高分辨等离子体质谱法测定高纯二氧化钛中痕量杂质

采用高分辨电感耦合等离子体质谱(HR-ICP-MS)法同时测定高纯二氧化钛中26种杂质元素。样品用硫酸铵和浓硫酸分解后,在高分辨质谱测量模式下避免了大量的质谱干扰。详细地研究了高浓度钛和硫酸的基体效应,讨论和确定了实验的最佳测定条件,应用标准加入法进行定量分析。结果表明,方法的检出限为0.004～0.63 μg·g-1,回收率为87.6%～106.4%,相对标准偏差(RSD)小于3.5%。方法准确、快速、简便,应用于高纯二氧化钛中杂质元素的测定,满意结果。     

Determination of trace elements in natural water using X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry after preconcentration with powdered silica gel

A simple and cheap method is described for simultaneous determination of V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn contents in water by means of wavelength‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometry after preconcentration. The method of preconcentration is based on sorbing analytes onto silica gel powder. 1‐(2‐pyridylazo)‐2‐naphthol (PAN) is used as a chelating agent. The effect of some parameters such as pH, temperature, stirring time, amount of ligand, breakthrough volume and the limit of detection has been studied. The detection limits 0.120, 9.75 × 10^?4, 0.075, 0.070, 0.061, 0.089, 0.029 and 0.044 mg l^?1 were achieved for V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn, respectively. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Trace Metals Analysis of Legal and Counterfeit Cigarette Tobacco Samples Using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry and Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

ABSTRACT

A closed-vessel microwave-digestion method was developed for the determination of trace amounts of Be, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Mo, Cd, Sb, Ba, Tl, and Pb by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and Hg by cold-vapor atomic absorption spectrometry in cigarette tobacco samples. In order to gauge the effectiveness of the digestion procedure, recovery studies were conducted using solutions prepared from National Institute of Standards and Technology Standard Reference Material 1573a Trace Elements in Tomato Leaves and Polish Certified Reference Material Virginia Tobacco Leaves. Limits of detection were below 1 µg g^?1 for all elements studied. Samples from two genuine-brand and three counterfeit packs were analyzed. The mean amounts of Be, As, Mo, Cd, Sb, Tl, Pb, and Hg were higher in counterfeit cigarettes, while the amounts of V, Cr, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, Se, and Ba were comparable among legal and counterfeit cigarettes; the amount of Ni was higher in the legal cigarettes. Evaluation of Be, As, Mo, Cd, Sb, Tl, Pb, and Hg with their potential hazards for smokers is briefly discussed.     

Investigation of heavy metal distributions along 15 m soil profiles using EDXRF,XRD, SEM‐EDX,and ICP‐MS techniques

The research of soil contamination by heavy metal is an important field due to its environmental and health implications. The goal was to study the elemental mobility as a function of depth. For this reason, the distribution of heavy metals (V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Sn, and Pb) was investigated along soil profiles up to a depth of 15 m at 9 sampling sites in the Nilufer industrial district (Bursa, Turkey). Elemental analyses were done with the Epsilon 5 energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry equipment. Particle analysis was performed with a JEOL scanning electron microscope equipped with a Si(Li) X‐ray detector. The crystallographic compositions of oxide compounds in soil samples were identified by a Rigaku X‐ray diffraction instrument. Different parameters such as the soil's chemical (mineralogical structure, pH, and electrical conductivity) and physical properties (the number of blows, the stiffness index, the liquidity index, the plasticity index, and the water content) were analyzed. To assess the mobility of the heavy metals, diffusion (D) and convection coefficients (?) were calculated with the finite difference method. Convection was determined to dominate the studied region. In addition, the mobility coefficient was determined for each metal. High mobilities were determined for Zn and V, moderate mobilities for Cr, Ni, Cu, and As, and low mobilities were determined for Co and Pb. The results revealed that elements had reached depths of up to 15 m, causing irreversible soil contamination that may lead to environmental health issues.     

