Cationic dye adsorption by acrylamide/itaconic acid hydrogels in aqueous solutions

Acrylamide/itaconic acid (AAm/IA) hydrogels containing different quantities of itaconic acid have been irradiated with γ radiation. The hydrogels were used in an experiment concerning the adsorption of cationic dyes such as Basic Blue 9, Basic Violet 1 and Basic Blue 12. In the experiments of the adsorption of dyes from their synthetic aqueous solutions, type S adsorption isotherms were found. One mole of monomeric unit of AAm/IA hydrogels adsorbed 78.5–513.1 μmole of Basic Blue 9, 60.2–641.1 μmole of Basic Violet 1 and, 28.8–593.3 μmole of Basic Blue 12, while acrylamide hydrogel did not adsorb any cationic dye. As a result, it was shown that the AAm/IA hydrogels could be used as an adsorbent for water pollutants such as dyes, and immobilization of these organic contaminants in the hydrogels from waste water can solve one of the most important environmental problems of the textile industry. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱法快速分离鉴定纺织品中的9种致癌染料

采用高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联四极杆质谱(HPLC-ESI-MS/MS)在选择反应监测(SRM)模式下分离鉴定纺织品中禁用的9种致癌染料。用甲醇超声同时提取天然纤维和化学纤维上的染料,以5 mmol/L乙酸铵和乙腈为流动相在C18柱上于前段洗脱酸性红26、直接蓝6、直接黑38和直接红28(采用电喷雾质谱负离子模式检测),于后段洗脱碱性红9、碱性紫14、分散蓝1、分散橙11和分散黄3(采用电喷雾质谱正离子模式检测),实现了对不同种类纤维织品中分属4类性质不同染料的一次提取和一次分析检测。通过比较试样与标样的色谱保留时间和质谱图中子离子的相对丰度比,可准确鉴别纺织品中的致癌染料。     

Uptake of Basic Blue 17 from aqueous solutions by using chemically crosslinked polyelectrolyte AAm/AASS hydrogels

In this study, the removal of a cationic thiazin dye such as Basic Blue 17 (Toluidin Blue, BB 17) by chemically crosslinked acrylamide (AAm)/acrylic acid sodium salt (AASS) hydrogels was investigated. Super water retainer AAm/AASS hydrogels with various compositions were prepared from ternary mixtures of AAm, AASS and water by free radical polymerization in aqueous solution using multifunctional crosslinkers such as ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA), N,N′ methylenebisacrylamide (NMBA), 1,4 butanediol dimethacrylate (BDMA) and trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA). Adsorption of Basic Blue 17 from aqueous solutions was studied by batch sorption technique at 25^°C. The effect of Basic Blue 17 concentration and mass of adsorbent on the dye adsorption were examined. In the experiments of the sorption, C type and L type sorption in the Giles classification system was found. Some binding parameters such as initial binding constant (K _i ), equilibrium constant (K), monolayer coverage (n), site-size (u), and maximum fractional occupancy (Ô) for AAm/AASS hydrogel-dye binding system were calculated by using Klotz linearization method. Finally, the amount of sorbed Basic Blue 17 per gram of dry hydrogel (q) was calculated to be 1.96–21.35 μ mol dye per gram for AAm/AASS hydrogels. Adsorption of Basic Blue 17 was changed range 39.17–96.63%. AAm/AASS hydrogels crosslinked by TMPTA, EGDMA, BDMA or NMBA can be used a sorbent in biotechnology, environment, sorption, separation, purification, immobilization and enrichment of some species.     

Kinetic modeling of the adsorption of basic dyes by kudzu

The use of kudzu, a rapidly growing, high-climbing perennial leguminous vine, for the adsorption of basic dyes from aqueous solution has been investigated at various initial dye concentrations, masses of kudzu, and agitation rates. The extent and rate of adsorption of the three basic dyes (Basic Red 22, Basic Yellow 21, and Basic Blue 3) were analyzed using a pseudo-first-order and a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. While both rate mechanisms provided an acceptable degree of correlation with the experimental sorption rate data, the pseudo-second-order model gave a much higher degree of correlation, suggesting that this model could be used in design and simulation applications.     

