Excess molar enthalpies of R-fenchone + propan-1-ol or +propan-2-ol. Modeling with COSMO-RS and UNIFAC

In this paper, experimental excess molar enthalpies for the binary mixtures of R-fenchone with propan-1-ol or propan-2-ol, at four temperatures (283.15, 298.15, 313.15 and 328.15) K and atmospheric pressure are reported over the entire composition range. They have been fitted to the Redlich–Kister equation at each temperature. Excess molar enthalpies are positive in all cases, being greater for the mixture with propan-2-ol than for the mixture with propan-1-ol. These positive values of the excess enthalpy suggest the predominance of the effect due to hydrogen bond breaking over the interaction between dissimilar molecules in the mixture. Finally UNIFAC (Dortmund) method and the Quantum Continuum Method COSMO-RS have been used to predict the excess molar enthalpies. Better predictions are obtained in the case of UNIFAC model.     

Structure and molecular interactions in {ethanol + (propan-1-ol/propan-2-ol)} mixtures at 303.15 K

In view of industrial importance of binary {ethyl alcohol + (propan-1-ol/propan-2-ol)} mixtures, the densities (ρ) and refractive indices (n _D ) of these alkanols mixtures were measured for different compositions at 303.15 K. Molar volumes (V _m) and excess molar volumes (V ^E) of these binary mixtures were calculated from experimental density data of pure solvents and solvents mixtures. The measured refractive index and density data was used to calculate specific refractions (R _D ), molar refractions (R _M) and apparent molar refractions (R _{φ, i} ) of binary mixtures. From mole fraction dependence of apparent molar refractions, the limiting apparent molar refractions (R _{φ, i} ^○ ) of propan-1-ol and propan-2-ol have been determined. The graphical values of R _{φ, i} ^○ for propan-1-ol and propan-2-ol were found to be 9.5664 and 7.405 cm³ mol^?1 respectively. Structural changes, geometrical fittings and molecular interactions in binary mixtures of these alkanols have been discussed.     

Comparison between the pervaporation and vapor permeation performances of polycarbonate membranes

The pervaporation and vapor permeation performance of symmetrical and asymmetrical polycarbonate membranes, prepared via a dry-phase inversion and wet-phase inversion methods, respectively, were studied by measuring the permeation rate and separation factor. It was found that the polymer concentration effect on the pervaporation performance for the symmetrical polycarbonate membrane was lower than that for the asymmetrical polycarbonate membrane. Compared with pervaporation, vapor permeation has a significantly increased separation factor with a decreased permeation rate for the symmetrical polycarbonate membrane. Water molecules preferentially dissolve into the symmetrical polycarbonate membrane and diffuse easily through the membrane.     

Ruthenium-catalyzed transfer hydrogenation of imines by propan-2-ol in benzene

Transfer hydrogenation of a variety of different imines to the corresponding amines by propan-2-ol in benzene catalyzed by [Ru2(CO)4(mu-H)(C4Ph4COHOCC4Ph4)] (1) has been studied. The reaction is highly efficient with turnover frequencies of over 800 per hour, and the product amines were obtained in excellent yields. A remarkable concentration dependence of propan-2-ol was observed when the reaction was run in benzene as cosolvent. An optimum was obtained at 24 equivalents of propan-2-ol to imine, and further increase of the propan-2-ol led to a dramatic decrease in rate. Also the use of polar cosolvents with 24 equivalents of propan-2-ol gave a low rate. It was found that ketimines react faster than aldimines and that electron-donating substituents on the imine increase the rate of the catalytic transfer hydrogenation. Electron-withdrawing substituents decreased the rate. An isomerization was observed with imines having an alpha-hydrogen at the N-alkyl substituent, which is in accordance with a mechanism involving a ruthenium-amine intermediate. It was demonstrated that the ruthenium-amine complex from alpha-methylbenzylamine, corresponding to the postulated intermediate, can replace 1 as catalyst in the transfer hydrogenation of imines. A primary deuterium isotope effect of kCH/CD = 2.7 +/- 0.25 was observed when 2-deuterio-propan-2-ol was used in place of propan-2-ol in the transfer hydrogenation of N-phenyl-(1-phenylethylidene)amine.     