ICP-MS法测定陶瓷食品包装容器中的重金属

采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)同时测定了陶瓷食品包装容器中的重金属元素铅、镉、铬、钴、镍、锌、锑,并对影响测量的各因素进行了详细的研究。该方法的检出限为0.002～0.18 μg·L-1,加标回收率为95.8%～104.4%,相对标准偏差为1.1%～3.3%。该方法快速、简便、具有较好的准确度和精密度,对进出品陶瓷制品的日常检验提供了依据。     

X‐ray fluorescence analysis of trace metals in environmental water using preconcentration with an iminodiacetate extraction disk

A simple and convenient x‐ray fluorescence analysis procedure for trace amounts of Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Hg and Pb in water was developed using preconcentration with an iminodiacetate extraction disk (IED). The IED was coated on both faces with commercially available laminate film to prevent x‐ray damage to the IED by strong x‐irradiation (4 kW; 50 kV, 80 mA) of the wavelength‐dispersive x‐ray fluorescence spectrometer. Lamination of the IED prolongs its life from 7 to about 200 min at 4 kW irradiation while negligibly decreasing the x‐ray fluorescence. Lowering the power of primary x‐rays to less than 1.5 kW compensated for the Hg evaporation. Linear calibration curves were obtained over the range 500 µg–5 mg for Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Hg and Pb. Detection limits corresponding to three times the standard deviation of the blank intensity were 0.1–0.4 µg for Mn, Co and Ni, 0.5–0.8 µg for Fe, Cu, Zn and Pb and 7 µg for Cd. A spike test for 10 µg of eight analytes, excluding Mn, showed good recoveries (90–100%) for city water and rainwater. Analytical results for municipal tap water and rainwater agreed well with values obtained using atomic absorption spectrometry. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

XRF analysis of micronutrients in endive grown on soils with sewage sludge

A simple and fast method was developed for the determination of traces of Fe, Mn, Cu, Cr, Ni, Zn and Mo in endive using wavelength‐dispersive x‐ray fluorescence spectrometry. Plants were grown in different sewage sludge compositions for 60 days in greenhouse conditions. Samples were compacted and analyzed after drying, milling and homogenization. The method was validated using certified standard reference materials. The results were compared with those obtained by atomic absorption spectrometry. Good agreement for all elements was obtained. The detection limits were found to be Fe 1, Mn 3, Cu 2, Cr 5, Ni 1, Zn and Mo 3 µg g^?1. These results permitted the evaluation of the potential use of sewage sludge as an agricultural amendment. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Portable x‐ray fluorescence spectrometer with a pyroelectric x‐ray generator

A portable x‐ray fluorescence spectrometer was assembled with an x‐ray generator that was driven by a 9 V dry electric battery. Several possible optimum geometries of the x‐ray generator and detector were evaluated, and the results showed that the intensity of fluorescent x‐rays was strong enough when the angle between the x‐ray generator and detector was as small as 30°. The geometrically optimized x‐ray spectrometer was applied to the analysis of paints, plastics and aluminum foils. Pigments in paint and toxic elements in plastic could be easily detected with on‐site analysis. Fe in aluminum foil was quantitatively determined down to the sub‐% level. The detection limit of Fe was 180 ppm for 100 s of measurement. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法同时测定烟草中27种元素

在烟草中的有机和生物活性成分被鉴定出来之后,分析和鉴别其中的无机元素就变得非常重要。采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法同时测定了烟叶中Be,Na,Mg,K,Ti,V,Cr,Mn,Fe,Co,Ni,Cu,Zn,As,Se,Sr,Mo,Ag,Cd,Sn,Cs,Ba,Hg,Tl,Pb,Th和U共27种元素。样品的前处理采用硝酸和过氧化氢混合溶液。通过在线加入内标液的方法来校正由于基体效应和信号漂移对测量所造成的影响,内标选用锗、铟和铋3种元素。方法的回收率为93.64%～108.9%,检出限为0.356 3 ng·L-1～1.725 μg·L-1,相对标准偏差1.28%～9.18%。实验结果表明该方法能满足痕量分析的要求。     

Local structure of NiAl compounds investigated by extended X‐ray absorption fine‐structure spectroscopy

The local structures of pure NiAl and Ti‐, Co‐doped NiAl compounds have been obtained utilizing extended X‐ray absorption fine‐structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy. The results provide experimental evidence that Ni antisite defects exist in the Ni‐rich NiAl compounds. The site preference of Ti and Co has been confirmed. Ti occupies the Al sublattice, while Co occupies the Ni sublattice. The structure parameters obtained by EXAFS were consistent with the X‐ray diffraction results. Owing to the precipitation of α‐Cr, the local structure of NiAl‐Cr has not been obtained, making the site preference of Cr unclear.     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定高钝镉中的杂质元素

