Intramolecular and Intermolecular Schmidt Reactions of Alkyl Azides with Aldehydes

Despite recent advances in the use of alkyl azides in ring expansion reactions of ketones, there has been little work done on the corresponding chemistry of aldehydes. In the present study, the Lewis acid-promoted reactions of alkyl azides with aldehydes were studied in both intermolecular and intramolecular contexts. The intramolecular reactions of azidoalkyl aldehydes in which the azide and carbonyl groups were separated by 2-5 carbons were examined. Although the examples having the shortest tether failed (3-azidopropanals), each of the other systems gave good yields of either NH-substituted lactams (resulting from hydride migration in the initially formed azidohydrin adduct) or formamides (alkyl migration). The product formed was dependent on the chain length of the starting azido aldehyde. The intermolecular reactions were less efficient, requiring TiCl₄ promotion for even moderate yields, and in each case gave mixtures of products resulting from hydride and alkyl migration.     

Allowing for Intermolecular Vibrations in the Thermodynamic Functions of a Liquid Inert Gas

Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry A - Ways of calculating interatomic vibrations in a fluid are considered using the example of an inert gas. Discrete continuum theory in the lattice gas model...     

Dynamic Interplay between Defective UiO-66 and Protic Solvents in Activated Processes

UiO-66, composed by Zr-oxide inorganic bricks [Zr₆(μ₃-O)₄(μ₃-OH)₄] and organic terephthalate linkers, is one of the most studied metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) due to its exceptional thermal, chemical, and mechanical stability. Thanks to its high connectivity, the material can withstand structural deformations during activation processes such as linker exchange, dehydration, and defect formation. These processes do alter the zirconium coordination number in a dynamic way, creating open metal sites for catalysis and thus are able to tune the catalytic properties. In this work, it is shown, by means of first-principle molecular-dynamics simulations at operating conditions, how protic solvents may facilitate such changes in the metal coordination. Solvent can induce structural rearrangements in the material that can lead to undercoordinated but also overcoordinated metal sites. This is demonstrated by simulating activation processes along well-chosen collective variables. Such enhanced MD simulations are able to track the intrinsic dynamics of the framework at realistic conditions.     

倍硫磷的甲基在分子内和分子间迁移的质谱研究

甲基迁移反应在合成化学和生命科学领域具有重要意义.迄今为止，所报道的甲基迁移反应大多数发生在不同种类分子之间.因此，寻找新型甲基迁移反应具有一定的研究价值.本研究以环境中常见的杀虫剂倍硫磷为研究对象，采用电喷雾质谱技术为分析工具对反应体系进行高灵敏分析，探究在CF₃COOH及纳米二氧化钛（TiO₂）条件下，倍硫磷分子中发生甲基迁移反应的可能性.结果表明，在CF₃COOH和TiO₂共同作用下，倍硫磷分子中的甲基可以从同一分子的氧原子上迁移到不饱和硫原子上，发生分子内1，3-甲基迁移反应，形成异构体硫甲基化产物；同时，异构体产物中的甲基还可以从硫原子上再继续迁移到另一分子倍硫磷的不饱和硫原子上，发生分子间甲基迁移反应.同时结合密度泛函理论计算对倍硫磷分子内和分子间甲基迁移反应的过程进行动态模拟，并对其迁移机理进行解释.本研究发现了倍硫磷能发生分子内和分子间甲基迁移反应，提供了一种研究甲基迁移反应的质谱方法，为倍硫磷的降解研究提供了新思路.     

The Characteristic Detection of Xenon by Photoionization Detector and the Dynamic Absorption of Xenon by Activated Carbon Fiber

Activated carbon fiber (ACF) is a new type absorber which has been developed since 1960's.ACF has many characteristics different from active charcoal such as high specific surface,narrow pore distribution, high adsorption capacity and adsorption efficiency. Photoionazition detector (PID) is a new type detector, which is applied, in chromatographic analysis in recent years, the detection limit of PID is high and the selectivity of PID is fine.     

烷烃的热力学性质与结构的关系

在分子图邻接矩阵的基础上提出了一个新的连接性指数mX,mX与烷烃的标准熵、原子化焓、标准生成焓、汽化焓、标准生成吉布斯自由能具有良好的线性关系,相关系数均在0·99以上。结果表明,该模型简单、实用、可靠,而且物理意义明确,对有机物有较高的结构区分能力。对157种烷烃的计算结果表明,热力学性质的计算值和实验值的平均相对误差不超过0·77%。     

Intermolecular and intramolecular Diels-Alder cycloadditions of 3-ylidenepiperazine-2,5-diones and 5-acyloxy-2(1h)-pyrazinones