CO2 laser-induced decomposition of propan-2-ol,butan-2-ol,pentan-2-ol,pentan-3-ol,and hexan-2-ol

The pulsed CO₂ laser-induced decompositions of propan-2-ol, butan-2-ol, pentan-2-ol, pentan-3-ol, and hexan-2-ol in the gas phase have been investigated. Like ethanol which we examined previously [1] the absorption cross section of propan-2-ol for pulsed 9R14 radiation increases with pressure at low pressures, an effect attributed to rotational hole-filling. In contrast the absorption cross section of butan-2-ol (10R24) has only a small pressure dependence and those of pentan-2-ol (9R26), pentan-3-ol (10R14), and hexan-2-ol (9P20) show little or no variation with pressure in the range 0.1–5.0 torr. Decomposition products have been investigated at low pressure where the excitation of the alkanols was essentially collision free. The observed products for all the alkanols can be rationalized on the basis of primary dehydration and C? C fission channels, with minor contributions from other molecular eliminations. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Enthalpies and entropies of vaporization of propan-2-ol-2-methylpropan-1-ol solutions

P-T-x dependences are measured for the solutions of a propan-2-ol-2-methylpropan-1-ol binary system and the enthalpies and entropies of vaporization are determined. Dimerization in propan-2-ol and 2-methylpropan-1-ol is rationalized and the contribution from energy introduced by isostructural methyl groups to the enthalpy of vaporization is determined. Structural and energy analyses of solutions with networks of specific interactions are performed. The formation of heterodimers in solutions and vapors with reduced hydrogen bond energies and specific interactions with the 2s ²(C) unshared electron pairs of the carbon atoms of terminal methyl groups in ethyl and propyl fragments of propan-2-ol and 2-methylpropan-1-ol, respectively, is substantiated. The hydrogen bond energy of heterodimers is estimated.     

Thermodynamic interactions in binary mixtures of anisole with ethanol, propan-1-ol, propan-2-ol, butan-1-ol, pentan-1-ol, and 3-methylbutan-1-ol at T = (298.15, 303.15, and 308.15) K

In this paper, excess thermodynamic functions have been computed from the measured values of density, viscosity, and refractive index at T = (298.15, 303.15, and 308.15) K, ultrasonic velocity at T = 298.15 K over the entire mixture composition range of (anisole with ethanol, propan-1-ol, propan-2-ol, butan-1-ol, pentan-1-ol, or 3-methyl butan-1-ol). Excess molar volume, V^E has been calculated from densities, whereas deviations in viscosity, Δη, were computed from the measured viscosities. From ultrasonic velocities, isentropic compressibilities were calculated, from which deviations in isentropic compressibility, Δk_s have been computed. Lorenz-Lorentz mixture rule was used to compute molar refractivity, R from refractivity index data and from these data, deviations in molar refractivity, ΔR have been computed. Computed thermodynamic quantities have been fitted to Redlich and Kister polynomial equation to derive the coefficients and standard errors between experimental and predicted quantities. Intermolecular interactions between anisole and alkanols have been studied based on the computed excess thermodynamic quantities.     

Vapor permeation of ethanol-water mixtures using sodium alginate membranes with crosslinking gradient structure

For the vapor permeation of ethanol-water mixtures, two types of dense sodium alginate (SA) membranes have been prepared: a nascent SA membrane and crosslinked SA membranes with glutaraldehyde (GA). In the vapor permeation of the concentrated ethanol-water mixtures through the SA membranes, the effects of feed temperature, cell temperature and crosslinking density in the membrane were investigated on the membrane performance, and a comparison of vapor permeation process was made with pervaporation. SA membranes having different crosslinking gradients have been fabricated by exposing the nascent membrane to different GA content of reaction solutions. The extent of the gradient was controlled by the exposing time. The permeation performance of the membranes will be discussed with the extent of the gradient. An optimal crosslinking gradient was determined in terms of flux and membrane stability. The separation of ethanol-water mixtures through the membrane with the optimal crosslinking gradient was carried out by vapor permeation and the permeation performance will be discussed, and compared with pervaporation.     

Non-catalytic and selective alkylation of phenol with propan-2-ol in supercritical water

Phenol can be alkylated with propan-2-ol without catalyst in supercritical water at 673 K with mainly ortho substituted alkylphenols being obtained and alkylation reaction rate increasing with increasing water density.     

