First palladium‐catalyzed denitrated coupling reaction of nitroarenes with phenols

The first palladium‐catalyzed protocol for the denitrated coupling reaction of nitroarenes with phenols has been developed, achieving unsymmetrical diaryl ethers in moderate to excellent yields. The cyclopalladated ferrocenylimine (catalyst Ic ) exhibited highly catalytic activity for this transformation with low catalyst loading (0.75 mol%) and short reaction time (2 h). The efficiency of this reaction was demonstrated by its compatibility with a range of groups. Moreover, the rigorous exclusion of air or moisture was not required in these transformations. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

硝基芳烃直接氨化的新方法

评述了硝基芳烃直接氨化的几种新方法,主要是芳香亲核氢取代(NASH)反应,Vicarious亲核氢取代(VNS)反应以及由羟氨或烷氧基氨引起的直接氨化反应等。对每种反应的机理(或模式)也作了介绍。     

Preparation of diarylamines by the addition of 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)phenyllithium to nitroarenes

The addition of 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)phenyllithium to nitroarenes in THF (−78°C) affords the corresponding diarylamines in one-pot and the reaction appears to be general in scope. A ‘nitroso’-based mechanism is proposed for this novel nitroreductive N-arylation reaction.     

Hydrogenation of m-xylene catalyzed by a silica-supported polysilazane–platinum complex

A new kind of inorganic polymer, silica-supported polysilazane (Si–N), and its platinum complex (Si–N–Pt) were prepared and characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It was found that Si–N–Pt can catalyze hydrogenation of m-xylene under mild conditions (30–50°C, 1 atm). The products of the reaction were cis- and trans-1,3-dimethylcyclohexane. The formation of trans-1,3-dimethylcyclohexane may be adequately explained according to the “roll-over” model. The stereoselectivity was influenced by temperature and catalyst concentration, the proportion of the cis isomer decreasing with an increase in each of the two factors. The effects of other reaction parameters, such as the N/Pt mole ratio in the complex, solvents and reaction time, etc., on the hydrogenation of m-xylene were also studied. The Si–N–Pt catalyst is very stable in reaction and turnover numbers amount to 520 in 70 hr.     

Poly(amic acid) salt‐mediated palladium and platinum nanoparticles as highly active and recyclable catalysts for hydrogenation of nitroarenes in water under ambient conditions

Development of highly active and recyclable catalysts for selective hydrogenation of nitroarenes to amines in water at room temperature is always a challenge in chemical industry. This study reports a facile in situ method for synthesis of ultrafine palladium and platinum nanoparticles (NPs) stabilized by poly (amic acid) salt (PAAS) and their potential as catalysts for hydrogenation of nitroarenes with sodium borohydride or molecular hydrogen as reductant in water at room temperature. In the reduction of 4‐nitrophenol to 4‐aminophenol by sodium borohydride, the activity parameters of PdNPs–PAAS and PtNPs–PAAS catalyst is 6.66 × 10³ and 5.58 × 10³ s^?1 M^?1 respectively. In the hydrogenation of diverse nitroarenes under atmospheric hydrogen pressure, PdNPs–PAAS shows high activity but poor selectivity toward desired amines in some cases, while PtNPs–PAAS shows both high activity and high selectivity for selective hydrogenation of nitroarenes to corresponding anilines. The high efficiency of nanocatalyst is due to the quasi‐homogeneous dispersion of metal NPs and synergistic effects between metal NPs and PAAS. In addition, nanocatalyst can be easily recovered with pH‐sensibility of PAAS and reused at least six times without significant loss of catalytic activities.     

Hydrogenation of crotonaldehyde and cinnamaldehyde catalyzed by water-soluble palladium complex

The selective hydrogenations of crotonaldehyde and cinnamaldehyde in the aqueous-benzene biphasic system were investigated using water-soluble palladium complex PdCl₂(TPPTS)₂ as catalyst. The hydrogenation rate of crotonaldehyde was higher than that of cinnamaldehyde under similar reaction conditions. The palladium complex selectively catalyzed the hydrogenation of CC bond in crotonaldehyde to form butanal (100%). On the contrary, hydrogenation of both CC and CO bonds in cinnamaldehyde occurred simultaneously, with the amount of phenylpropanal only slightly higher than that of phenylpropanol. However, the reduction of CO bond of cinnamaldehyde could be inhibited by the addition of Na₂CO₃ solution. Therefore, high selectivity to form phenylpropanal (91%) could be obtained by using Na₂CO₃ solution at pH 12.2. Other factors affecting the hydrogenation conversion and selectivity of crotonaldehyde and cinnamaldehyde were also discussed.     