The 3-ylidenepiperazine-2,5-diones 16 and 39 and 5-acyloxy-2(1H)-pyrazinones 17 can serve as starting materials for the Diels-Alder reactions of alkenes and alkynes to the piperazine ring, under acidic conditions or in the presence of acetyl chloride, to afford tricyclic piperazine-2,5-diones 19, 20, 23-25, 27, 44, and 45. Intramolecular cycloadditions occur if 3-ylidenepiperazine-2,5-diones 30 and 32 are used as the starting materials. This procedure is a convenient path to bridged bicyclo[2.2.2]diazaoctane ring systems such as 31 and 33, the former being found in biologically active secondary mold metabolites, such as VM55599 (1) or brevianamide A (5), which have been isolated from various fungi. The synthesis of the indole compound 31 provided evidence for the proposed biochemical pathway with a Diels-Alder reaction as key step. Quantum chemical calculations have revealed that piperazinones with a cationic azadiene moiety are the most reactive species in Diels-Alder cycloadditions.     

Relationship between the Structure of Cement Stone and the Parameters of Ice Formation during Stone Freezing

The specific features of ice formation during freezing of hardening binders are considered as dependent on the structural characteristics. The theoretical grounds for the relationship between the crystallization point of the pore-confined liquid and the pore size are discussed. The possible mechanisms of frost-caused cement stone destruction and the conditions of their development are considered. A model is proposed for estimating the danger of ice formation. The results of experimental studies are given for ice formation during freezing of tricalcium silicate and tricalcium aluminate. The parameters of ice formation are shown to be interrelated with the properties of the porous structure formed during hardening of these binders. The laws characterizing the degree of danger due to ice formation during freezing of cement stone are established.     

Intramolecular and Intermolecular Magnetic Coupling Mechanism of a Dinuclear Copper(II) Complex

Abstract. A new dinuclear complex, [Cu₂(μ_{1, 3}‐NCS)₂(Ophen)₂(OH₂)₂], (HOphen = 1, 10‐phenanthrolin‐2‐ol) was synthesized and its crystal structure was determined by X‐ray crystallography. In the complex, the Cu^II ion assumes a distorted square pyramidal arrangement and the thiocyanate anion functions as bridged ligand and Ophen as capped ligand. The analysis of the crystal structure shows that there exists a π–π stacking interaction between the adjacent complexes. The theoretical calculations reveal that the magnetic coupling pathways from the thiocyanate anions bridge ligand and the π–π stacking magnetic coupling pathway resulted in the weak ferromagnetic interactions with 2J = 18.46 cm^–1 and 2J = 10.46 cm^–1, respectively. The calculations also display that the spin delocalization and the spin polarization occur in the bridge magnetic coupling system and the π–π stacking magnetic coupling system, and the magnetic coupling mechanism of the π–π stacking can be explained with McConnell I spin‐polarization mechanism. The fitting for the data of the variable‐temperature magnetic susceptibility with dinuclear Cu^II formula gave the magnetic coupling constant 2J = 2.84 cm^–1 and zJ′ = 0.03 cm^–1, in which the 2J = 2.84 cm^–1 is attributed to the magnetic coupling from the bridge dinuclear Cu^II unit and the zJ′ = 0.03 cm^–1 is ascribed to the π–π stacking magnetic coupling system. The study may benefit to understand the magnetic coupling mechanism of π–π stacking system.     

Ordering and Clathrate Hydrate Formation in Co‐deposits of Xenon and Water at Low Temperatures

Local ordering in co‐deposits of water and xenon atoms produced at low temperatures can be followed uniquely by ¹²⁹Xe NMR spectroscopy. In water‐rich samples deposited at 10 K and observed at 77 K, xenon NMR results show that there is a wide distribution of arrangements of water molecules around xenon atoms. This starts to order into the definite coordination for the structure I, large and small cages, when samples are annealed at ～140 K, although the process is not complete until a temperature of 180 K is reached, as shown by powder Xray diffraction. There is evidence that Xe ? 20 H₂O clusters are prominent in the early stages of crystallization. In xenon‐rich deposits at 77 K there is evidence of xenon atoms trapped in Xe ? 20 H₂O clusters, which are similar to the small hydration shells or cages observed in hydrate structures, but not in the larger water clusters consisting of 24 or 28 water molecules. These observations are in agreement with results obtained on the formation of Xe hydrate on the surface of ice surfaces by using hyperpolarized Xe NMR spectroscopy. The results indicate that for the various different modes of hydrate formation, both from Xe reacting with amorphous water and with crystalline ice surfaces, versions of the small cage are important structures in the early stages of crystallization.     