Poly(styrene-b-2-vinylpyridine-1-oxide) and poly(dimethyl-siloxane-b-2-vinylpyridine-1-oxide) diblock copolymers 2. Micellar solutions in water/propan-2-ol mixtures

Dynamic light scattering and viscometry measurements have been carried out on three AB diblock copolymers in water/propan-2-ol mixtures. The A moieties in each case were poly(2-vinylpyridine-1-oxide) for which both water and propan-2-ol are good solvents. The B Moieties were either polystyrene or polydimethylsiloxane, for which both water and propan-2-ol are poor solvents, but water is the worse solvent. In all cases, the hydrodynamic size of the micelles (assumed spherical) was found to increase with increasing water content in the solvent mixture; the aggregation number was also found to increase. The former finding is in agreement with the theoretical predictions of Munch and Gast, but not the latter.     

Synthesis of industrial scale NaY zeolite membranes and ethanol permeating performance in pervaporation and vapor permeation up to 130 °C and 570 kPa

NaY zeolite tubular membranes in an industrial scale of 80 cm long were synthesized on monolayer and asymmetric porous supports. The quality of synthesized membranes were evaluated by pervaporation (PV) experiments in 80 cm long at 75 °C in a mixture of water (10 wt.%)/ethanol (90 wt.%), resulting in higher permeation fluxes of 5.1 kg m⁻² h⁻¹ in the monolayer type membrane and of 9.1–10.1 kg m⁻² h⁻¹ in the asymmetric-type membranes, respectively. The uniformity with small performance fluctuation in longitudinal direction of the membranes were observed by PV for 10–12 cm long samples at 50 °C in a mixture of methanol (10 wt.%)/MTBE (90 wt.%). The ethanol single component permeation experiments in PV and vapor permeation (VP) up to 130 °C and 570 kPa were performed to determine the relations between the ethanol flux and the ethanol pressure difference across the membrane which is represented by permeance (Π, mol m⁻² s⁻¹ Pa⁻¹) for estimate of potential of ethanol extraction through the present NaY zeolite membranes applying feasible studies. Results indicate that (1) the permeation fluxes are linearly proportional to the driving force of vapor pressure for each sample in VP and PV. The permeances through an asymmetric support type membrane were rather constant of 0.6–1.2 × 10⁻⁷ mol m⁻² s⁻¹ Pa⁻¹ in the wide temperature range of 90–130 °C in PV and VP, indicating that the ethanol permeances have weak temperature dependency with the feed at the saturated vapor pressure.

The results of superheating VP experiments showed that ethanol permeation fluxes are increased with increasing of the degree of superheating at a given constant feed vapor pressure. The ethanol permeances are increased with increasing of temperature at a given feed vapor pressure. The superheating VP could be a feasible process in industry.     

Crystal structures of copper(II) and nickel(II) complexes with 1,3-bis(3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylideneamino)propan-2-ol

Mononuclear copper(II) and nickel(II) complexes with 1,3-bis(3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylideneamino)propan-2-ol (H₃L) of the general formula [M(HL)] were obtained and structurally characterized. It was demonstrated that the presence of the tert-butyl groups precludes intermolecular hydrogen bonding in the crystals of the complexes and that their molecules are only linked by hydrophobic interactions.     

Driving force for hydraulic and pervaporative transport in homogeneous membranes

Experiments were designed to demonstrate that the chemical potential gradient required for liquid transport through swollen network polymer membranes manifests itself as a concentration gradient and that the rate of transport is independent of how this gradient is established. The fluxes of various liquids through a crosslinked rubber membrane were measured in hydraulic and pervaporation modes of permeation. The pressure applied downstream in the latter act simply to fix the activity of the liquid in the downstream membrane surface. The experiments show the flux is a unique function of this activity, and it does not matter how it is established. Sorption data were used to convert these results into a plot of flux versus concentration differential across the membrane which was analyzed by Fick's law using a model for the concentration dependence of the diffusion coefficient. Measured ceiling fluxes for pervaporation for a number of liquids were found to be the same as those estimated from hydraulic permeation data. A simple mathematical representation for an ideal system is used as a pedagogical device to demonstrate the conclusions.     

Dehydration of water-alcohol mixtures by pervaporation and vapor permeation through surface resintering expanded poly(tetrafluoroethylene) membranes

For the purpose of separating aqueous alcohol mixtures by the use of the pervaporation and vapor permeation techniques, a surface resintering expanded poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (e-PTFE), membrane was investigated. The surface properties of the modified e-PTFE membranes were characterized by atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and contact angle meter. The X-ray diffraction measurements show that the crystallinity of the e-PTFE membrane decreases with increasing the surface resintering temperature. The surface roughness decreases with the surface resintering temperature increases. The membrane exhibited water selectivity during all process runs. The effects of feed composition, surface resintering temperature, and molar volume of the alcohols on pervaporation and vapor permeation were investigated. Compared with the e-PTFE membrane without surface modified, the e-PTFE membrane with surface resintering treatment effectively improve the separation factor for pervaporation of aqueous alcohol mixtures. The separation performances of e-PTFE membranes in vapor permeation are higher than that in pervaporation.     

