化学合成半乳糖基纤维素

本文研究了一种在酸性条件下合成半乳糖基纤维素的化学方法,探讨了反应时间、纤维素与半乳糖的投料比对共聚物中半乳糖摩尔取代度(MS)的影响。在酸性条件下,纤维素与半乳糖共聚时,少量的半乳糖接枝到纤维素上形成水不溶物,即半乳糖基纤维素;而其余的半乳糖与纤维素降解的少量葡聚糖片段共聚形成水溶物。反应时间从50 min延长到120 min,水不溶物的半乳糖MS基本保持0.12不变;而反应时间为150 min时,水不溶物的半乳糖MS降低为0.073;水溶物主要是由半乳糖组成,葡萄糖含量少。增加半乳糖用量,水不溶物的半乳糖MS增加最后保持0.094不变;随着反应物中半乳糖含量的增加,水溶物的半乳糖MS也是先增加,后保持基本保持15不变。     

鬼臼葡聚糖的化学结构

从植物鬼臼根的沸水提取液中分离出一个水溶性多糖EPS。它是由单一葡萄糖残基构成的葡萄糖, 分子量约为1.6×10^4。经酸全水解, 甲基化反应, 高碘酸氧化, Smith降解, KI-I~2反应, IR, ^1H NMR和^1^3C NMR分析, 证明其化学结构为1,4-葡萄糖残基为主链, 并在6-O位有侧链的葡聚糖。     

两种半乳糖醇氯化钆配合物的制备与表征

与羟基配位是金属离子的一种重要的存在形式. 我们得到了两种半乳糖醇氯化钆配合物, 其中一种为金属离子与配体为2:1的配合物,钆离子与半乳糖醇的三个羟基及六个水分子配位, 其它水分子以结晶水的形式存在, 氯离子不参加配位;另一种配合物根据红外, 元素分析, 差热热重, 远红外以及太赫兹光谱推测可能是钆离子与两个半乳糖醇分子的六个羟基以及三个水分子配位, 形成1:1配合物. 实验结果说明半乳糖醇与稀土离子之间可以形成多种配合物, 金属离子与糖的羟基存在着复杂的相互作用.     

糖蛋白中糖链的结构研究

糖蛋白中糖链的结构研究王晨，田庚元（中国科学院上海有机化学研究所，２０００３２）糖蛋白是指以共价键与糖连结的蛋白质，但一般不包括蛋白聚糖这一类化合物。在过去几十年里，糖蛋白的研究侧重于蛋白部分，对糖链的作用缺乏足够的重视。而近十几年来，越来越多的研究...     

羧甲基葡聚糖磁性纳米微球的制备及表征

采用超声预处理技术,在羧甲基葡聚糖-水分散体系中,通过化学共沉淀法制备羧甲基葡聚糖磁性复合微球．采用IR,TEM,AFM,XRD和振动样品磁强计方法对产物进行了表征．实验结果表明：超声预处理方法能明显提高复合微球的分散性．制得的复合微球呈球形,分散均匀,平均粒径为100nm．它们具有超顺磁性,室温下磁性饱和磁化强度为35emu·g^-1．     

EO／THF无规共聚醚结构研究（Ⅰ）—端羟基液体共聚醚的NMR分析

用核磁共振技术研究了环氧乙烷（ＥＯ）与四氢呋喃（ＴＨＦ）端羟基液体共聚醚（ＴＥＯ）的链结构，定量测定了ＴＥＯ的结构组成参数以及二元组与三元组序列分布。实验结果表明，端羟基液体ＴＥＯ易形成以Ｅ－ＯＨ为端基的线型无规交替结构，且序列分布随ＥＯ／ＴＨＦ组成比而变化。     

葡聚糖磁性毫微粒的制备

用共沉淀法制备出具有超顺磁性的葡聚糖磁性毫微粒，通过凝胶色谱法和调整离心法分离出葡聚糖磁性毫微粒，研究了制备过程中葡聚糖浓度、铁盐用量、氨水浓度、Ｆｅ＾３＿＋／Ｇｅ＾２＋摩尔比和二价钴对磁性葡聚糖毫微粒磁化离的影响。     

左旋葡聚糖的制备与在生物技术领域的应用

左旋葡聚糖(LGA)作为一种极具潜力的新糖源,既可以加酸水解为葡萄糖后间接用于微生物发酵,也可以被真菌或细菌甚至构造的基因工程菌直接代谢,目前已经在发酵上展现出良好的应用前景。此外,LGA还可作为碳源,生产生物乙醇、丁二酸等。目前制备LGA普遍采用生物质热解法,该方法存在能耗高、产率低、产物难以提取等缺点,应努力发展在溶剂体系中分解纤维素制备LGA的方法以提高产率。今后的研究应致力于开发微生物代谢LGA的新过程、新方法、新菌种,为LGA的高效利用提供坚实基础。     

