雪层覆盖的粗糙地面与上方矩形截面柱复合电磁散射的时域有限差分法研究

采用土壤介电常数的四成分模型和雪的介电常数模型分别表示实际的地面和雪层的介电特性, 应用指数型分布粗糙面模型和Monte Carlo方法模拟实际的粗糙地面, 运用时域有限差分方法研究了雪层覆盖的粗糙地面与上方矩形截面柱的复合电磁散射问题. 得出了复合电磁散射系数的角分布曲线, 计算了双站复合散射系数随土壤与雪层粗糙度参数、介电参数、 矩形截面柱几何参数、介电参数等的变化情况, 并做了详细分析与讨论. 得到了雪层覆盖的粗糙地面与上方矩形截面柱复合电磁散射特性.     

均匀各向异性介质球散射的解析研究

将均匀各向异性介质重构为电学上的无耗各向同性介质,得到了重构目标的散射截面;进而得到了主坐标系中无耗各向异性介质球的散射截面,将介质退化到各向同性介质时,各向异性介质球的散射截面与Mie理论完全一致,验证了所得结果的正确性;仿真结果表明:散射截面正比于目标介电常数张量的元素且随入射方向的变化而变化;所得结果为复杂形体各向异性介质目标的散射评判提供了理论基础。     

积雪性质与积雪表面双向偏振反射之间关系研究

积雪性质的变化会影响积雪的反射,从而遥感技术中可以利用反射信息的变化来确定积雪性质。由于反射过程中会产生偏振信息,在研究可见光近红外波段(350～2 500 nm)不同粒径大小积雪表面多角度反射特性的基础上,同时分析了粒径以及由干雪变成湿雪对积雪表面偏振反射特性的影响。通过野外测量结果表明,粒径大小对积雪表面偏振反射的影响在近红外波段1 500 nm附近比较明显,表现为在前向散射方向,随着粒径的增加对应的偏振度变大;这是由于在该波段附近,积雪对光的吸收很强,随着粒径的增加,吸收会变大,探测器获取的光大部分为单次散射光,而单次散射光是引起偏振信息的主要来源;在研究过程中发现从干雪变成湿雪这一过程会使偏振信息增加,这是由于湿雪表面水膜的存在,将相邻的雪粒粘连在一起,相当于使积雪粒径变大,但是这种影响主要体现在近红外波段。综上所述,将多角度偏振信息与反射信息结合可以为反演积雪性质提供可靠的方法与理论基础。     

雨介质中球形目标的GHz复合散射特性

将背景空间及其中存在的离散粒子作为一种连续的电介质,得出了背景空间中离散粒子存在时混合体的等效介电常量模型.利用该模型和国际电讯联盟给出的雨衰减测量数据,确定了GHz波段雨介质的等效介电常量并验证了其有效性.得出了雨环境中目标复合散射场的解析式,对雨环境中球形目标的复合微分散射进行了仿真与分析,进而研究了降雨率、电磁波频率及极化状态等因素对复合微分散射的影响.计算表明:降雨对微分散射的影响在10^-3分贝上,电磁波垂直极化时降雨的影响大于其水平极化时的影响.研究结果对精确制导和目标识别等有一定的参考意义.     

Experimental measurement of acoustic properties in snow

This paper presents the results of field experiments done for the measurement of attenuation constant and speed of sound in the snow medium. The field experiments were conducted at two locations corresponding to relatively dry and wet snow. The main objective of our method is to overcome the potential limitations of the other methods. There are two major concerns: one is sound signal leakage and the other is the measurement need to be done within a same layer of snowpack. The ref lections from the boundaries will affect the measurements. In our experiments the transducers are kept far from the snowpack boundaries, so that there will be no likelihood of strong ref lected signals from the boundaries. These issues have not been addressed by the other researchers. This work adds to the measurement results of the attenuation constant and speed of sound in snow that are available in the research literature. It is found that sound signal attenuation greatly depends on the frequency of sound signal and wetness of snow.     

Electro-optical properties of dilute solutions of flexible molecules ; the wormlike chain model

A theory of propagation and scattering of light in dilute solutions of flexible chain molecules is developed. The solvent is represented as a continuous isotropic dielectric medium. The polymer molecules are modelled as dielectric objects which may have an anisotropic dielectric tensor. The theory, applied to the wormlike chain model, represents the polymer molecules as flexible cylinders of constant cross section and with an isotropic internal dielectric constant. The increment in the refractive index of the solution and the isotropic and anisotropic light scattering intensities due to the presence of the chain molecules are derived. The numerical results of our model for the depolarization ratio as a function of the contour length and the persistence length of the polymer and of the refractive index of the solvent are presented and compared with the corresponding results for the popular bond additive approximation (BAA). It is found that the differences between our model and this approximation are due to the neglect of intramolecular dipole-induced dipole interactions in the BAA.     

