Asymmetric phase-transfer reactions under base-free neutral conditions

Although quaternary onium salt-catalyzed phase-transfer reactions are generally believed to require base additives, we discovered even without any base additives conjugate additions of 3-substituted oxindoles proceeded smoothly in the presence of lipophilic quaternary onium bromide under water-organic biphasic conditions. The mechanism of this novel base-free neutral phase-transfer reaction system was investigated, and the assumed catalytic cycle was presented together with interesting effects of water and lipophilicity of the phase-transfer catalyst. The base-free neutral phase-transfer reaction system could be applied to highly enantioselective conjugate additions, aldol reaction, sulfenylation, and chlorination under the influence of chiral bifunctional onium bromides as key catalysts.     

A polymer imidazole salt as phase-transfer catalyst in halex fluorination irradiated by microwave

A new imidazole polymer salt was synthesized in order to develop a high efficiency phase-transfer catalyst for multi-phase reactions. The polymer salt was prepared easily by co-polymerization of 1-1′-(1,4-butamethylene)bis(imidazole) and 1,2-dibromoethane, and has the properties of excellent chemical and thermal stability and high ionic conductivity. It was applied as phase-transfer catalyst in the fluorination of chloronitrobenzenes under the irradiation of microwave and gave excellent yields of corresponding fluoronitrobenzenes. In addition, the enhanced mechanism of microwave was studied and found “non-thermal” effect was a great factor.     

Triphase Catalysis [New synthetic methods (27)]

Triphase catalysis (TC) has recently been introduced as a unique form of heterogeneous catalysis in which the catalyst and each of a pair of reactants are located in separate phases. Based on this concept, new synthetic methods have been developed for aqueous phase–organic phase reactions using a solid phase catalyst. Although it is only at an early stage of development, TC shows considerable potential for practical use. Our mechanistic understanding of these highly complex catalytic systems is at present very limited and detailed examination will be required before their relationship to phase-transfer, micellar, and interfacial catalysis becomes clear.     

WO3 nanoparticles on MCM-48 as a highly selective and versatile heterogeneous catalyst for the oxidation of olefins, sulfides, and cyclic ketones

[reaction: see text] It is shown that nanosized WO(3) particles supported on MCM-48 work as a highly efficient and selective heterogeneous catalyst for the oxidation of olefins, sulfides, and cyclic ketones using hydrogen peroxide or peracetic acid. The catalytic activity of the supported tungstate was dependent on the nature of the supporting materials and particle size. The catalyst system employs environmentally benign oxidants in halide-free solvents, and it does not require phase-transfer agents and pH control.     

反应控制相转移催化剂的研究进展

反应控制相转移催化兼具均相和非均相催化的优点,有助于解决催化剂催化活性低及分离回收困难等问题,符合环境友好的要求,所以一直以来备受关注。反应控制相转移现象的形成与催化剂的阴、阳离子结构和溶剂等反应条件密切相关。本文就目前应用广泛的反应控制相转移催化剂的阴、阳离子的结构特点进行综述,最后就反应控制相转移催化体系可能存在的问题和创新方向作了展望。     

季鏻盐型三相相转移催化剂的制备及其化学结构与相转移催化活性的关系

 使用两种 ω-氯代酰氯 (氯乙酰氯与氯丁酰氯) 对交联聚苯乙烯微球 (CPS) 进行 Friedel-Crafts 酰基化反应,使用 1,4-二氯甲氧基丁烷对 CPS 微球进行氯甲基化反应, 分别将可交换的氯引入 CPS 微球表面, 制备了化学改性的 CPS 微球. 然后使用三苯基膦对改性微球进行季鏻化反应, 制备了间隔臂 (spacer arm) 长度不同的三种季鏻 (QP) 盐型三相相转移催化剂 QP-CPS. 考察了主要反应条件对制备过程的影响, 并以氯化苄与乙酸钠合成乙酸苄酯的反应体系作为三相相转移催化的模型体系, 初步考察了 QP-CPS 的相转移催化活性,探索了催化剂结构与相转移催化活性的关系. 结果表明, 季鏻盐的化学稳定性较差,在制备过程中需控制反应时间与温度, 且宜选用极性较高的溶剂. 季鏻盐型三相相转移催化剂 QP-CPS 对乙酸苄酯的合成具有较高的催化活性, 在液-固-液之间可有效地实现反应物种乙酸根的转移. 与季铵盐 (QN) 型三相相转移催化剂 QN-CPS 相比, 季鏻盐型三相相转移催化剂 QP-CPS 具有更高的相转移催化活性. 间隔臂越长, QP-CPS 的相转移催化活性越高, QP-CPS 的亲水和亲油性能对相转移催化活性也有很大的影响.     