Metachromatic effects and photodegradation of basic blue on nanocrystalline titania films

Titania nanocrystalline films have been deposited on solid substrates by a sol-gel procedure carried out in Triton X-100 reverse micelles. When the dye Basic Blue is adsorbed on these films, it demonstrates a strong metachromatic effect; that is, it aggregates, resulting in a blue shift of its absorption spectrum. Metachromasy in this system is related to the hydrophilicity of the film surface and to the humidity of the film environment. Films composed of 67% titania and 33% silica gave an intense and reversible metachromatic effect that can be exploited to make a handy humidity sensor. Photodegradation of Basic Blue on titania films is faster in humid environments than in dry environments, and this goes in parallel with metachromatic effects.     

Separation and determination of basic dyes formulated in hair care products by capillary electrophoresis

A capillary electrophoretic (CE) method for analyzing five basic dyes (Basic Red 76, Basic Brown 16, Basic Yellow 57, Basic Brown 17 and Basic Blue 99) sold under the trade name Arianor, which are commonly used in hair care products, has been established. A buffer of 100 mM acetic acid-ammonium acetate (50:50) containing 90% (v/v) methanol was employed in a fused-silica capillary of 40.0 cm x 50 microm I.D. with a bubble cell arrangement. Washing the capillary end immediately after injection was effective in preventing peak tailing of the basic dyes, which was due to their adsorption onto the outer wall of the capillary during the injection. Under these optimized conditions, acceptable results for reproducibility, limit of detection and quantitation, and linearity were obtained for the five authentic dyes tested. The recoveries of five authentic basic dyes spiked to three commercial hair care products also provided with acceptable results. This optimized CE method is useful for the analysis of mixed basic dyes in hair care products.     

Sensitive Determination of Water Insoluble Dyes Used as Marking of Commercial Petroleum Products Using High‐Performance Liquid Chromatography with Electrochemical Detection

This paper describes an analytical method using high‐performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) separation coupled with electrochemical detection to detect three dyes, Solvent Blue 14 (SB‐14), Solvent Blue 35 (SB‐35) and Solvent Red 24 (SR‐24). The dyes were eluted and separated using a reversed‐phase column (C‐8) under isocratic elution with the mobile phase containing a mixture of acetonitrile/ammonium acetate (5.0 mmol L^?1) at the ratio of 75 : 25 (v/v). Two sample pretreatment methods were tested and successfully applied to quantify SB14, SB‐35 and SR‐24 dyes in gasoline samples. The proposed method was simple, fast and suitable to detect and quantify marker dyes in gasoline sample at low concentration.     

Transport processes in the sorption of colored ions by peat particles

A three-step model has been proposed for the adsorption of Astrazone Blue dye (Basic Blue 69) on peat. The initial rate of uptake of dye ions due to physical adsorption and chemisorption (ion exchange) has been correlated using a surface mass transfer coefficient. These coefficients have been determined and expressed in the dimensionless mass transfer form, Sh/Sc^0.33, as a function of agitation, initial dye concentration, peat particle size range, dye solution temperature, and mass of peat.     

Application of visual basic in high-throughput mass spectrometry-directed purification of combinatorial libraries

We present an approach to customize the sample submission process for high-throughput purification (HTP) of combinatorial parallel libraries using preparative liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. In this study, Visual Basic and Visual Basic for Applications programs were developed using Microsoft Visual Basic 6 and Microsoft Excel 2000, respectively. These programs are subsequently applied for the seamless electronic submission and handling of data for HTP. Functions were incorporated into these programs where medicinal chemists can perform on-line verification of the purification status and on-line retrieval of postpurification data. The application of these user friendly and cost effective programs in our HTP technology has greatly increased our work efficiency by reducing paper work and manual manipulation of data.     

Micellar effects upon the basic hydrolysis of 2,7-bis(diethylamino)phenazoxonium chloride

The effect of cationic and anionic surfactants on the reaction of Basic Blue 3 (2,7-bis(diethylamino)phenazoxonium chloride, 1) with hydroxide ion has been studied. Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), cetyl and tetradecyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC and MTAC) enhance the rate of basic hydrolysis whereas sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) has an inhibitory effect. The extent of micellar catalysis is reduced by the addition of organic solvents. The results have been analyzed on the basis of the pseudophase ion-exchange model [1–3].     

Electrodeposition of Dye-Doped Titania Thin Films

We extend our novel low-voltage electrochemical method for oxide thin film formation from sol-gel monomers to include entrapment of organic molecules within the films. We also describe an extension of the method to titania thin films, which are obtained from titanium tetra-n-propoxide in alcoholic solutions by applying potentials in the range of +2.0 to ?1.4 V to indium tin oxide electrodes. The film thickness (ranging between 20–1000 nm) is controllable by changing either the potential or the duration of its application. We demonstrate that this electrochemical method provides a convenient way for entrapment of organic dopants within the film. Four dyes were used for that purpose: Basic Blue 41, methylene-blue, tris(2,2′-bipyridine)iron(II) and tris(2,2′-bipyridine)ruthenium(II).     