采用电感耦合等离子体质谱光测定离纯镉中的杂质元素。讨论了镉基体的谱线干扰,比较了镉基体产生的多原子离子的干扰程度,该干扰按ＣｄＨ、ＣｄＯ、ＣｄＯ２、ＣｄＡｒ、ＣｄＯＨ和ＣｄＯＨ２顺序递减。研究了不同浓度镉基体对分析物信号的抑制或增强效应,镉的浓度大于０．２５ｇ·Ｌ＾－１时,对质量数小于１００的分析物的信号强度产生抑制,而以质量数大于１５０的分析的信号强度产生增强,采用＾８９Ｙ和＾２０９Ｂｉ作内标分     

Energy‐dispersive x‐ray fluorescence analysis of modern coloured glasses from Marinha Grande (Portugal)

The elemental composition (K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Sr, Ba, Nd and Pb) of modern coloured glasses was obtained by energy‐dispersive x‐ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometry. This non‐destructive technique is frequently used in the analysis of historical glass objects. Two reference glasses were also measured to assess the overall accuracy of the EDXRF method. Reference and unknown glasses were analysed without any preparation. The coloured glass samples studied belong to the Glass Museum of Marinha Grande and were chosen from two distinct collections, which were characterized by the different concentrations of some elements (K, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ba and Pb). The determined major elements allowed the identification of two raw materials used in glass manufacture, sand and lime. Multivariate statistical analysis, namely principal component extraction, simplified the identification of some of the colouring chemical elements, associating them with the different colours of the glass objects. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An estimation of EDXRF spectrometer properties,based on a two‐layer composite Si‐Ge detector

A mathematical model for the two‐layer composite Si‐Ge energy dispersive X‐ray detector is proposed, based on analyses of radiation and electron transport in the detector, and a mathematical model of an energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescent spectrometer with the detector is considered. The Monte Carlo method is applied to calculate probabilities of photon detection in different parts of the detector's response function. The composite detector with the time anti‐coincidence scheme is proposed; its first layer is Si detector, and the second layer is Ge detector. It is shown that this composite detector has some advantages, such as reduced Ge photo escape peaks intensities and efficiency of detection of high energy photons similar to efficiency of Ge detector. Applying the X‐ray detector for the energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescent spectrometer provides for a lower background level. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

ICP-OES/ICP-MS测定葵花子中28种无机元素

建立了葵花子中微量元素组成的分析方法。采用HNO₃+H₂O₂混合酸为消解体系经微波消解葵花子样品,电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)法测定葵花子中Al,B,Ca,Fe,K,Mg,Na,Si,P和S,电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法测定葵花子As,Ba,Cd,Co,Cr,Cu,Li,Mn,Mo,Ni,Pb,Rb,Sr,Sn,Sb,Ti,V和Zn。采用国家一级标准物质大米(GBW10045)验证了方法的准确性,结果表明,标准物质的测定结果与参考值基本一致,葵花子中Ca,K,Mg,P,S的含量较高。该方法具有良好的准确性和精密度。     

ICP-MS用于云南南部四种特色蜂蜜的植物源鉴别分析

采用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)技术结合化学计量学分析技术对采自云南南部的四种特色蜂蜜中的23种矿物元素进行了分析。结果表明：ICP-MS技术测定蜂蜜中多种矿物元素含量的稳定性、精确度较好,回收率较高;23种矿物元素中有21种元素(Na,Mg,K,Ca,V,Cr,Mn,Fe,Co,Ni,Cu,Zn,As,Se,Sr,Mo,Cd,Sb,Ba,Tl,Pb)在不同蜂蜜品种间存在显著差异;主成分分析结果显示,前4个主成分的累积方差贡献率达到77.74%,第一主成分中的Mg,Ca,Mn,Co,Sr,Cd,Ba 七种元素包含大部分蜂蜜信息;通过逐步判别分析,Mg, K, Ca, Cr, Mn, Sr, Pb共七种元素被筛选出来并用于建立判别函数模型,对所建模型进行回代检验和交叉检验,正确判别率分别为90%和86.7%,表明多元素指标对云南南部四种特色蜂蜜植物源的判别效果较好。鉴于所采蜂蜜样品都来自云南南部,气候和土壤等环境条件类似,四种蜂蜜中矿质元素的差异主要与对应的蜜源植物有关,因此,利用矿质元素差异鉴别蜂蜜植物源具有可行性。     

Magnetic ordering in digital alloys of group-IV semiconductors with 3<Emphasis Type="Italic">d</Emphasis>-transition metals

The ab initio investigation of the magnetic ordering in digital alloys consisting of monolayers of 3d-transition metals Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni introduced into the Si, Ge, and Si_0.5Ge_0.5 semiconductor hosts is reported. The calculations of the parameters of the exchange interactions and total-energy calculations indicate that the ferromagnetic order appears only in the manganese monolayers, whereas the antiferromagnetic order is more probable in V, Cr, and Fe monolayers, and Ti, Co, and Ni monolayers are nonmagnetic. The stability of the ferromagnetic phase in digital alloys containing manganese monolayers has been analyzed using the calculations of magnon spectra.     