Investigation of the Hydrate Plugging and Non-Plugging Properties of Oils

Three laboratories (Norwegian Institute of Science and Technology [NTNU], Institut Français du Pétrole [IFP], and the Colorado School of Mines [CSM]) determined hydrate plug formation characteristics in three oils, each in three conditions: (1) in their natural state, (2) with asphaltenes removed, and (3) with naturally occurring acids removed from the oil. The objective was to determine the major variables that affect hydrate plugging tendencies in oil-dominated systems, to enable the flow assurance engineer to qualitatively assess the tendency of an oil to plug with hydrates. In the past, it was indicated that chemical effects, for example, water-in-oil/hydrate-in-oil (emulsion/dispersion) stability, prevented hydrate plugs. For example, deasphalted oils provided low emulsion/dispersion stability and thus hydrate particles aggregated. In contrast pH 14-extracted oils were reported to remove stabilizing naphthenic acids, causing asphaltene precipitation on water/hydrate droplets, stabilizing the emulsion/dispersion to prevent aggregation and pluggage. This work suggests that in addition to chemistry, shear can enable plug-free operation in the hydrate region. High shear can prevent hydrate particle aggregation, while low shear encourages particle aggregation and plugging. As a result, flow assurance engineers may be able to forecast hydrate plug liability of an oil by a combination of chemistry and flow variables, such as: a) measurements of live oil emulsion stability, b) predictions of flow line shear, and c) knowledge of water cut. Plug formation qualitative trends are provided for the above three variables. Implications for flow assurance are given.     

Interplay between the Diradical Character and Third‐Order Nonlinear Optical Properties in Fullerene Systems

To reveal new structure–property relationships in the nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of fullerenes that are associated with their open‐shell character, we investigated the interplay between the diradical character (y_i) and second hyperpolarizability (longitudinal component, γ_zzzz) in several fullerenes, including C₂₀ , C₂₆ , C₃₀ , C₃₆ , C₄₀ , C₄₂ , C₄₈ , C₆₀ , and C₇₀ , by using the broken‐symmetry density functional theory (DFT; LC‐UBLYP (μ=0.33)/6‐31G*//UB3LYP/6‐31G*). We found that the large differences between the geometry and topology of fullerenes have a significant effect on the diradical character of each fullerene. On the basis of their different diradical character, these fullerenes were categorized into three groups, that is, closed‐shell (y_i=0), intermediate open‐shell (0<y_i<1), and almost pure open‐shell compounds (y_i?1), which originated from their diverse topological features, as explained by odd‐electron‐density and spin‐density diagrams. For example, we found that closed‐shell fullerenes include C₂₀ , C₆₀ , and C₇₀ , whereas fullerenes C₂₆ and C₃₆ and C₃₀ , C₄₀ , C₄₂ , and C₄₈ are pure and intermediate open‐shell compounds, respectively. Interestingly, the γ_zzzz enhancement ratios between C₃₀ / C₃₆ and C₄₀ / C₆₀ are 4.42 and 11.75, respectively, regardless of the smaller π‐conjugation size in C₃₀ and C₄₀ than in C₃₆ and C₆₀ . Larger γ_zzzz values were obtained for other fullerenes that had intermediate diradical character, in accordance with our previous valence configuration interaction (VCI) results for the two‐site diradical model. The γ_zzzz density analysis shows that the large positive contributions originate from the large γ_zzzz density distributions on the right‐ and left‐extended edges of the fullerenes, between which significant spin polarizations (related to their intermediate diradical character) appear within the spin‐unrestricted DFT level of theory.     

Influence of Intermolecular Vibrations on the Electronic Coupling in Organic Semiconductors: The Case of Anthracene and Perfluoropentacene

We have performed classical molecular dynamics simulations and quantum‐chemical calculations on molecular crystals of anthracene and perfluoropentacene. Our goal is to characterize the amplitudes of the room‐temperature molecular displacements and the corresponding thermal fluctuations in electronic transfer integrals, which constitute a key parameter for charge transport in organic semiconductors. Our calculations show that the thermal fluctuations lead to Gaussian‐like distributions of the transfer integrals centered around the values obtained for the equilibrium crystal geometry. The calculated distributions have been plugged into Monte‐Carlo simulations of hopping transport, which show that lattice vibrations impact charge transport properties to various degrees depending on the actual crystal structure.     

