弹性湍流及其对微混合效率影响研究的若干进展

介绍和评述弹性湍流的产生及其对于微混合效率的影响等问题上的若干研究进展. 弹性湍流和惯性湍流具有类似的流场特征,但引发机理有所不同. 惯性湍流产生的原因是惯性引起的Reynolds应力,而弹性湍流则是由弹性应力所引起的. 鉴于在微流动中,惯性力可忽略不计,因此牛顿流体的混合变得十分困难. 此时可在流体中加入微量高分子聚合物以生成黏弹性流体. 由黏弹性流体所引发的弹性湍流在提高流体微混合的效率上可发挥重要作用.     

刚体运动学的几何讨论

从几何的角度描述刚体的运动学. 刚体的几何描述对应着一个正交变换. 刚体的定轴转动对应着一个特征值为1的正交变换,相应的特征向量为刚体转动的定轴. 通过刚体定点转动的描述,简单地证明了有限转轴定理,并且给出了自由刚体运动的速度和位移公式.     

运动学中加速度分析的几何法

用两个实例说明,运动学中加速度分析的几何法与投影法相比,不仅更加直观,而且可直接求出未知量的大小,判定它们的方向.此方法可作为投影法的一个对照和补充.     

走钢丝的力学

分析走钢丝的动力学原理. 解释演员为保持在钢丝上直立行走的稳定性, 对平衡棒所起的控制作用.     

关于铅球最佳出手角的数值分析

考虑铅球运动员的推力随出手角的变化, 利用Matlab软件计算出手角的最佳值. 在此基础上讨论了运动员的身高、推力、角度衰减系数以及铅球质量对最佳出手角的影响.     

《科学游戏的智慧与启示》序言

目前,从国家、学校到每一个家庭,都非常重视对下一代的教育. 的确,教育好下一代,是关乎我们国家未来和民族兴旺的大事. 教育,不能只是把已有的知识,整理好,按照一定的顺序灌输给孩子们. 如果按照这种模式,学生们有时会把学习知识当作沉重的负担,久而久之还会产生逆反心理,导致厌学、逃学的副作用. 可见,教育最重要的事情是要引起学生们对所学内容的兴趣,让他们主动地去获取知识. 孔子说：``知之者不如好之者,好之者不如乐之者. '爱因斯坦说：``在学校里和生活中,工作最重要的动机是工作中的乐趣,工作所得到的成果的乐趣,以及对该成果的社会价值的认识. 在年轻人的这些心理力量的觉醒和强化之中,我看到了学校被赋予的最重要的任务. 只有这样的心理基础才能导致一种快乐的愿望,去追求人类最高财富,即知识和艺术家般的技艺. '     

多体系统动力学的高斯拘束分析方法

为研究高斯拘束原理下多体系统的动力学分析问题, 针对一类多体开环链状结构, 运用高斯拘束方法建立了动力学方程, 讨论了动力学方程的符号推导过程, 并给出了封闭形式的动力学方程解析表达式. 以刚性和柔性结构为例, 比较分析了不同分析方法、不同自由度下符号推导多体结构动力学方程的运算时间. 分析结果表明, 高斯拘束方法与传统的拉格朗日方法相比, 更适合于多体结构动力学方程的符号推导, 且结构自由度越高, 其运算优势越明显.高斯拘束方法为一种较好的多体系统动力学分析方法.     

刚架桁架模型有效性的试验与数值研究

为了比较桁架模型和刚架模型的差异, 结合了一种简单试验结构,实测了试验刚架和桁架的特定截面的内力和中节点位移; 同时应用ANSYS软件对两种模型进行了有限单元模拟. 验证了刚架和桁架两种力学模型的有效性, 通过试验和数值计算的结果, 得到了两种结构的受力特点, 分析了实际桁架和理想桁架的差别, 对结构设计和教学具有一定的参考意义.     

连续小推力航天器的深空探测轨道优化方法综述

连续小推力作用下航天器的深空探测轨道的优化设计是一个存在大量局部最优解的全局优化问题. 轨道设计流程总体上分为全局优化和局部优化. 全局优化为粗略设计, 通常在对航天器受连续推力作用下的轨道作近似处理的前提下大致确定探测序列和时间节点. 局部优化方法可分为直接法、间接法和混合法. 直接法是将连续的问题离散成一个参数优化问题. 间接法是求解由变分法和极大值原理推导的满足一阶最优必要条件的两点或多点边值问题. 混合法利用间接法推导的方程, 再离散后优化求解. 本文综述当前轨道优化设计领域最新和最常用的方法, 分析各种方法的优缺点.     

点载荷作用下密集颗粒物质的传力特性分析

利用颗粒离散元商业软件PFC3D, 模拟了在2m*1m*0.01m容器中直径分别为0.01m, 0.008m和0.006m的颗粒各1*10$^4$个, 受重力作用下的静态密集堆积; 以此为初始条件, 在表层随机选择7个颗粒分别施加5.2*10$^{ - 2}$N(100倍最大颗粒重量)的点载荷, 进行应力传播特点研究. 结果表明: 力的传递在局部范围内呈现很强的各向异性; 应力涨落随着距离的增加呈指数下降; 在大于5倍最大颗粒粒径时, 其分布可以使用弹性力学理论来计算. 探讨了摩擦系数$\mu =0$, 0.2, 1对应力传递的影响, 随着摩擦系数的增加, 各向异性范围减小.     

