绿色路易斯酸三卤化铟在有机合成中的应用

三卤化铟作为温和的路易斯酸可在水、醇等绿色溶剂中实现高化学选择性、高 区域选择性和高立体选择性的化学转化。综述了三卤化铟在羟醛反应和类羟醛-曼 尼希反应、Fiedel-Crafts反应、环氧化合物的重排反应、α-氨基膦酸的合成、喹 啉环系的构建、酯交换反应、Diels-Alder反应和杂Diels-Alder反应,手性呋喃二 醇的合成、水相中的叠氮解反应和二硫缩醛的制备中的应用,同时还总结了本课题 组将三卤化铟应用于Biginelli反应和还原脱氧反应的反应结果。三卤化铟在有机 合成中潜在的优势将推动“绿色化学”的发展。     

有机相脂肪酶催化的有机物合成反应

综述了近２０年为有机介质中脂肪酶催化反应在酯合成，酯交换、内酯合成、多肽合成、高聚物合成及立体异构体拆分等有机合成领域的应用。参考文献７１篇。     

Sustainable routes for quantitative green selenocyanation of activated alkynes

By using cheap lactic acid as the recyclable catalyst and reaction media, a sustainable protocol for the synthesis of Z-3-selenocyanatoacrylates and analogues through green selenocyanation of activated alkynes has been achieved.     

离子液体中脂肪酶催化酯类合成的新进展

作为21世纪最具发展潜力的绿色溶剂,离子液体用于酶促合成的反应介质具有得天独厚的优势.与传统的有机溶剂相比,离子液体能够提高脂肪酶的稳定性和选择性,减少有机合成中的副反应和有毒气体的产生,后处理简单,可重复利用.参考10年来的文献,从脂肪酶催化酯类合成的常用离子液体种类、过程因素及场/反应器强化等方面进行了综述,同时展望了离子液体在未来酯类酶促合成领域的发展趋势.     

Catalytic Oxidation of Alcohols and Amines to Value‐Added Chemicals using Water as the Solvent

Designing reactions in aqueous media has been one of the major challenges in modern organic synthesis, especially to avoid the use of large amounts of organic solvents whose disposal is a matter of grave concern from an environmental perspective. The oxidation of alcohols and amines is an essential and important step in the synthesis of many valuable products including polymers and pharmaceuticals. In recent times, there has been a surge in the use of water as a solvent in many organic reactions. This review focuses specifically on the oxidation reactions of alcohols and amines carried out in water media using transition metal catalysts, metal‐free catalysts and photocatalysts.     

Selective organic transformations on titanium oxide-based photocatalysts

This article reviews recent advances in selective organic transformations, both in gas and liquid media, using titanium oxide-based photocatalysts. Several photocatalytic reactions, such as oxidation, reduction, and coupling reactions, proceed highly efficiently and selectively without requiring harmful and dangerous chemical reagents and without harmful byproducts. In addition, multistep processes usually required for conventional synthesis of various kinds of valuable compounds can be simplified to a one-pot reaction when in photocatalytic systems. Photocatalytic transformations will therefore play a very important role for organic synthesis in an economically and environmentally friendly way. This review article demonstrates that titanium oxide-based photocatalysts have a great potential as a versatile tool in “green” organic synthesis.     

The Potential of Micellar Media in the Synthesis of DNA-Encoded Libraries

DNA-encoded library (DEL) technology has become widely used in drug discovery research. The construction of DELs requires robust organic transformations that proceed in aqueous media under mild conditions. Unfortunately, the application of water as reaction medium for organic synthesis is not evident due to the generally limited solubility of organic reagents. However, the use of surfactants can offer a solution to this issue. Oil-in-water microemulsions formed by surfactant micelles are able to localize hydrophobic reagents inside them, resulting in high local concentrations of the organic substances in an otherwise poorly solvated environment. This review provides a conceptual and critical summary of micellar synthesis possibilities that are well suited to DEL synthesis. Existing examples of micellar DEL approaches, together with a selection of micellar organic transformations fundamentally suitable for DEL are discussed.     

绿色化学试剂过氧化氢在有机合成中的应用研究进展

综述了近十年来绿色化学试剂过氧化氢在合成亚砜、砜、环氧化物、醇、酚、醛、酮、酸、酯、卤代物等各种有机化合物中的研究进展,也论述了一些新的合成反应介质体系,如离子液体、氟相、超临界流体等绿色介质与过氧化氢结合在有机合成中的应用,希望能促进绿色化学技术的研究与应用,促进化学的可持续发展.     

Stable helical peptoids via covalent side chain to side chain cyclization

Peptoids are oligomeric N-substituted glycines with potential as biologically relevant compounds. Helical peptoids provide an attractive fold for the generation of protein-protein interaction inhibitors. The generation of helical peptoid folds in organic and aqueous media has been limited to strict design rules, as peptoid-folding is mainly directed via the steric direction of alpha-chiral side-chains. Here a new methodology is presented to induce helical folds in peptoids with the aid of side chain to side chain cyclization. Cyclic peptoids were generated via solid-phase synthesis and their folding was studied. The cyclization induces significant helicity in peptoids in organic media, aids the folding in aqueous media, and requires the incorporation of only relatively few chiral aromatic side chains.     

