylene)-b-(linear polyketone) block polymers.     

Living cationic polymerization of vinyl ethers in the presence of added bases: Recent advances

The living cationic polymerization of vinyl ethers was carried out with organoaluminum compounds in the presence of various types of esters and ethers (cyclic and acyclic), to find out the suitable added bases available for the living polymerization. The effects of the basicity and steric hindrance of added bases were investigated in detail. On the basis of these results, a fast living polymerization system was realized. To synthesize water-soluble polymers such as thermally-induced phase separating polymers and polyalcohols with well-defined polymer structure, the living polymerization of various vinyl ethers was examined. The aqueous solution of living poly(vinyl ethers) having oxyethylene units exhibited a quite sensitive (ΔT_ps=0.3–0.5°C) and reversible phase separation on heating and cooling. The effects of polymer structures (pendant substituent, polymer sequence, molecular weight, and MWD) on the phase separation behavior were investigated. PVA and block copolymers containing PVA units with a narrow MWD were also prepared via living cationic polymerization of vinyl ethers and a deprotection reaction.     

Living Polymers in Ionic and Radical Polymerizations: Recent Developments

The discovery of living polymers, that is, assemblies of polymer molecules formed by anionic polymerization which may grow without chain-breaking reaction and may react subsequently with other monomers and various reagents through their end-groups, has led to great progress in the knowledge of the mechanism of anionic polymerization and to the synthesis of a large variety of well-defined block copolymers, graft co-polymers, and polymers with functionalized end-groups. Since only a limited number of the current monomers are polymerizable by an anionic mechanism, many attempts have been made to obtain similar results by polymerizing other monomers by cationic, radical, and Ziegler polymerization. Systems making it possible to work at temperatures higher than those used for many anionic and most cationic polymerizations would be particularly interesting.     

Synthetic applications of non-polymerizable monomers in living carbocationic polymerization; recent developments

Recent developments using non-(homo)polymerizable monomers, for the synthesis of functional polymers and block copolymers by living cationic polymerization are discussed. The preparation of block copolymers based on IB and αMeSt or IBVE are reported using DPE capping followed by Lewis acidity moderation. The use of non-polymerizable diolefins such as bis (diphenylethylenes) for in situ coupling of living chains is also discussed. Depending on the structure of the diolefin mono- or diaddition is observed.     

Review and Future of Ionic Polymerization with Special Emphasis on Carbonyl Polymerization

Ionic polymerization received prominence about 35 years ago when isobutylene was commercially polymerized by two processes which, with some modifications, are still used today [1]. One process uses aluminum chloride as the initiator and the other uses boron trifluoride; both cationic polymerization processes are carried out at low temperatures. A number of additional commercial processes based on cationic and anionic polymerization have since been developed. Cyclic ethers, most prominently tetrahydrofuran, are polymerized cationically to relatively low molecular weight hydroxyl terminated polyethers which have found important uses in polyurethanes. Trioxane is copolymerized with a small amount of ethylene oxide to form a useful copolymer of polyoxymethylene. Other products which are of interest are the polymers of caprolactone and epichlorohydrin and polymers of various epoxides, mainly those of glycidyl ethers which are most commonly known as epoxy resins. Anionic polymerization on a commercial scale has developed along the lines of styrene and isoprene polymers. Stereorubber, stereoregular 1,4-cis isoprenes, are based on lithium initiators and were introduced in the middle 1950s. Triblock polymers based on A-B-A block polymers of isobutylene with styrene as endblocks and prepared from living polymers have been known since the early 1960s.     

In Situ Direct Mechanistic Transformation from FeCl3-Catalyzed Living Cationic to Radical Polymerizations

A trivalent iron chloride (FeCl₃) catalyst induced both living cationic and radical polymerizations of various monomers in the presence of an appropriate additive or ligand to yield polymers with controlled molecular weights and narrow molecular-weight distributions. The in-situ mechanistic transformation from a living cationic to a radical growing species during the styrene polymerization was achieved in a FeCl₃-based system with the simple addition of phosphine followed by an elevation of the reaction temperature. The growing cationic species was effectively converted into the radical species to produce a series of block copolymers that consist of styrene and various acrylic monomers.