Relativistic scattering of electromagnetic radiation by inhomogeneities of the velocity of motion of the medium

Analysis of the relativistic scattering of electromagnetic radiation by inhomogeneities of the velocity of the motion of a medium is carried out. The characteristics of the scattering of a plane monochromatic wave by a rotating dielectric cylinder surrounded by an immobile medium with a refractive index the same as that of the cylinder are calculated. The differential scattering cross section is found. It is shown that the rotation of particles with actual parameters may yield a significant contribution to the scattering, of the same order of magnitude or larger than the contribution made by Rayleigh and Raman scattering.     

Engineering Optimisation: An Introduction with Metaheuristic Applications,by Xin-She Yang

When a beam of high intensity laser light is scattered by the fluctuations spontaneously existing within a fluid medium a spatial modulation of the dielectric constant may be induced. The role of such a modulation in causing stimulated scattering of the intense laser beam or Bragg reflection of any weak independent probe beam is discussed and theoretically analyesd. It is shown that such Bragg reflection provides a convenient technique for the study of the modulation. Experimental observation and investigation of Bragg reflection from such a modulation is described. A related technique has been used to investigate the development of light induced periodic structures on surfaces.     

高斯分层介质粗糙面光波透射问题的微扰法研究

运用微扰法研究平面波入射分层介质粗糙面的光波透射问题,推出了不同极化状态的透射光波散射系数公式。采用高斯粗糙面来模拟实际的分层介质粗糙面,结合高斯粗糙面的功率谱导出了平面波入射高斯分层介质粗糙面的透射系数计算公式。通过数值计算得到HH极化透射系数随透射光波散射角变化的曲线,讨论底层介质介电常数、中间介质介电常数和厚度、粗糙面参数及入射光波长对透射系数的影响。数值计算结果表明：底层介质介电常数、中间介质介电常数和厚度、粗糙面参数及入射光波长对透射系数的影响是非常复杂的。     

Scattering of radio waves by a two-layer medium with a weakly reflecting rough boundary

The average reflected field and the second moment of the scattered field of the main polarization are found and analyzed in the approximation of a small jump of the dielectric constant when a horizontally polarized wave is reflected by a two-layer medium with a rough upper boundary. It is shown that the oscillations due to frequency changes predicted by perturbation theory do not exist when the scattering parameter is large. Sounding at close angles of incidence and scattering is the most efficient method of layer thickness determination by the scattered radiation. Institute of Physics, State University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 41, No. 7, pp. 889–903, July, 1998.     

Condition for far-zone spectral isotropy of an electromagnetic light wave on weak scattering

The far-zone spectral isotropy of an electromagnetic light wave on scattering has been discussed. It is shown that a sufficient condition for the far-zone spectral isotropy of an electromagnetic light wave on scattering can be expressed by the following two requirements: the two-point correlation function of the dielectric susceptibility of the scattering medium obeys the so-called scaling law, and the normalized spectrum of the incident light wave has the same distribution along the two perpendicular directions.     

Computer simulation of ionic systems. Influence of boundary conditions

The results of molecular dynamics calculations for systems of charged particles under periodic boundary conditions are reported for the case in which the periodic array of particles makes a macroscopically large sphere surrounded by a continuum of dielectric constant ?′. It is shown that thermodynamic and most dynamic properties are independent of the nature of the surrounding medium. The conductivity σ(ω) of the system depends strongly on the dielectric properties of the surrounding medium.     

Effective response and scattering cross section of spherical inclusions in a medium

The Maxwell-Garnett theory for a right-handed homogeneous system is extended in order to investigate the effective response of a medium consisting of low density distributed 3-dimensional inclusions. The polarisability factor is modified to account for inclusions with binary layered volumes and it is shown that such a configuration can yield doubly negative effective permittivity and permeability. Terms representing second-order scattering interactions between binary inclusions in the medium are derived and are used to reformulate conventional effective medium theory. In the appropriate limit, the one-body theory of Maxwell-Garnett is recovered. The scattering cross section of the spherical inclusions is determined and comparison is made to homogeneous dielectric scatterers in the Rayleigh limit. It is found that the scattering resonances can be manipulated using the inclusion parameters. Furthermore, the effect that two-interacting spherical inclusions in a medium have on the scattering cross section is investigated via higher order dipole moments while the issue of reducing the scattering cross section to zero is also examined.     

