Efficient, mild, parallel and purification-free synthesis of aryl ethers via the Mitsunobu reaction

A wide range of commercial diazodicarboxylates and phosphines were screened in an attempt to find purification-free conditions for application in parallel synthesis. The combination of immobilized triphenylphosphine and TMAD proved to be suitable for the synthesis of aryl ethers via the Mitsunobu reaction. Nine ethers were synthesized in good yield and excellent purity, the purification being limited to a filtration step.     

Dimerization of 2-pyridylisonitriles produces π-extended fused heteroarenes useful as highly selective colorimetric and optical probes for copper ion

A very simple synthesis of pyrido[2″,1″:2′,3′]imidazo[4′,5′:4,5]imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines 2 was achieved from the dimerization of 2-pyridylisonitriles. The optical responses of these π-extended fused heteroarenes to a series of metal ions were investigated by means of UV-visible absorption spectrum in acetonitrile. It was found that most of compounds 2 selectively responded to Cu²⁺, and the limit of detection was about 3.5×10⁻⁷ M when using the best probe, 3,9-dimethylpyrido[2″,1″:2′,3′]imidazo[4′,5′:4,5]imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine 2d. Meanwhile some compounds 2 specifically showed a color change from colorless to red or yellow when they are exposed to copper ion in acetonitrile, whereas other transitional, alkali and alkaline earth metal ions could not induce a color change. This work not only established a direct access to π-extended fused heteroarenes, but also supplied novel sensitive and selective colorimetric and optical probes for copper ion.     

Complex formation equilibria between Ag(I) and thioureas in n-propanol

Complex formation equilibria between Ag(I) and thiourea or N-alkyl-substituted thioureas have been investigated in n-propanol by potentiometry at 10 °C intervals from 5 to 50 °C. Stepwise formation of tris-coordinated AgL_n (n = 1-3) complexes has been found for the majority of the ligands. ΔH and ΔS values for the complex formation reactions have been evaluated from the dependence of ln β_n on temperature. The alkyl-substituents affect the ligand affinities in different ways in relation with the coordination level n.The reactions are exothermic with few exceptions. Enthalpy favoured complex formation with negative dependence of ΔG on temperature (ΔS > 0) have been found.The enthalpy and entropy changes for the stepwise complex formation equilibria are correlated by two linear compensative relationships with the same isoequilibrium temperature 50-51 °C.     

A facile synthesis of pyrrolo[1,2-a]benzimidazoles and pyrazolo[3,4:4′,3′]pyrrolo[1,2-a]benzimidazole derivatives

Reaction of 2-cyanomethylbenzimidazole 1 with hydrazonoyl halides 2 led to formation of pyrrolo[1,2-a]benzimidazole derivatives 7. Similar reaction of 1 with halides 3 afforded 5-amino-4-(benzimidazol-2-yl)pyrazole derivatives 11 or 1-amino-2-arylpyrazolo[3,4:4′,3′]pyrrolo[1,2-a]benzimidazol-4-one 14 depending on the reaction conditions. The mechanisms of the studied reactions are discussed.     

Palladium-mediated C-N, C-C, and C-O functionalization of azolopyrimidines: a new total synthesis of variolin B

A new total synthesis of the alkaloid variolin B is achieved by a selective and sequential palladium-mediated functionalization of a trihalo-substituted pyrido[3′,2′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-c]pyrimidine. This intermediate is obtained by a new heterocyclization reaction between an appropriate bromomethyl azaindole and N-tosylmethyl dichloroformimide. The methodology may be effective for the synthesis of some analogs by substitution on the relatively unexplored C4 and C9 positions of the alkaloid.     

Synthesis of a solvent-sensitive highly fluorescent derivative of perfluorocyclopentene

A solvent-sensitive highly fluorescent compound, N-[2-(1′,3′,4′,4′,5′,5′-hexafluorocyclopentenyl)]-4-(5-methoxy-thiazolyl)pyridine (1D) was synthesized as an unexpected product of the reaction of 4-bromo-5-methoxy-2-(4-pyridyl)thiazole (1B) with perfluorocyclopentene in the presence of n-BuLi. Primary mechanism of this reaction was proposed, and the photophysical properties of 1D in different solvents were studied.     