聚酰亚胺中空纤维膜用于甲醇/甲基叔丁基醚的分离

甲醇／甲基叔丁基醚混合物的膜法分离，大多采用渗透汽化方法，少有采用蒸汽渗透法。用聚酰亚胺中空纤维膜，对以蒸汽渗透和渗透汽化两种方式分离甲醇／甲基叔丁基醚混合物（甲醇质量分数为0．01－0．30）的效果进行了对比。结果显示，在甲醇质量分数低于0．05时，蒸汽渗透较渗透汽化法的分离性能优越。     

Poly(styrene-b-2-vinylpyridine-1-oxide) diblock copolymers: 3. Microemulsions in water/propan-2-ol/toluene mixtures

Pseudo-ternary phase diagrams have been constructed for the three-component solvent system (toluene+water+propan-2-ol) containing diblock copolymers of poly(styrene-b-2-vinylpyridine-1-oxide). Microemulsions have been shown to form on the water-rich side of the phase diagram, in the region of the phase boundary without polymer. Dynamic light-scattering experiments have led to droplet size values in the region of 100 nm, with the size depending strongly on the propan-2-ol/water concentration, as well as the amount of solubilised toluene in the core. Viscometry experiments have been carried out to measure polymer aggregation numbers in the microemulsion droplets, and interfacial tension measurements have shown that in the absence of propan-2-ol (effectively a cosurfactant) the limiting value of the oil/water interfacial tension, even an saturation adsorption of the copolymer is 20 mNm^–1. However, addition of propan-2-ol reduces the interfacial tension to the very low values generall commensurate with microemulsion formation.     

Permeation of a solvent mixture through an elastomeric membrane—The case of pervaporation

This article presents a model for the permeation of solvent mixtures through an elastomer in the particular case of pervaporation. An analytical expression for each solvent permeation rate is derived, in the limited case of a membrane that undergoes small swelling, without making any assumptions on the solvent diffusion coefficients and their dependence on solvent concentrations. Applying this analytical expression to different situations, we fitted most of the curves previously published on pervaporation experiments. In particular, we correlated the synergy developed by a mixture of two solvents in the permeation process with the sign of their Flory–Huggins interaction parameter χ_AB. This explains why, in most cases (χ_AB > 0), a molecule permeating easily through a membrane is mixed with a molecule permeating much less easily; the latter can see its permeation flux increase by a factor 10 or 100 because the swelling of the polymer induced by the more permeable molecule “opens the meshes of the network” allowing the less permeable molecule to pass through more easily. Within our analysis, the efficiency of the pervaporation process, expressed through the separation factor, is derived very simply as a function of the interaction coefficients and the viscosities of solvents and exhibits an exponential dependence on the volume fraction of either component as seen in most experiments. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 41: 183–193, 2003     

Water–alcohol separation by pervaporation through chemically modified poly(amidesulfonamide)s

Five N-alkylated derivatives of a poly(amidesulfonamide) polymerized from N,N′-bis-4-aminophenylsulfonyl 1,3-diaminopropane and isophthaloyl chloride were synthesized. The new polymeric materials were used to prepare nonporous symmetric membranes. The membranes were characterized by IR spectroscopy, sorption measurements and wide-angle X-ray diffraction. During the pervaporation of 10% aqueous solutions of methanol, ethanol, propan-1-ol and propan-2-ol, membranes made from the parent and modified poly(amidesulfonamide)s were preferentially permeable to water and their separation factors were mainly dependent on the molecular weight of the permeant. By introducing an alkyl pending group to the backbone of the polymer, all modified membranes exhibited an enhancement in flux rate and a variation in separation factor in the pervaporation of aqueous alcohols. In the dehydration of ethanol, several modified membranes possessed separation characteristics that appeared to be superior to that of the parent membrane.     

Adsorption and oxidation of propan-2-ol on WO3/MgO

Magnesia-supported tungsta catalysts have been prepared by impregnation, with different tungsta contents and calcined at different temperatures in air. All samples are active for propan-2-ol dehydrogenation above 473 K, and selective towards acetone formation. At low W content, acetone is further oxidized. The behavior has been related to the W-containing phases existing in the samples.