Kinetics of the Volume and Surface Reactions in the Phase-Transfer Catalytic Aminolysis of 4-Nitrophenyl Acetate

It was shown that a distribution-type kinetic model can be used to describe the mechanism of the phase-transfer catalytic aminolysis of 4-nitrophenyl acetate with potassium glycinate in chlorobenzene with 18-crown-6 as catalyst. A quantitative assessment was made of the contributions from the reactions in the volume and at the interface in the solid/liquid system.     

Regioselective and stereoselective cyclizations of cyclohexadienones tethered to active methylene groups

The cyclization of 2,5-cyclohexadienones tethered to activated methylene groups was studied. The substitution around the cyclohexadienone ring serves to regioselectively direct these cyclizations based primarily on electronic effects. In the case of brominated substrates, these reactions proceed to give highly unusual electron-deficient tricyclic cyclopropanes. By using a Cinchona alkaloid-based phase-transfer catalyst, prochiral cyclohexadienones can be desymmetrized with moderate stereoselectivity.     

New quaternary phosphonium salt as multi-site phase-transfer catalyst for various alkylation reactions

The present work describes the C-alkylation reactions of fluorene and curcumin catalyzed by a new phosphonium salt, benzene-1,3,5-triyltris(methylene))tris(triphenylphosphonium)bromide, as a multi-site phase-transfer catalyst (MPTC). The catalytic efficiencies were found to be quite effective for di- and tetra-alkylation reactions with very excellent yields under mild base and low concentrations of the catalyst. The synthesized MPTC 3 have privileged catalytic activity compared to commercially available single-site phase-transfer catalysts.

     

Asymmetric Phase-Transfer Catalysis

Both in the laboratory and industrially , phase-transfer catalysis offers the potential to induce asymmetry into reactions with anionic intermediates. Equation (a) provides an example (conditions: a) 10 mol % phase-transfer catalyst, BnBr, CsOH⋅H₂O, PhMe, 15–24 h, −78°C).     

A metal nanoparticle-based supramolecular approach for aqueous biphasic reactions

beta-cyclodextrin immobilized on Pd nanoparticles was successfully employed as an efficient phase-transfer catalyst in aqueous biphasic hydrogenation reactions.     

Phase-transfer agents as catalysts for a nucleophilic substitution reaction in microemulsions

The reaction between 4-tert-butylbenzyl bromide and potassium iodide was carried out in microemulsions based on different nonionic surfactants, and the reaction rates were compared with those obtained in two-phase systems with added phase-transfer agent, either a quaternary ammonium salt or a crown ether. The reactions were relatively fast in the microemulsions and extremely sluggish in the two-phase systems without additional phase-transfer agent. Addition of a phase-transfer agent did not accelerate the reaction when a hydrocarbon was used as organic solvent, neither in the two-phase system nor in the microemulsion. When a chlorinated hydrocarbon was used as solvent, phase-transfer catalysis became effective and the rate obtained in the two-phase system with an equimolar amount of phase-transfer agent added was higher than that obtained in the microemulsion. When a catalytic amount of phase-transfer agent was used, the rate in the two-phase system was about the same as the rate obtained in the microemulsion without the phase-transfer agent. The combined approach, that is, use of a microemulsion as the reaction medium and addition of a phase-transfer agent, gave the highest reaction rate. The quaternary ammonium salt (tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulfate) was a more efficient catalyst in the microemulsion system than the crown ether ([18]crown-6).     

A poly(ethylene glycol)-supported quaternary ammonium salt: An efficient, recoverable, and recyclable phase-transfer catalyst

A quaternary ammonium salt readily immobilized on a soluble poly(ethylene glycol) polymer support efficiently catalyzes different reactions carried out under phase-transfer catalysis conditions; the catalyst, easily recovered by precipitation and filtration, shows no appreciable loss of activity when recycled three times.     