Selective palladium-catalyzed amination of the heterocyclic core of variolins

A new and selective palladium-catalyzed amination of the pyrido[3′,3′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-c]pyrimidine nucleus, the heterocyclic core of the variolin alkaloids, is described. The method allows the introduction of amino and aryl- and alkylamino substituents on the C9 position in advanced precursors of variolin B and deoxyvariolin.     

Synthesis, structures and some reactions of Ru(CCCCFc)(PP)Cp (PP = dppm, dppe) and related compounds

The compounds Ru(CCCCFc)(PP)Cp [PP = dppe (1), dppm (2)], have been obtained from reactions between RuCl(PP)Cp and FcCCCCSiMe₃ in the presence of KF (1) or HCCCCFc and K[PF₆] (2), both with added dbu. The dppe complex reacts with Co₂(CO)₆(L₂) [L₂ = (CO)₂, dppm] to give 3, 4 in which the Co₂(CO)₄(L₂) group is attached to the outer CC triple bond. The PPh₃ analogue of 3 (5) has also been characterised. In contrast, tetracyanoethene reacts to give two isomeric complexes 6 and 7, in which the cyano-olefin has added to either CC triple bond. The reaction of RuCl(dppe)Cp with HCCCCFc, carried out in a thf/NEt₃ mixture in the presence of Na[BPh₄], gave [Ru{CCC(NEt₃)CHFc}(dppe)Cp]BPh₄ (8), probably formed by addition of the amine to an (unobserved) intermediate butatrienylidene [Ru(CCCCHFc)(dppe)Cp]⁺. The reaction of I₂ with 8 proceeds via an unusual migration of the alkynyl group to the Cp ring to give [RuI(dppe){η-C₅H₄CCC(NEt₃)CHFc}]I₃ (9). Single-crystal X-ray structural determinations of 1, 2 and 4-9 are reported.     

Application and details of photoinduced oxidative cyclization of 5-(4′,9′-methanocycloundeca-2′,4′,6′,8′,10′-pentaenylidene)pyrimidine-2,4,6(1,3,5H)-triones and related compounds

As novel methodology for synthesizing the furan ring, a photoinduced oxidative cyclization of 5-(4′,9′-methanocycloundeca-2′,4′,6′,8′,10′-pentaenylidene)pyrimidine-2,4,6(1,3,5H)-triones (7a-c) and related compounds 9a-c was accomplished to give 5,10-methanocycloundeca[4,5]furo[2,3-d]pyrimidine-2,4(1,3H)-dionylium tetrafluoroborates (8a-c⁺·BF₄⁻) and related compounds 2a-c⁺·BF₄⁻, respectively. In the photoinduced oxidative cyclization, the molecular oxygen in air is used as oxidant and the reaction proceeds under mild conditions to give desired products without byproducts, and thus, it is interesting from the viewpoint of the green chemistry. On the reactions of the mono-substituted derivatives 7d,e and 9e,f, the selectivity of the photoinduced cyclizations were reversed as compared with those of the DDQ-promoted oxidative cyclizations. By the NMR monitoring of the reactions of 7a and deuterated compound 7a-D₂ under degassed conditions, the details of the reaction pathway were clarified and rationalized on the basis of the MO calculation by the 6-31G^∗ basis set of the MP2 levels as well.     