水溶性酵母β-葡聚糖的制备及免疫活性评价

以废啤酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)为原料, 通过稀酸与稀碱处理获得碱不溶性酵母β-葡聚糖(SCBG), 进而在低温强碱/脲水溶液中氧化降解得到水溶性酵母β-葡聚糖(SCBGs), 再经层析柱分离得到4个纯化组分(SCBGs-0-1, SCBGs-1-1, SCBGs-1-2和SCBGs-1-3). 利用高效液相色谱、 高效凝胶渗透色谱与十八角激光光散射联用技术、 核磁共振波谱及与刚果红结合实验等对4个纯化组分的单糖组成、 分子量及化学结构进行了分析, 并通过其对巨噬细胞RAW 264.7吞噬能力及NO和TNF-α释放量的影响评价其免疫活性. 研究结果表明, 各纯化组分均由单一的葡萄糖构成, 是一类以β-1,3-D-葡聚糖为主链且在主链C₆位羟基上具有分支的β-1,3/1,6-葡聚糖,其分子量依次为198000, 960000, 270000和18700, 除SCBGs-1-3外, 其余3个组分均具有超螺旋结构, 且4个组分均能显著增强RAW 264.7的免疫活性.     

Nystatin—dextran conjugates: Synthesis and characterization

The coupling of nystatin (Nys), a water-insoluble antifungal agent, to dextran via an imine or amine bond was systematically investigated. Dextran was first oxidized to dialdehyde dextran using potassium periodate, purified from the oxidizing agent, and reacted with Nys to form the Schiff base. The Schiff base was reduced to the amine using borohydride. All reactions took place in water. The purification of the oxidized dextran from the oxidizing agent was essential to prevent oxidative degradation of Nys at the coupling step. The effects on the coupling yield of the following factors: dextran molecular weight, degree of oxidation (aldehyde content), Nys to dextran ratio, temperature, and reaction pH were studied. A 95% coupling yield was obtained at the optimized coupling conditions: pH 8.9 ± 0.1, 50% degree of oxidation, and initial ratio of Nys to dialdehyde dextran 1:2.5. In all experiments, dextran was decreased in molecular weight during the oxidation step. Both imine and amine forms of Nys-dextran conjugates were soluble in water and exhibited improved stability in aqueous solutions as compared to the unbound drug. The conjugates showed comparable minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values against Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans. The conjugates were about 25 times less toxic than free Nys after a single injection in mice. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Efficient synthesis and characterization of new photoactive dextran esters showing nanosphere formation

Different types of photoactive dextran derivatives with high degree of substitution were prepared by an efficient and mild esterification of the biopolymer with 2-methoxycinnamic acid, [(4-methyl-2-oxo-2H-chromen-7-yl)oxy]acetic acid, and azobenzene-4-carboxylic acid via in situ activation of the carboxylic acid groups with N,N'-carbonyldiimidazole. The structures of the novel dextran esters were evaluated by means of NMR spectroscopy applying the perpropionylated samples. Perpropionylation yields samples soluble in chloroform and acetonitrile that are very useful solvents not only for NMR but also for UV-vis spectroscopic studies. The photochemistry was studied by NMR and UV-vis spectroscopy in the dissolved state and the changes observed may be used to control the properties. The photoactive dextran esters form spherical nanoparticles of a size below 200 nm that are of interest in the design of smart materials.     

Synthesis of block copolymer containing dextran and polyamide sequences

A novel AB-type block copolymer composed of dextran and polyamide sequences was prepared through the following two approaches. One is a coupling reaction of a terminal functional group introduced in the dextran chain with that in the polyamide chain, such as the reaction of an amine group with an acyllactam group or that of a lactone group with an amine group at the corresponding chain ends. The other is an anionic polymerization of a bicyclic lactam activated with a trimethylsilylated dextran derivative having an acyllactam end group. The latter procedure was found to be more effective for the preparation of the block copolymer having a high molecular weight polyamide sequence.     

Polyvalent metal cation modified dextran hydrogels: non-size exclusion applications

Dextran gels crosslinked covalently with epichlorohydrin and by coordinate bonding with polyvalent metal cations were prepared and characterized. Concentrations of the metal cations: 0.2 mmol/g of dextran almost always in the form of sulfate (Mg(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Ni(II), Co(II), Mn(II), Al(III), Fe(III) and Ti(IV)) as well as of epichlorohydrin: 1.5 mol/mol of dextran were kept at a constant level. The contents of the modifying cations and some physicochemical properties of spherical gel particles were investigated by atom absorption spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectrometry (IR) and derivatography. Characteristic shifts, in comparison with the linear dextran and epichlorohydrin crosslinked dextran gel of band wavelengths and of temperatures were revealed by IR and derivatography. These observations are connected with differences in the complexation strengths of polyvalent metal cations with hydroxyl groups of epichlorohydrin crosslinked dextran matrix. Some nonexclusion directions of application covering catalytic activity in dry as well as swollen aqueous gel states were tested. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Aqueous biphase formation by mixtures of dextran and hydrophobically modified dextran