Relationship between Molecular Properties and Conformation of Chiral Alkanes

Mixtures of the diastereomers of 2,2,3,5,6-pentamethylheptane were prepared in two ways, either starting with compounds of (3R)-configuration, or from compounds of (5R)-configuration. Comparison of the GC. and optical rotatory power of the fractions of these two mixtures permitted the unambiguous assignment of the absolute configuration and molar rotatory power to the various diastereomers ([M] = + 119.1° for the (3R, 5R)- and [M] = + 79.8° for the (3R, 5S)-diastereomer). The very high molar rotatory power which was expected on the basis of the conformational analysis carried out with a rotational-isomeric-3-states model is interpreted as arising from the molecular ‘conformational rigidity’, i.e. from the presence of only few conformers. Conformational properties of these compounds were computed using a new approach, which scans the whole space of each bond (2 π) in 5° steps and calculates the conformational energy based upon semiempirical potential functions. The conformational flexibility of each bond of the two diastereomers is evaluated in terms of the a priori probability density function of that bond. This allows us to analyze in detail how configurational differences affect conformational properties. The molar rotatory power of the two diastereomers as calculated with a new method recently developed in our group is in excellent agreement with experimental data. The molar rotatory power is analyzed in terms of the contribution of the single bonds.     

定标粒子理论对高效液相色谱中分子间相互作用与k＇间关系的研究

本文以统计热力学的观点,对流动相和固定相同时采用定标粒子理论处理,得到了描述分子间相互作用与ｋ＇间定量关系的关联方程,并对该方程加以实验验证及讨论。     

Interplay of Interactions Governing the Dynamic Conversions of Acyclic and Macrocyclic Helicates

Systemic change : A system of transformations between helical structures was observed to be governed by interactions mediated by the electronic effects of substituents, entropic effects, the conformational preferences of organic building blocks, and the coordinative preferences of the metal ion. All of these effects were important, but all must be considered together to allow the prediction of the product observed (see scheme).

     

Effect of the Degree of Oil Biodegradation on the Crystallization of Methane Hydrate and Ice in Water-Oil Emulsions

To study the influence exerted by oxidized oil components on the nucleation and growth of gas hydrates the nucleation of methane hydrate and ice in 50 wt % emulsions of oil in native oil and two samples of the same oil subjected to biodegradation for 30 and 60 days (samples N, V30, and V60, respectively) were examined. In the course of measurements, the samples were cooled to–15°C at a constant rate of 0.14 deg min^–1 and then heated to the initial temperature. The initial methane pressure in the system was 15 MPa at 20°C. In the process, the temperatures were recorded at which heat effects corresponding to the formation of hydrate/ice and the melting of these. In the case of emulsion N, no exothermic effects were manifested in the cooling stage. In the heating stage, the endothermic effects of ice melting were found in half of the samples. No effects corresponding to the decomposition of the hydrate were observed. In experiment with V30 samples, the formation of the hydrate and ice was manifested as strong exothermic effects. Ice was formed in all the experiments, and the hydrate, only in 21% of the samples. Finally, in experiments with V60, ice and the hydrate were formed in 54 and 13% of cases, respectively. Their formation was manifested as weak exothermic effects in the cooling stage. Thus, it was demonstrated that the biodegradation level of oil samples affects the nucleation of methane hydrate and ice in emulsions formed on the basis of these samples.

     

Precise Control of Intramolecular Charge‐Transport: The Interplay of Distance and Conformational Effects

A new series of donor–bridge–acceptor (D–B–A) compounds consisting of π‐conjugated oligofluorene (oFL) bridges between a ferrocene (Fc) electron‐donor and a fullerene (C₆₀) electron‐acceptor have been synthesized. In addition to varying the length of the bridge (i.e., mono‐ and bi‐fluorene derivatives), four different ways of linking ferrocene to the bridge have been examined. The Fc moiety is linked to oFL: 1) directly without any spacer, 2) by an ethynyl linkage, 3) by a vinylene linkage, and 4) by a p‐phenylene unit. The electronic interactions between the electroactive species have been characterized by cyclic voltammetry, absorption, fluorescence, and transient absorption spectroscopy in combination with quantum chemical calculations. The calculations reveal exceptionally close energy‐matching between the Fc and the oFL units, which results in strong electronic‐coupling. Hence, intramolecular charge‐transfer may easily occur upon exciting either the oFLs or Fcs. Photoexcitation of Fc–oFL–C₆₀ conjugates results in transient radical‐ion‐pair states. The mode of linkage of the Fc and FL bridge has a profound effect on the photophysical properties. Whereas intramolecular charge‐separation is found to occur rather independently of the distance, the linker between Fc and oFL acts (at least in oFL) as a bottleneck and significantly impacts the intramolecular charge‐separation rates, resulting in beta values between β_CS 0.08 and 0.19 Å^?1. In contrast, charge recombination depends strongly on the electron‐donor–acceptor distance, but not at all on the linker. A value of β_CR (0.35±0.01 Å^?1) was found for all the systems studied. Oligofluorenes prove, therefore, to be excellent bridges for probing how small structural variations affect charge transport in D–B–A systems.