Acyclic tertiary diamines and 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane with fluorine-containing β-diketones: Leading to low melting ionic adducts

N,N,N′,N′-Tetramethylmethanediamine (1a), N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethanediamine (1b), N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-1,3-propanediamine (1c), and N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-1,6-hexanediamine (1d) were reacted at 25 °C with 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoro-2,4-pentanedione (2a), 2,2-dimethyl-6,6,7,7,8,8,8-heptafluoro-3,5-octanedione (2b), 2-thenoyltrifluoroacetone (2c), and 4,4,4-trifluoro-1-(2-furyl)-1,3-butanedione (2d) to form the ionic adducts 3-18. 1,4,7,10-Tetraazacyclododecane (1e) reacted at 25 °C with β-diketones (2a-d) and 1,1,1-trifluoro-2,4-pentanedione (2e) to give ionic solids 19-23 in good yields. Some of the products are liquid at 25 °C and are thermally stable over long liquid ranges as determined by thermal gravimetric analyses. Single-crystal X-ray structure determinations show that compounds 9 and 21 crystallize in the monoclinic space groups P2(1)/c and P2(1)/n, respectively. All the new compounds were characterized by ¹H, ¹⁹F and ¹³C NMR, electrospray MS and/or elemental analyses.     

Synthesis of 8-R-9c-alkyl-1-aryl-2-benzyl-1-hydroxy-1,2,9b,9c-tetrahydro-5-oxa-2-aza-cyclopenta[2,3]cyclopropa[1,2-a]naphthalene-3,4-diones and reaction thereof with acetic anhydride

The reaction of zinc enolates synthesized from 1-aryl-2,2-dibromoalkanones and zinc with 6-R-2-oxochromene-3-carboxylic acid N-benzylamide affords 8-R-9c-alkyl-1-aryl-2-benzyl-1-hydroxy-1,2,9b,9c-tetrahydro-5-oxa-2-aza-cyclopenta[2,3]cyclopropa[1,2-a]naphthalene-3,4-diones. Acylation of these compounds is accompanied by an unexpected rearrangement producing a sole geometrical isomer of 4′-alkyl-5′-aryl-1′-benzyl-3,4,2′,3′-tetrahydro-2,2′-dioxospiro[chroman-3,3′-pyrrol]-4-yl acetates.     

Synthesis and characterization of a tetraruthenium butterfly cluster containing a quadruply-bridging ligand derived from an N,N′-dipyrid-2-ylurea

The tetraruthenium cluster complex [Ru₄(μ₄-κ⁴-dmpu)(CO)₁₀], H₂dmpu = N,N′-bis(6-methylpyrid-2-yl)urea, has been prepared by treating [Ru₃(CO)₁₂] with H₂dmpu in toluene at reflux temperature. An X-ray diffraction study has determined that this cluster has a butterfly metallic skeleton hold up by a doubly-deprotonated N,N′-bis(6-methylpyrid-2-yl)urea ligand (dmpu). This ligand has the pyridine N atoms attached to the wing-tip Ru atoms and the amido N atoms spanning Ru-Ru wing-edges, in such a way that the cluster has C₂ symmetry. The donor atoms of doubly-deprotonated N,N′-dipyrid-2-ylureas seem to be appropriately arranged to hold butterfly tetranuclear clusters.     

Eine neue Synthese von Tetrachlordiphosphan sowie Untersuchungen zur 1,2-Addition an Cycloalkene

A New Synthesis of Tetrachlorodiphosphane and Investigations Concerning the 1,2-Addition to Cycloalkenes . The phosphorus subhalide P₂Cl₄ has been synthesized by co-condensation of PCl₃ and Cu vapour in 14% yield. The ³¹P-NMR chemical shift of P₂Cl₄ has the value of δ=155. P₂Cl₄ decomposes during several hours at 0°C in a N₂ atmosphere by a disproportionation process to yield PCl₃ and a yellow polymeric compound of the approximately composition (PCl)_x. P₂Cl₄ is flammable in air to give POCl₃ and (PCl)_x. Investigations regarding the addition of P₂Cl₄ to cyclooctyne, cyclohexene, and cyclohexa-1,4-diene has been carried out. Surprisingly, cyclooctyne does not react with P₂Cl₄ but cyclohexene as well as cyclohexa-1,4-diene undergo 1,2-addition to yield the trans-1,2-bis(dichlorophosphino) substituted carbonhydrides. By derivatization with Me₃Si—NMe₂ the corresponding trans-1,2-bis[bis(dimethylamino)phosphino] compounds are synthesized.     

