基于浸取pH依赖性的离子吸附型稀土分类及高效浸取方法

研究了稀土及主要杂质离子被硫酸铵浸出的pH依赖性。结果证明稀土和钙镁等离子的浸取率在低酸度范围内随酸度增大有明显提高,继续提高酸度并不会进一步提高浸取率,而铝、铁、钪等易水解金属离子的浸取率随酸度增大而持续增加。据此,基于离子吸附型稀土的定义及浸取所需pH值的范围,将离子吸附型稀土进一步区分为易浸稀土和难浸稀土,其中难浸稀土是需要在弱酸性条件(pH≤4)下才能浸取的被胶体等强吸附剂吸附的稀土离子。由于在不同地区和不同矿层及不同粒级的样品中所含强吸附剂的量以及磨蚀pH(pHd)和交换pH(pHt)的不同,这两类离子吸附型稀土的比例不同。对于pHd和pHt值较高的矿样,适当提高浸取酸度可以显著提高稀土浸取率。为此,提出了分阶段浸取稀土并增加石灰水护尾工序来保证稀土浸取率和尾矿安全稳定性的原则流程。     

Co(Ⅱ)和Ni(Ⅱ)在北山花岗岩上的吸附：表面配位模型及线性自由能关系

用批式法研究了Co(Ⅱ)和Ni(Ⅱ)在北山花岗岩(BS03, 600 m)上的吸附. Co(Ⅱ)和Ni(Ⅱ)在北山花岗岩上的吸附分配比(K_d)均随pH值、离子强度和吸附质浓度的变化而变化; 在低pH值范围, Co(Ⅱ)和Ni(Ⅱ)的K_d 值随离子强度的增大显著减小, 而在高pH值范围,离子强度对K_d的影响较小; Co(Ⅱ)和Ni(Ⅱ)在北山花岗岩上的吸附作用可以分别用1个离子交换反应和2个内层表面配位反应进行定量描述. 建立了表面配位反应平衡常数(K)与过渡金属二价离子水解常数(^OHK)之间的线性自由能关系(LFER),据此对Pb(Ⅱ)和Cu(Ⅱ)在花岗岩上的吸附进行了预测,并与实验结果进行了对比,获得了较好的一致性.     

离子吸附型稀土矿中浸出相稀土元素含量的浸取方法研究

将风化壳离子吸附型稀土矿原矿样品加工至0.149 mm,使用35 g/L硫酸铵溶液(pH为4.0)作为浸取剂,提取浸出相稀土元素.考察了提取浸出相稀土元素时,样品粒度、浸取剂浓度及用量、浸取剂酸度、浸取方式、浸取时间等条件的影响,确定最佳试验条件,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定样品溶液中浸出相稀土的总量...     

风化壳淋积型稀土矿多级逆流浸取实验研究

风化壳淋积型稀土矿的开采主要通过浸矿剂离子与吸附在黏土矿物表面的稀土离子发生离子交换浸出反应实现。以(NH₄)₂SO₄为浸矿剂,采用多级逆流浸取的方式研究了风化壳淋积型稀土矿的浸矿过程,通过在逐级浸取过程中浸出液组分的变化分析了矿土中稀土离子(RE³⁺)和主要杂质铝离子(Al³⁺)的浸出行为,并基于浸矿剂的消耗规律探讨了浸矿剂离子与RE³⁺和Al³⁺的离子交换反应机制以及原矿土的净吸附量。结果表明,在浸矿液逐级浸取新鲜矿土的过程中,浸出液中的RE³⁺和Al³⁺浓度逐渐增加,铵根离子(NH₄⁺)逐渐消耗,交换进入浸出液中的RE³⁺和Al³⁺逐级减少;同时,浸出液中的硫酸根离子(SO₄^2-)逐级损耗,说明新鲜矿土除因发生离子交换反应消耗NH₄<...     