大岗山高拱坝强地震作用下损伤破坏分析

采用连续损伤力学中能量等效原理和有效应力概念,将混凝土强度降低、刚度劣化即损伤作为不可逆内变量张量,并考虑应变率效应和多轴应力状态,建立率相关弹塑性损伤模型.应力本构积分采用返回映射法,给出了有限元程序主要功能流程.对强地震作用下大岗山高拱坝损伤和破坏情况进行数值模拟,评价其强震后的安全性.结果显示,大坝在强震后总体损伤不大,结构安全性较好,但应注意抗震薄弱部位;同时大坝不同部位率响应明显不同,对混凝土力学性能影响不容忽视.     

强震作用下RC延性框架的简化计算

提出了一种RC延性框架抗震设计方法,选取合理的倒塌机构并用虚功原理将其转化为等效的单自由度系统,针对选取的倒塌机构、设防烈度及场地条件计算刚塑性反应谱并据此计算结构的动力需求。以五层和九层RC框架为算例并与弹塑性时程分析比较,研究表明该方法计算简单,精度可靠,可以满足强烈地震作用下RC延性框架抗震设计要求。     

On strong ellipticity for isotropic hyperelastic materials based upon logarithmic strain

This paper discusses various constitutive restrictions on the strain energy function for an isotropic hyperelastic material derived from the condition of strong ellipticity. The strain energy function is assumed to be a function of a novel set of invariants of the Hencky (logarithmic or natural) strain tensor introduced by Criscione et al. (J. Mech. Phys. Solids 48 (2000) 2445). A key step in the analysis is the derivation of an expression for the Fréchet derivative of the Hencky strain with respect to the deformation gradient that is convenient for analyzing the quadratic form over the space of second order tensors central to establishing strong ellipticity. The theory is illustrated by applying the restrictions to a model for rubber proposed by Criscione et al. (J. Mech. Phys. Solids 48 (2000) 2445) It is shown that while that model can be made to violate strong ellipticity, it does so only for very large strains.     

Influence of precession on velocity measurements in a strong laboratory vortex

A strong laboratory vortex is generated in a cylindrical cell using a rotating disk and stretched by pumping the fluid out through a hole in the centre of the top of the cell. The velocity field is measured by means of laser Doppler anemometry and Doppler ultrasonic anemometry which are both non intrusive methods. The vortex exhibits a slight precession which induces temporal fluctuations of the velocity at the measurement point. Due to the centrifugal force, the tracers concentrate in a tubular region around the vortex, leading to spatial variations of the measurement counting rate. Under these two effects, the probability density function (PDF) of the one point velocity exhibits a strong non-Gaussian behaviour. In order to access the details of the velocity profile of the vortex in its own system of reference, the influence of the vortex precession, of the spatial variations of the concentration in tracers and of the intrinsic measurement dispersion is investigated and a model is proposed. It allows to recover statistically the characteristics of the vortex and to deduce the trajectory of its centre from the instantaneous velocity profiles. Received: 5 August 1998/Accepted: 20 February 1999     

强电离层闪烁对GPS软件接收机的影响分析（英文）

强电离层闪烁会导致信号幅度深度衰减和载波相位激烈震荡,引起GPS载波跟踪环的失锁,从而导致定位误差增长甚至导航中断。本文研究了GPS L1软件接收机在经历强电离层闪烁时的信号处理算法。研究数据采集于构建于巴西的一个多GNSS多频段中频信号采集系统,数据采集时间为2013年11月,此年为太阳活动极大年。信号捕获、跟踪算法以及由载波跟踪环计算得出的闪烁指数(包活幅度指数S_4和载波相位指数σ_φ等)都在文中进行了详细阐述。分析强电离层闪烁对GPS软件接收机的影响对于研究卫星高级跟踪算法和提高GPS接收机的鲁棒性及定位精度将发挥重要作用。     

强地震作用下核电站控制棒下落时间分析

提出了核电站控制棒及驱动系统的力学模型及控制下落时间的计算方法,用显式差分格式计算各构件水平动力反应,并 二维和多点激励,计算结果表明,本文方法的计算结果与实验结果吻合得较好。     

Influence of surfactant upon air entrainment hysteresis in curtain coating

The onset of air entrainment for curtain coating onto a pre-wetted substrate was studied experimentally in similar parameter regimes to commercial coating (Re = ρQ/μ = O(1), We = ρQ u _c /σ = O(10), Ca = μU/σ = O(1)). Impingement speed and viscosity were previously shown to be critical parameters in correlating air entrainment data with three qualitatively different regimes of hydrodynamic assist identified (Marston et al. in Exp Fluids 42(3):483–488, 2007a). The interaction of the impinging curtain with the pre-existing film also led to a significant hysteretic effect throughout the flow rate-substrate speed parameter space. For the first time, results considering the influence of surfactants are presented in attempt to elucidate the relative importance of surface tension in this inertia-dominated system. The results show quantitative and qualitative differences to previous results with much more complex hysteretic behaviour which has only been reported previously for rough surfaces.     

Influence of molecular weight upon drag reduction by polymers

Summary Drag reduction measurements have been made with samples of polyethyleneoxide and polyacrylamide with relatively narrow molecular weight distributions obtained by fractionation of commercial polymers. Relationships between the polymer molecular weight and the concentration required to give the same drag reduction have been determined. The influence of polymer degradation upon these relationships has been investigated.Molecular weight distributions of commercial polymers have been determined and their influence upon the drag-reducing properties is noted.The influence of wall shear stress has been investigated over the range 1.0 × 10² - 4.5 × 10³ dyn/cm². The results with unfractionated polymers were found to be consistent with other results in the literature.     

Influence of the hall effect on plasma compressibility in a strong toroidal magnetic field

The development of the tearing instability is studied in the presence of a high toroidal magnetic field and a high plasma conductivity. The variation of the plasma density is shown to be significant in this case. Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 39, No. 2, pp. 3–9, March–April, 1998.