New optically active organoantimony (BINASb) and bismuth (BINABi) compounds comprising a 1,1′-binaphthyl core: synthesis and their use in transition metal-catalyzed asymmetric hydrosilylation of ketones

Racemic 2,2′-bis[diarylstibano]-1,1′-binaphthyls [(±)-BINASbs] and 2,2′-bis[di(p-tolyl)bismuthano]-1,1′-binaphthyl [(±)-BINABi], which are the antimony and bismuth congeners of BINAP, have been prepared from 2,2′-dibromo-1,1′-binaphthyl (DBBN) via 2,2′-dilithio-1,1′-binaphthyl intermediate by treatment with the appropriate metal halides [(p-Tol)₂SbBr, Ph₂SbBr and (p-Tol)₂BiCl]. The optical resolution of the (±)-BINASbs could be achieved via the separation of a mixture of the diastereomeric Pd-complexes derived from the reaction of (±)-BINASbs with di-μ-chlorobis{(S)-2-[1-(dimethylamino)-ethyl]phenyl-C¹,N}dipalladium(II). Optically active (R)-BINASb and (R)-BINABi could be also obtained from optically active (R)-DBBN by the same procedure. The enantiopure BINASbs have been shown to be effective chiral ligands for the rhodium-catalyzed asymmetric hydrosilylation of ketones.     

Synthesis and properties of 4,9-methanoundecafulvenes and their transformation to 3-substituted 7,12-methanocycloundeca[4,5]furo[2,3-d]pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-diones: photo-induced autorecycling oxidizing reaction toward amines

The synthesis and properties of 4,9-methanoundecafulvene [5-(4,9-methanocycloundeca-2′,4′,6′,8′,10′-pentaenylidene)pyrimidine-2,4,6(1,3,5H)-trione] derivatives 8a,b were studied. Their structural characteristics were investigated on the basis of the ¹H and ¹³C NMR and UV-vis spectra. The rotational barrier (ΔG^‡) around the exocyclic double bond of 8a was found to be 12.55 kcal mol⁻¹ by the variable temperature ¹H NMR measurement. The electrochemical properties of 8a,b were also studied by CV measurement. Furthermore, the transformation of 8a,b to 3-substituted 7,12-methanocycloundeca[4,5]furo[2,3-d]pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-diones 16a,b was accomplished by oxidative cyclization using DDQ and subsequent ring-opening and ring-closure. The structural details and chemical properties of 16a,b were clarified. Reaction of 16a with deuteride afforded C13-adduct 19 as the single product, and thus, the methano-bridge controls the nucleophilic attack to prefer endo-selectivity. The photo-induced oxidation reaction of 16a and a vinylogous compound, 3-methylcyclohepta[4,5]furo[2,3-d]pyrimidine-2,4(3H)-dione 2a, toward some amines under aerobic conditions were carried out to give the corresponding imines (isolated by converting to the corresponding 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones) with the recycling number of 6.1-64.0 (for 16a) and 2.7-17.2 (for 2a), respectively.     

Stabilization of (N-methyleneamino)imidoylketenes: synthesis of dipyrazolo[1,2-a;1′,2′-d][1,2,4,5]tetrazines

Thermolysis of substituted methyl 1-methyleneamino-4,5-dioxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylates 2a,b led to substituted dimethyl 3,9-dioxo-1,5,7,11-tetrahydro-1H,7H-dipyrazolo[1,2-a;1′,2′-d][1,2,4,5]tetrazine-1,7-dicarboxylates 4a,b and methyl 2,5-dihydro-5-oxo-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylates 5a,b as minor products. The structure of compound 4a was determined by X-ray crystallography. The proposed mechanism of this conversion includes generation of (N-methyleneamino)imidoylketenes 6a,b and its intramolecular transformation to azomethine imines—5-oxo-2,5-dihydropyrazole-1-methylium-2-ides 7a,b, which undergo dimerization in head-to-tail manner yielding products 4a,b and partially hydrolyse to compounds 5a,b.