非水介质中酶催化的反应研究新进展

介绍了非水介质中酶催化反应有机合成中的应用及手性化合物的酶促拆分与合 成反应，分析了冷冻干燥保护剂和修饰剂对酶性质的影响，论述了固定化酶在有机 溶剂中的应用，并讨论了影响固定化酶性质的因素。     

Ionic liquid assisted synthesis of S-heterocycles

Some organic solvents are highly toxic, flammable, and even explosive. In particular, high vapor pressures and toxicity of certain volatile organic solvents may cause significant environmental problems. Therefore, alternative solvents or media with tunable and versatile solvation properties for conducting chemical reactions and materials synthesis have been actively sought. Ionic liquids have numerous applications not only as environmentally benign reaction media, but also as catalysts and reagents. Due to the increase of environmental consciousness in chemical research and industry, the challenge for a sustainable environment calls for clean procedures that avoid the use of harmful organic solvents. Due to the special properties of ILs (ionic liquids) such as wide liquid range, good solvating ability, negligible vapor pressure, non-inflammability, non-volatility, environment friendly medium, high thermal stability, good stability in air and moisture, easy recycling and rate promoters etc. they are used in organic synthesis. Therefore, ionic liquids have attracted the attention of chemists and act as catalyst and reaction medium in organic reactions with high activity. Highly efficient methods are explored for the preparation of S-heterocycles with the application of ILs as catalyst and reaction medium.     

铟试剂在有机合成中的应用

综述了近十年来铟试剂在有机合成中的应用。重点讨论了铟试剂参与的有关碳-碳键形成的反应,如羰基化合物的烯丙基化、Reformatsky反应、成环以及三氯化铟作为Lewis酸的催化反应以及铟试剂的水相反应化学。铟试剂的这些反应,尤其是水相反应具有其它金属有机试剂在化学选择性和立体选择性方面具有独特的优势。     

Catalysis for green chemistry: ultrahigh loaded mesoporous solid acids

The development and applications in organic synthesis of new mesoporous solid catalysts is proving to be one of the most interesting and important subjects in green and sustainable chemistry. With high levels of organic functionality on the surface, these materials which can be considered as inorganic–organic hybrids, are compatible even with very low polarity organic media and can be used in various types of organic reactions. Some of the most interesting are solid acids such as solid sulfonic acid and solid peracids which are safe and environmentally less-damaging alternatives to conventional reagents.     

Synthetic chemistry in a water world. New rules ripe for discovery

Several examples are discussed where reactions in aqueous micellar media are clearly governed by new rules, in contrast to those that prevail in traditional organic synthesis performed in organic solvents.     

Development of New Supramolecular Lyotropic Liquid Crystals and Their Application as Alignment Media for Organic Compounds

Most alignment media for the residual dipolar coupling (RDC) based molecular structure determination of small organic compounds consist of rod‐like polymers dissolved in organic solvents or of swollen cross‐linked polymer gels. Thus far, the synthesis of polymer‐based alignment media has been a challenging process, which is often followed by a time‐consuming sample preparation. We herein propose the use of non‐polymeric alignment media based on benzenetricarboxamides (BTAs), which self‐assemble into rod‐like supramolecules. Our newly found supramolecular lyotropic liquid crystals (LLCs) are studied in terms of their LLC properties and their suitability as alignment media in NMR spectroscopy. Scalable enantiodifferentiating properties are introduced through a sergeant‐and‐soldier principle by blending achiral with chiral substituted BTAs.     

Review: Current studies on some physical properties of ionic liquids

As a novel substituting solvent for organic solvents, low-temperature ionic liquids have attracted much attention as good media in organic synthesis and other chemical processes. Better understanding of physical properties of ionic liquids are very helpful in exploring reaction mechanisms and controlling reaction outputs. This review summarises current studies on several physical properties (melting point, vapor pressure and stability, polarity, miscibility, density, viscosity) that are important for organic reactions.     

异辛醇中酶催化高效合成阿莫西林的研究

通过比较6种有机溶剂作为反应介质时对阿莫西林合成的影响,发现反应介质在保持酶的催化活性和稳定性方面发挥着非常重要的作用,确定异辛醇为酶催化合成阿莫西林的反应介质.通过研究不同温度下异辛醇中酶催化合成阿莫西林的时间曲线,确定了最佳反应温度和反应时间,通过对底物浓度和酶浓度进行响应面优化,最终得到阿莫西林合成的最优反应条件,在最优条件下可得到91.37%的最大阿莫西林产率.     

A Review of the Synthesis and Utility of Some Lipopathic Permanganate Oxidants

Permanganate, the versatile oxidizing agent, has limited solubility in non-polar media, which limits its use for oxidation of organic substrate in the non-aqueous media. But the combination of PTCs with permanganate makes it mild, selective and lipopathic. These lipopathic oxidants are useful for many important organic transformations. In this communication, we have presented the synthesis and utility of some selected lipopathic permanganate oxidants, which oxidize many functional groups, including alcohol, aldehyde, ether, alkane, alkene, alkyne, and oxime and have use in many synthetic organic procedures with chemo-, regio- and stereoselectivity.     

水相Reformatsky反应研究进展

近30年来,在水介质中形成碳-碳键一直是有机合成的研究热点.本文综述了水相中Reformatsky反应的研究进展,并对反应机理和应用作了简要的阐述.     

Phase transfer and its applications in nanotechnology

As nanoparticle syntheses in aqueous and organic systems have their own merits and drawbacks, specific applications may call for the transfer of newly formed nanoparticles from a polar to a non-polar environment (or vice versa) after synthesis. This critical review focuses on the application of phase transfer in nanoparticle synthesis, and features core-shell structures in bimetallic nanoparticles, replacement reactions in organic media, and catalytic properties of various nanostructures. It also describes the reversible organic and aqueous phase transfer of semiconductor and metallic nanoparticles for biological applications, and the use of phase transfer in depositing noble metals on semiconductor nanoparticles (258 references).