 A series of modified dextrans was prepared by condensation of straight chain saturated C3, C4 and C6 fatty acids and the phase behavior of aqueous solutions of these materials with unmodified dextran was measured as a function of temperature, concentration and degree of substitution. At a constant degree of substitution the tendency towards aqueous biphase formation increased with the length of the hydrophobic substituent, the temperature and the molecular weight. Fluorescence studies of the modified dextrans with pyrene as a probe indicated the presence of hydrophobic micro-domains. Rheological study showed that there was no large-scale association for C3 and C4 substituted dextran, mainly intramolecular association, however some intermolecular association existed for C6 substituted dextran. The results are compared with the behavior of the classical PEG/dextran biphase systems, and mechanisms driving phase separation are discussed. Received: 7 October 1997 Accepted: 20 January 1998     

The thermal degradation kinetics of dextran and pullulan

The effect of molar mass and, in the case of dextran, of the degree of branching on the thermal degradation kinetics of dextran and pullulan was studied in the presence and absence of oxygen. Although the initial mass loss of the dextran samples occurred at higher temperatures than that of the pullulan samples, the overall thermal degradation activation energies were lower for dextran than for pullulan. In the case of dextran the thermal stability was found to decrease with molar mass and degree of branching. The molar mass of pullulan, in the range of 10⁴ to 10⁵ g/mol, appeared to have no significant influence on the thermal characteristics of the samples.     

Reactive polymeric nanoparticles based on unconventional dextran derivatives

Unconventional dextran derivatives with reactive tosyl- and deoxy-azido moieties were synthesized homogeneously under various reaction conditions. Well soluble tosyl dextran of a high degree of substitution up to 1.66 was prepared applying N,N-dimethylacetamide/LiCl as solvent. Almost 50% of secondary toslyate moieties could be replaced by nucleophilic displacement reaction with azide ions. The structure of the products was efficiently analyzed by NMR spectroscopy also after peracylation of the unconventional dextran derivatives. Applying a simple dialysis technique, nanospheres with a size in the range from 160 to 420 nm (D50%) were obtained that possess reactive functional tosyl- and deoxy-azido groups.     

Synthesis and characterization of poly(vinyl amine)‐based amphiphilic comb‐like dextran glycopolymers by a two‐step method

Poly(vinyl amine) (PVAm)‐based amphiphilic glycopolymers were synthesized by a two‐step method, that is dextran molecules (Dex, M_w = 1500) were attached to the PVAm backbone by reacting amine groups with dextran lactone, and then, hexanoyl groups (Hex) were attached by reacting the PVAm free amine groups with N‐(hexanoyloxy)succinimide. By adjustment of the feed ratios of Dex/Hex, amphiphilic comb‐like glycopolymers with various hydrophilic and hydrophobic balances were prepared, and their structures were characterized by ¹H NMR. Surface activity of the amphiphilic glycopolymers at the air/water interface was demonstrated by reduction in water surface tension. Adsorption of the amphiphilic glycopolymers at the solid/water interface was examined on octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS)‐coated coverslips by water contact angle measurements. The results show that the amphiphilic glycopolymers need about 20 mol % of dextran attachment to make an effective hydrophilic coating. In comparison with the one‐step reaction by addition of dextran lactone and alkyl succinimide simultaneously, the two‐step approach can attach Dex on PVAm as high as possible in the first step, and offers quantitative advantages in controlling the ratio of hydrophilic and hydrophobic chains along the PVAm backbone, resulting in increased water solubility for the final amphiphilic glycopolymers. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 192–199, 2006     

呋喃碳苷衍生物的合成及主产物构型的确认

在三氯氧磷催化下将2-甲基-5-(2′-氯-2′-脱氧-D-半乳糖-1-丁醇基)-3-乙酰基呋喃经脱水反应得到呋喃碳苷衍生物(2-甲基-5-[(4′-α-羟基-3′-β-氯)-2′-四氢呋喃基]-3-乙酰基呋喃),并对反应机理进行了讨论.通过2D NMR图谱确认了主产物的构型为α构型.     

Synthesis and characterization of new galactosylated-based N2O-donors tridentate ligands

The synthesis and characterization of three novel N₂O-donor ligands containing the group 4-[1-β-d-2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-galactosyl)]benzaldehyde are presented. The insertion of this group was designed to increase the absorption of the prodrug in tumor cells, and is part of an ongoing work in our group with tridentate ligands to develop potential cobalt(III) prodrugs. The synthetic route described here allowed the isolation of pure ligands with yields ranged 81–89%. Finally, compounds were characterized by IR, NMR and HRMS (ESI⁺).