Energy‐dispersive XRF spectrometer for Ti determination (TITAN)

An energy‐dispersive XRF analyser was designed and constructed for determining Ti in plant and peat materials at low (ppm) concentrations. The XRF analyzer for Ti analysis (TITAN) uses monochromatic excitation obtained from a crystal diffraction monochromator and Co target x‐ray diffraction tube. In addition to precise and sensitive analyses of Ti, other minor elements (Ca, K, Cl, S, P, Ba) in powdered plant and peat samples can be measured with only a minimum of sample preparation (drying, milling). The limits of detection obtained are K 2.5, Ca 1.5, Ti 0.9, Cr 0.7 and Mn 0.5 ppm using a 600 s acquisition time. The instrument was used to determine Ti concentrations in pre‐anthropogenic peat samples up to 9000 years old. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

微波消解-ICP-OES测定大鼠股骨中的28种元素含量

采用微波消解-电感耦合等离子发射光谱法（ICP-OES）,测定60日龄和90日龄大鼠股骨中Al、As、B、Ba、Be、Bi、Ca、Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Fe、Ga、K、Li、Mg、Mn、Na、Ni、P、Pb、S、Sb、Sr、Ti、Tl、V和Zn等28种元素含量;股骨采用HNO3-H2O2酸溶体系进行微波消解.结果显示,该方法检出限在0.001-1.689μg/mL之间;通过添加标准回收实验,回收率在81.51％-106.91％之间;RSD在0.2441％-9.8592％之间;与传统方法相比,该方法具有良好的准确度和精密度,为不同生物样品中元素含量的测定提供了参考.     

电感耦合等离子体-质谱法测定纯铪或氧化铪中的25种杂质元素

建立了用电感耦合等离子体-质谱法(ICP-MS)测定纯铪或氧化铪中的Mg、Al、Si、P、Ca、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Ni、Co、Cu、Zn、As、Zr、Nb、Mo、Cd、Sn、Sb、Ta、W、Pb和Bi等25种杂质元素含量的方法。铪金属室温条件下混酸溶解后可直接进样分析,氧化铪采用微波消解,辅助溶解后用ICP-MS测定。利用建立的方法,对铪及氧化铪中的杂质元素进行测定,加标回收率为86%—120%。各金属杂质含量均为10ng/mL的混合标准溶液平行7次进样的相对标准偏差均小于5%。方法操作简便、快速,检出限低,能够满足纯度为99.99%的铪金属或氧化铪中杂质分析的需要。     

X‐ray fluorescence analysis of Co,Ni, Pd,Ag, and Au in the scrapped printed‐circuit‐board ash

A method for the quantitative analysis of Co, Ni, Pd, Ag, and Au in the scrapped printed‐circuit‐board ash by X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry using loose powder was developed. The printed‐circuit‐board samples were converted to ash pyrolytically in porcelain crucibles by sequential heating using a gas burner and electric furnace, and then were ground with a ball mill. The calibrating standards were prepared by adding the appropriate amounts of NiO powder and aqueous standard solutions containing Co, Pd, Ag, and Au to the base mixtures of Al₂O₃ (5.0 mass%), SiO₂ (49 mass%), CaCO₃ (11 mass%), Fe₂O₃ (3.3 mass%), and CuO (30 mass%) as a matrix. Then, 10 g of the resulting mixtures were dried and homogenized for 90 min with a V‐type mixing machine. Specimens for XRF analysis were prepared from the so‐called loose‐powder method in which powder samples were compacted into a hole (12.0‐mm diameter and 5.0‐mm height) in an acrylic plate and covered with a 6‐µm thickness of polypropylene film. Matrix effects were corrected using the intensity value of Compton scattering for PdKα, AgKα, and AuLβ₂, and that of background scattering at 35.8° (2θ) for CoKα and NiKα. The detection limits corresponding to three times the standard deviation of the blank intensity were 2.5–45 µg g^?1. The proposed method was validated against the pressed‐powder‐pellet method by comparing the calibration curves. Moreover, the concentrations of Co, Ni, Pd, and Ag determined using the proposed XRF method were approximately the same as those resulting from an atomic‐absorption‐spectrometric analysis. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.