A new reaction pathway in the ester aminolysis catalyzed by glymes and crown ethers

Butylaminolysis of p-nitrophenyl acetate in chlorobenzene in the presence of different kinds of phase-transfer catalysts (crown ethers and glymes) supports the existence of a reaction pathway exhibiting a first-order dependence on the concentration of the phase transfer catalyst and a second-order dependence on the concentration of butylamine. This novel reaction pathway must be included in the mechanism traditionally accepted for the catalysis by phase-transfer agents of aminolysis reactions in aprotic solvents.     

Highly enantioselective synthesis of (R)-alpha-alkylserines via phase-transfer catalytic alkylation of o-biphenyl-2-oxazoline-4-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester using cinchona-derived catalysts

[reaction: see text] A highly enantioselective synthetic method for (R)-alpha-alkylserines was developed by the phase-transfer catalytic alkylation of o-biphenyl-2-oxazoline-4-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (4i) using cinchona-derived phase-transfer catalyst N(1)-(9-anthracenylmethyl)-O(9)-allyl-dihydrocinchonidinium bromide (up to 96% ee).     

Pentanidium-catalyzed enantioselective phase-transfer conjugate addition reactions

A new chiral entity, pentanidium, has been shown to be an excellent chiral phase-transfer catalyst. The enantioselective Michael addition reactions of tert-butyl glycinate-benzophenone Schiff base with various α,β-unsaturated acceptors provide adducts with high enantioselectivities. A successful gram-scale experiment at a low catalyst loading of 0.05 mol % indicates the potential for practical applications of this methodology. Phosphoglycine ester analogues can also be utilized as the Michael donor, affording enantioenriched α-aminophosphonic acid derivatives and phosphonic analogues of (S)-proline.     

Asymmetric Michael addition of malonic diesters to acrylates by phase-transfer catalysis toward the construction of quaternary stereogenic α-carbons

A highly enantioselective construction of an all-carbon quaternary stereogenic center at the α-position of malonic diesters has been achieved by Michael addition using phase-transfer catalysis. The reaction of α-monosubstituted malonates with acrylates in the presence of N-(9-anthracenylmethyl)quininium chloride as a phase-transfer catalyst afforded the corresponding α,α-disubstituted malonic diesters in high chemical yields (up to >95% yield) with high enantioselectivities (up to 95% ee). Furthermore, the product was amenable to chemoselective transformation and could be successfully converted to the corresponding α,α-disubstituted amino acid derivatives through Curtius rearrangement.     

Convenient preparation of highly active phase-transfer catalyst for catalytic asymmetric synthesis of α-alkyl- and α,α-dialkyl-α-amino acids: application to the short asymmetric synthesis of BIRT-377

A highly active phase-transfer catalyst was conveniently prepared from the known, easily available (S)-4,5,6,4′,5′,6′-hexamethoxybiphenyldicarboxylic acid. This catalyst exhibited the high catalytic performance (0.01-1 mol %) in the asymmetric alkylation of N-(diphenylmethylene)glycine tert-butyl ester and N-(p-chlorophenylmethylene)alanine tert-butyl ester compared to the existing chiral phase-transfer catalysts, thereby allowing to realize a general and useful procedure for highly practical enantioselective synthesis of structurally diverse natural and unnatural α-alkyl-α-amino acids as well as α,α-dialkyl-α-amino acids.     

Kinetics of synthesizing liquid-crystals, 4, 4"-dialkoxybiphenyl by phase transfer catalysis

Reactions of 4,4"-biphenol and bromoalkanes to synthesize 4,4"-dialkoxybiphenyls were carried out under phase-transfer catalysis. Quaternary ammonium salts (QBr) and propansultan (QSO₃) were used as the phase transfer catalysts. Eight liquid crystals including symmetric and asymmetric diethers and the active catalyst (QO(Ph)₂OQ) were produced from the reactions.     

Novel conditions for the Juliá-Colonna epoxidation reaction providing efficient access to chiral, nonracemic epoxides

The addition of a phase-transfer catalyst significantly accelerates the Juliá-Colonna epoxidation reaction yielding chiral, nonracemic epoxy ketones. Furthermore, a reliable procedure for the preparation of highly active poly-l-leucine catalyst is reported.