亚氨二乙酸型复合材料IDAA-PGMA/SiO2对重金属及稀土离子的吸附行为与吸附热力学

将甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(GMA)接枝于硅胶微粒表面,制得了接枝微粒PGMA/SiO₂; 使亚氨二乙酸(IDAA)与接枝PGMA的环氧基团发生开环反应, 从而将亚氨二乙酸基团引入接枝微粒表面, 制得了复合螯合微粒材料IDAA-PGMA/SiO₂. 本文研究了IDAA-PGMA/SiO₂对重金属及稀土离子的螯合吸附行为, 深入地研究了吸附机理与吸附热力学. 研究结果表明: 凭借亚氨二乙酸基团与重金属离子之间的静电作用与配位螯合作用的协同, 复合微粒材料IDAA-PGMA/SiO₂对重金属离子可产生强的螯合吸附作用, 尤其对Pb²⁺离子表现出很强的螯合吸附能力, 常温下吸附容量可达0.235 g·g^-1; IDAA-PGMA/SiO₂对重金属离子的吸附过程为一放热过程, 且为焓驱动的过程, 升高温度, 吸附容量降低; 对稀土离子的吸附过程则为熵驱动的过程; 在可抑制金属离子水解的pH范围内, 介质的pH值越高, IDAA-PGMA/SiO₂的螯合吸附能力越强; IDAA-PGMA/SiO₂对重金属离子的吸附容量远高于对稀土离子的吸附容量.     

阴-非离子表面活性剂复合改性水滑石的表面性质研究

采用十二烷基苯磺酸钠（SDBS）、吐温-80（Tween-80）及两种表面活性剂复合改性镁铝水滑石,得到SDBS-LDHs,Tween-LDHs及SDBS/Tween-LDHs₃种改性水滑石。利用反相气相色谱法（IGC）对样品进行表面性质的研究,定量计算了表面吸附自由能（ΔG₀）和表面能色散组分（γ_s^d）。结果表明,改性材料的ΔG₀与γ_s^d值均比未处理的镁铝水滑石小,其中阴-非离子表面活性剂复合改性后的水滑石的ΔG₀与γ_s^d值最小,说明阴-非离子表面活性剂复合改性水滑石较单一改性水滑石更有利于提高材料的稳定性。此外,各类水滑石的γ_s^d值均随着温度的升高而减小,因此,在制备聚合物/水滑石类材料时,可以利用提高温度来改善其与聚合物的相容性。     

离子吸附型稀土浸取试剂和富集回收技术的演变——从抑杂浸取到强化浸取及分阶段的选择-强化浸取

硫酸铵浸取离子吸附型稀土，碳酸氢铵沉淀法富集回收工艺在工业上已经使用了30多年。其突出优点是浸取效率高，沉淀富集产品质量好，生产成本低。然而，其对环境的影响只有在确保浸出液不外泄，水和溶液都能循环利用的前提下才能得到控制。近10年来，人们着力于研发用非铵试剂来浸矿，以解决氨氮超标问题。尽管在降低氨氮污染方面取得了很好成绩，但是，在以往甚至当前的原地浸矿方式下，收液率很难超过90%，环保问题无法根本解决。本文基于当前该领域与浸取剂，沉淀剂和萃取剂及稀土浸取富集相关的研究成果，客观地分析了各种试剂和方法的优缺点，讨论了浸取策略从抑杂浸取到强化浸取以及分阶段的选择-强化浸取的变迁，这种变迁需要后续富集回收技术的支撑作用以提高效率和产品质量、降低消耗和成本。而试剂本身存在的一些不足可以通过它们之间的相互耦合和后续富集回收流程的优化来克服。据此，对当前存在的问题和未来发展趋势提出了一些基本观点。     