Modeling and optimization of simultaneous photocatalysis of three dyes on ceramic-coated TiO2 nanoparticles using chemometrics methods: phytotoxicological assessment during degradation process

In this paper, ceramic plates were used as a support of TiO₂ nanoparticles for photocatalytic decolorization of a mixture of three dyes. The three textile dyes (C.I. Basic Red 46, C.I. Basic Blue 3 and Malachite Green) were quantified simultaneously during the photocatalytic degradation process. The partial least squares modeling was successfully applied for the multivariate calibration of the spectrophotometric data. Also, the central composite design has been applied to the optimization of photocatalytic decolorization of the dye solution containing three dyes using an immobilized UV/TiO₂ process. The optimum initial concentration of three dyes, reaction time, and UV light intensity were found to be 5 mg/L, 240 min, and 47.2 W/m², respectively. The chronic phytotoxicity of mixture of dyes was evaluated using aquatic species Spirodela polyrhiza (S. polyrhiza) prior to and after photocatalysis. The phytotoxicity results revealed that the photocatalysis process could effectively reduce the phytotoxicity of the dyes from their aqueous solutions.     

Quantification of Textile Dyes in Industrial Effluent Using UV-Vis Spectrophotometry Combined with Principal Components Regression

UV-Vis spectrophotometry and multivariate calibration model, Principal Components Regression (PCR), were used for individual and simultaneous quantification of ternary mixtures of reactive dyes (Yellow Procion HE4R, Navy Blue Procion HER, and Blue Procion HEGN) in a sample of industrial effluent and effluents obtained in the laboratory. A Centroid-Simplex-type experimental design was used. The percentages of the dyes Yellow Procion HE4R, Navy Blue Procion HER, and Blue Procion HEGN not fixed to the fiber in the industrial dyeing process and laboratory scale were 47.40%, 10.99%, 24.72% and 4.20%, 46.06%, 32.04%, respectively.     

Theoretical models for electrodialytic sample treatment in trace analysis by liquid chromatography

Summary Basic considerations for analyte enrichment and recovery obtainable by electrodialysis as a sample treatment method are given. Equations are derived which describe the dependence of the concentration profiles of ionic compounds on the electric field strength in a set-up with stagnant donor and acceptor solutions. It is shown that analyte recovery increases when less ion-selective membranes are used in the electrodialysis cell. Computer models are used to estimate the analyte enrichment for a flowing donor (sample) and a stagnant acceptor phase. About 10-fold enrichment can be obtained in an electrodialytic sample treatment system within 20 min under maximum current conditions. A compromise has to be found between analyte recovery and the donor (sample) flow rate.     

Effect of chemical structure on the properties of some hydrogels prepared by using gamma radiation polymerization

Several hydrogels were prepared using radiolytic polymerization of aqueous solutions of acrylamide or acrylamide containing appropriate comonomer such as acrylic acid, maleic acid, itaconic acid, and maleic anhydride. The hydrogels have been prepared at an irradiation dose of 30 kGy. The effects of the chemical structure of the monomer(s) and crosslinking agents on the yield of homopolymer(s) or copolymers have been studied. These crosslinking agents include N, N′‐methylene dimethacrylate (MDA) and N, N′‐methylene bisallyamide (MBA). The hydrogels obtained were characterized using swelling technique, thermal and spectroscopic analysis. The results obtained showed that the prepared samples are able to reject sodium ions and are not able to recover the Basic Blue Dye from their aqueous solution. © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

改良聚酰胺吸附-高效毛细管电泳内标法测定饮料中的亮蓝和苋菜红

以日落黄为内标物,建立了碳酸饮料中亮蓝和苋菜红的高效毛细管电泳内标测定方法。毛细管有效长度40 cm,内径75 μm,分离电压20 kV,进样量14 kPa×3 s,室温下分离,缓冲溶液为10 mmol/L磷酸氢二钠(pH 8.56),检测波长390 nm。亮蓝与苋菜红的相对校正因子分别为0.8329(相对标准偏差(RSD)为3.3%)和1.2253(RSD为2.6%);定量限(S/N=10)分别为1.629 mg/L和4.160 mg/L;回收率分别为97.87%～102.1%(RSD为1.8%)和94.07%～103.8%(RSD为4.1%);方法的精密度分别为3.2%和2.0%。对样品预处理的优化使该法更适用于碳酸类饮料中亮蓝和苋菜红的高效毛细管电泳分析。以样品空白为基液进行内标法定量测定,基本上消除了背景带来的系统误差。将该方法应用于实际样品的测定,结果准确。     