外围介质介电常数对金纳米棒光学性质影响的数值模拟

采用电化学方法制备出悬浮胶体金纳米棒。在室温下测得其紫外-可见吸收光谱和荧光发射光谱。结合准静电场理论与散射理论对金纳米棒的光学特性进行了数值模拟。计算结果表明,由于金纳米棒形状的各向异性,吸收截面与散射截面均出现两个共振峰,分别对应于横截方向与长轴方向的表面等离子共振。对于几何形状一定的金纳米棒,在外围介质介电常数从1.5增加到2.5的过程中,两个共振吸收峰均增强并非线性红移。然而对于散射光谱,短波方向的共振峰线性红移,强度变化微弱;长波方向的共振峰减弱并非线性红移。     

Contribution of multiple scattering to the dielectric constant of a randomly inhomogeneous medium

Within the statistical theory of multiple scattering of light in random media, the dielectric constant of a suspension is represented as a diagram series in scattering orders and concentration of particles. The contributions of double and triple scattering events are determined. The extinction length and the transport mean free path in highly concentrated suspensions calculated with the use of the optical theorem are in good agreement with the available data. It is shown that the two-particle Born approximation, combined with the Mie form factor and the Percus-Yevick structure factor, is not adequate for systems with a high concentration of scatterers. A contribution to the optical parameters is found that is missing in the above approximation.     

Wave chaotic behaviour generated by linear systems

It is shown that regimes with dynamical chaos are inherent not only to nonlinear system but they can be generated by initially linear systems and the requirements for chaotic dynamics and characteristics need further elaboration. Three simplest physical models are considered as examples. In the first, dynamic chaos in the interaction of three linear oscillators is investigated. Analogous process is shown in the second model of electromagnetic wave scattering in a double periodical inhomogeneous medium occupying half-space. The third model is a linear parametric problem for the electromagnetic field in homogeneous dielectric medium which permittivity is modulated in time.     

Scattering of waves from nonlinear media with rough surfaces

Abstract

Reflection and scattering of waves from plane and statistically rough interfaces between nonlinear media are studied theoretically. New hysteresis-type dependences of the reflection and transmission coefficients on the amplitude of the incident wave and on the angle of incidence are predicted. Scattering diagrams for diffusely reflected and transmitted fields are calculated. It is found that when the dielectric constant is a steep function of the incident amplitude, nonlinearity suppresses the Bragg resonant scattering mechanism. Smooth roughness of the boundary is shown to enhance the penetration of evanescent waves into nonlinear media.     

土壤表面与部分埋藏多目标复合散射的时域有限差分方法

采用Dobson半经验模型和电介质复介电常数表示土壤介电常数的实部和虚部,用指数型分布粗糙面和Monte Carlo方法模拟土壤表面,运用时域有限差分方法研究土壤表面与部分埋藏多个矩形截面混凝土柱复合模型的电磁散射.结果表明：复合散射系数随散射角振荡变化;土壤表面高度起伏均方根、土壤含水率、目标介电常数、入射角对复合散射系数影响较大;土壤表面相关长度、目标截面宽度、高度、间距、倾角对复合散射系数影响较小;目标埋藏深度对复合散射系数几乎没有影响.与其他数值计算方法比较,采用时域有限差分方法既可获得较高的准确性,又可减少计算时间和内存占用量.可以用来计算地、海粗糙面与附近任意多目标的复合散射.     

Fluctuations of dielectric constant in a system of hard spheres

The correlation function for fluctuations of a dielectric constant in a latex-like suspension of spherical particles was calculated. An exact analytical expression was derived for the correlation function using the Percus-Yewick approximation for a system of hard spheres. The obtained results made it possible to calculate the indicatrix of single scattering, the extinction coefficient, and the transport mean path. It is shown that, starting with a volume content of about ten percent, the “gas” approximation becomes invalid, and optical parameters begin to depend on concentration in quite a complicated manner. In particular, the extinction length and the mean transport path, which are the basic parameters in describing the coherent effects in multiple scattering, vary nonmonotonically with concentration. It is found that there exists a range of sizes and concentrations of scattering particles in which an effect similar to the emergence of blue phase in liquid crystals can be observed.     

Enhanced dielectric constant resolution of thin insulating films by electrostatic force microscopy

Electrostatic force microscopy has been shown to be a useful tool to determine the dielectric constant of insulating films of nanometer thicknesses that play a key role in many electrical, optical and biological phenomena. Previous approaches have made use of simple analytical formulas to analyze the experimental data for thin insulating films deposited directly on a metallic substrate. Here we show that the sensitivity of the EFM signal to changes in the dielectric constant of the thin film can be enhanced by using dielectric substrates with low dielectric constants. We present detailed numerical calculations of the tip-sample electrostatic interaction in the following setup: an insulating thin film, a dielectric substrate (or spacing layer) of known low dielectric constant and a metallic electrode. The EFM sensitivity to the dielectric constant increases with the thickness of the spacing layer and saturates for thicknesses above 100-300 nm, when it is close to that of an infinite medium.