Fluoride effect on the palladium–phenanthroline catalyzed carbonylation of nitroarenes to carbamates

Fluorides promote the palladium–phenanthroline catalyzed carbonylation of nitroarenes to carbamates. The effect is more evident on the rate of the reaction at short reaction times, but a positive effect on selectivity is also observed under certain conditions. The effect is observed even under conditions under which chloride inhibits the reaction. Tetraethylammonium is a better countercation than sodium. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

DFT study of the asymmetric nitroaldol (Henry) reaction catalyzed by a dinuclear Zn complex

We report the mechanism of asymmetric nitroaldol (Henry) reaction catalyzed by a dinuclear Zn complex using density functional theory. The experimentally proposed catalytic cycle is validated, in which the first step is the deprotonation of nitromethane by the ethyl anion of the catalyst, subsequently a C? C bond formation step, and then the protonation of the resulting alkoxide. Three mechanistic scenarios (differing in binding modes) have been considered for the C? C bond formation step. The origin of the enantioselectivity is discussed. Our calculations supported that the S configurations are the major products, which is in agreement with the experimental observations. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2010     

Hydrogenation of aldehydes and ketones catalyzed by a polysulfosiloxane–platinum complex

An acidic inorganic polymer, polysulfosiloxane, has been prepared and used as ligand for preparing a polysulfosiloxane–platinum complex. It has been found that such a complex could catalyze the hydrogenation of aldehydes and ketones to alcohols, giving as much as 100% yield at room temperature and under atmospheric pressure. Temperature, S/Pt molar ratio in the complex and solvents greatly influenced the reaction. This complex was very stable and could be used several times without any change in catalytic activity.     

Hydrogenation of olefins using water and zinc metal catalyzed by a rhodium complex

The hydrogenation of olefins using H₂O or D₂O as a hydrogen source and zinc metal as a reducing agent has been found to be catalyzed by a rhodium complex. α,β-Unsaturated ketones also underwent hydrogenation, affording the corresponding saturated ketones selectively.     

Palladium nitrosoarene complexes in reductive carbonylation of nitroarenes

The reactions of carbon monoxide with the palladium nitrosoarene complexes Pd₂(-OCOR)₂(—CH₂C₆H₄NO)₂ (1, R = Me, CF₃, Bu^t, or Ph) and Pd₂(-OCOR)₂(PhNC₆H₄NO)₂ (2, R = Me, CF₃, Bu^t, or Ph) were studied. Complexes 1 contain the o-nitrosotoluene molecule metallated at the methyl group. In complexes 2, the phenyl-o-nitrosophenylamide ligand coordinated via two nitrogen atoms can be considered as a nitrosobenzene derivative bearing the NPh group in the ortho position of the Ph ring. It all cases, carbonylation of the complexes afforded the corresponding aryl isocyanates Ar—N=C=O or the products of their further transformations. The mechanism of reductive carbonylation of nitroarenes catalyzed by palladium compounds and the role of palladium nitrosoarene complexes as possible intermediates in this process are discussed.     

水/有机两相体系长链烯烃氢甲酰化反应中TPPTS和TPPMS的协同效应

在RhC l(CO)(TPPTS)2-TPPTS-CTAB作为催化剂的水-有机两相催化体系中,详细考察了TPPTS与TPPMS的摩尔比、催化剂浓度、表面活性剂的浓度、搅拌速度等反应条件对1-癸烯氢甲酰化反应活性和区域选择性的影响。研究结果表明:在保持体系中总的膦/铑摩尔比不变的情况下,加入TPPMS对催化活性影响不大,但可明显提高区域选择性。当[TPPTS]/[TPPMS]=1时,表现出较好的协同催化效应,生成醛的正/异比从没加TPPMS时的5.9增加到了11.5。同时,催化剂浓度、表面活性剂的结构和浓度、搅拌速度等反应的活性和区域选择性都有重要影响。     

New dinuclear palladium complex with a Chinese-lantern structure

The new dinuclear palladium complex Pd₂(-S,N-SC₇H₅N₂)₄ with a Chinese-lantern structure was synthesized by the reaction of K₂PdCl₄ with 2-mercaptobenzimidazole and structurally characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis.     

双金属催化剂催化间苯氧基苯甲醛加氢反应

利用硼氢化钠还原含其它金属盐的氯铂酸形成双金属合金纳米催化剂.Ru和Co的加入能提高催化剂的活性,当Pt/Ru摩尔比为5∶1、Pt/Co摩尔比为7∶1时,双金属协同效应最明显;Cu、Au、Ni的加入不同程度的降低了催化剂的活性.对Pt/Ru和Pt/Co体系,PVP的含量和反应温度都对催化反应的活性有影响.     

Carbonyl allylation of aldehydes catalyzed by a silica-supported poly-γ-diphenylarsinopropylsiloxane palladium(0) complex

A silica-supported poly-γ-diphenylarsinopropylsiloxane palladium(0) complex has been prepared from γ-chloropropyltriethoxysilane via immobilization on fumed silica, followed by reacting with potassium diphenylarsenide and palladium chloride, and then the reduction with hydrazine hydrate. The palladium(0) complex has been found to catalyze the allylation of aldehydes via the formation of π-allylpalladium complexes, using allylic chlorides as allylating agent and SnCl₂ as reducing agent. This polymeric palladium complex can be recovered and reused.     

Ionic liquid mediated efficient reduction of nitroarenes using stannous chloride under sonication

Nitroarenes were rapidly reduced to the corresponding aromatic amines using stannous chloride in ionic liquid as a safe and recyclable reaction medium under sonication. The method is environmentally benign and sensitive functional groups remain unaffected.