Equilibrium, kinetic, and thermodynamic studies of Basic Blue 9 dye sorption on agro-industrial lignocellulosic materials

The sorptive potential of some lignocellulosic agro-industrial wastes (sunflower seed shells and corn cob) for Basic Blue 9 cationic dye removal from aqueous solutions was examined using the batch technique. The Freundlich, Langmuir, and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm models were used in order to determine the quantitative parameters of sorption. The Langmuir isotherm model indicated a maximum sorption capacity for these materials in the range of 40–50 mg dye per g (25°C), slightly higher for corn cob than for sunflower seed shells. The values of the thermodynamic parameters showed that the retention of cationic dye is a spontaneous and endothermic process. The application of pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order intraparticle diffusion models, and a Boyd — Reichenberg model for kinetic data interpretation suggested that sorption of Basic Blue 9 dye onto the studied materials is a process where both surface sorption and intraparticle diffusion contributed to the rate-limiting step. These lignocellulosic wastes can be used with good efficiency for dye removal from aqueous effluents.      

Kinetochromic spectrophotometry-III Determination of fluoride by catalysis of the zirconimn-Methylthymol blue reaction

The determination of 0.5-4.75 mug of fluoride ion by its catalytic action upon the slow reaction between Methylthymol Blue and zirconium(IV) in aqueous solution is described. Calibration curves obtained after 60 min under optimal conditions are smooth, and yield an effective molar absorptivity of 3.23 x 10(4) 1.mole(-1)mm(-1) at 586 nm. There is considerably less cationic interference than in the alizarin complexan-cerium(III) or lanthanum procedure, but more serious anionic interference is encountered when phosphate, arsenate and, to a lesser extent, sulphate ions are present in the sample solution.     

Resonance Rayleigh-scattering method for the determination of proteins with some monoazo dyes of chromotropic acid.

In a weak acid medium, protein reacts with a monoazo dye of chromotropic acid, such as Chromazol KS (CALKS), Acid Chrome Dark Blue (ACDB), Chrome Blue SE (CBSE), Acid Chrome Blue K (ACBK), Chlorophosphonazo I (CPAI), Arsennazo I (AAI) and Chromotrope 2R (CT2R), to form a combination product. This results in a significant enhancement of the resonance Rayleigh-scattering (RRS) intensity, and the corresponding RRS spectrum appears. The characteristics of the RRS spectra of the combination products and the optimum conditions for the reactions were investigated. The intensity of RRS is directly proportional to the concentration of protein in a certain range. The RRS methods have high sensitivity for the determination of protein, the detection limits for bovine serum albumin (BSA) are 10.0 - 30.2 ng/ml, and the sensitivity order is CALKS > AAI = CPAI > ACBK = CT2R > ACDB > CBSE. The selectivity for CALKS has been examined, and the method was applied to the determination of a microg amount of protein in a synthetic sample with satisfactory results.     

Dye attached poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) cryogel for albumin depletion from human serum

Cibacron Blue F3GA was immobilized on poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) cryogel and it was used for selective and efficient depletion of albumin from human serum. The poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) was selected as the basic component because of its inertness, mechanical strength, chemical and biological stability, and biocompatibility. Cibacron Blue F3GA was covalently attached to the poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) cryogel to produce poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate)-Cibacron Blue F3GA cryogel affinity column. The poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate)-Cibacron Blue F3GA cryogel was characterized with respect to gelation yield, swelling degree, total volume of macropores, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. It was found that the maximum amount of adsorption (343 mg/g of dry cryogel) obtained from experimental results is very close to the calculated Langmuir adsorption capacity (345 mg/g of dry cryogel). The maximum adsorption capacity for poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate)-Cibacron Blue F3GA cryogel column was obtained as 950 mg/g of dry cryogel for nondiluted serum. The adsorption capacity decreased with increasing dilution ratios while the depletion ratio of albumin remained as 77% in serum sample. Finally, the poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate)-Cibacron Blue F3GA cryogel was optimized for using in the fast protein liquid chromatography system for rapid removal of the high abundant proteins from the human serum.