磁性Fe3O4@SiO2@ZrO2对水中磷酸盐的吸附研究

合成了以Fe₃O₄为核,以SiO₂为壳的磁性纳米微粒（Fe₃O₄@SiO₂）,并采用沉淀沉积法将ZrO₂包覆到材料表面。通过XRD、TEM、XPS和N₂吸附/脱附等手段对材料进行表征,结果表明材料Fe₃O₄@SiO₂@ZrO₂上沉积了氧化锆纳米颗粒,具有超顺磁性,可在外加磁场作用下实现从水中快速分离。同时系统研究了材料对水中磷酸盐的吸附行为,结果表明沉积ZrO₂使得材料对磷酸盐表现出良好的吸附性能,并且随着沉积量的增大吸附量增加。吸附等温线可用Freundlich方程拟合。吸附动力学可用拟二级动力学模型拟合,吸附速率随初始浓度增加而减缓。磷酸盐吸附量随溶液pH值的增大而减小,但几乎不受离子强度影响。     

赣南信丰风化壳淋积型稀土矿的吸附特性

风化壳淋积型稀土矿体吸附特性对于提高原地浸矿稀土浸取率具有重要意义。通过筛分获得不同粒径的风化壳淋积型稀土矿样,测试各粒径矿样的离子相稀土品位、比表面积、表面形貌以及矿物成分等,分析稀土离子在矿体中的吸附特性。研究结果表明:赣南信丰类型的稀土矿体中矿物成分有高岭石、钾长石、石英、电气石、白云母等,这5种主要矿物成分的总质量比重达到90.13%,不同矿物成分的粒度有明显的差异,小粒径矿样中高岭石和白云母的含量增加,矿样的稀土离子吸附量与高岭石等黏土矿物的含量成正相关;基于稀土离子在矿体颗粒表面凹坑的单位面积吸附量与孔径和粒径成对数正态分布,建立了稀土离子吸附量与矿体颗粒表面凹坑孔径之间关系的分析模型,运用该模型计算得到赣南信丰类型的有效吸附孔径为2.0~20.0 nm。     

一个简单的测定溶质分子在不同吸附剂上吸附参数的前沿分析方程

本文给出了一个简单的测定溶质分子在不同吸附剂上吸附参数的前沿分析方程，它给出了平均突破时间和进口溶质浓度之间的关系。通过它的线性形式能够测定两个重要的吸附参数，一个是溶质分子在吸附剂表面吸附的热力学平衡常数K_SL，一个是分布在吸附剂表面的总的吸附点的数目n_t。通过一些芳香烃在RP-C₁₈反相介质和一些蛋白质在RP-C₁₈反相介质、WCX-1离子交换介质、PEG-400疏水介质以及Zn²⁺ 和 Cu²⁺螯合的Che1ating SepharoseFast-flow亲和介质的前沿分析对此方程进行了验证，并测定了它们的吸附参数。结果表明，所有这些前沿分析体系都能够用此方程良好描述，它们的参数n_t分别近似保持一个常数且独立于所用的溶质分子，而它们的参数K_SL不仅与所用的介质有关，而且与所用的溶质分子有关。     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.     

Chemistry of heterocyclic compounds at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, over 50 years (Review)

The review contains a concise historical account and information on the most significant researches undertaken by the staff at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds. Dedicated to Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences B. A. Trofimov on his 70th jubilee. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 10, pp. 1443–1502, October, 2008.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.     

Selective syntheses of 2H-1,3-oxazines and 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-ones via temperature-dependent Rh(II)-carbenoid-mediated 2H-azirine-ring expansion

The Rh(II)-catalyzed reaction of 2-carbonyl-substituted 2H-azirines with ethyl 2-cyano-2-diazoacetate or 2-diazo-3,3,3-trifluoropropionate provides an easy access to 2H-1,3-oxazines and 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-ones. These compounds can be selectively prepared from the same starting material using temperature as the only varied parameter. The 2-azabuta-1,3-diene intermediate, a common precursor for both heterocyclic products, isomerizes into 2H-1,3-oxazine under kinetic control, while 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-one is the sole product of the reaction at elevated temperatures. According to DFT-calculations a one-atom oxazine ring contraction involving ring-opening to a 2-azabuta-1,3-diene intermediate, followed by a 1,5- and 1,2-prototropic shift leads to the consecutive formation of imidoylketene and azomethine ylide, which then further undergo cyclization to the pyrrole derivative.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.