纳米SnO2/TiO2电极的制备及其电催化降解间-硝基苯酚

用电化学方法在乙二醇溶液中制备锡、钛醇盐配合物Sn0.75Ti(OCH2CH2OH)(7-x),将电解液水解、干燥后在400℃煅烧2 h,得到纳米级SnO2/TiO2粉体。通过红外光谱(FT-IR)和拉曼光谱(Raman)对电解产物进行测试,纳米SnO2/TiO2粉体通过X射线粉末衍射(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)进行表征。实验表明,在有机体系电解得到的纳米SnO2/TiO2粉体颗粒分散较理想,粒径在100～200 nm。再通过溶胶-凝胶法在钛丝表面得到纳米SnO2/TiO2电极,采用循环伏安法研究电极在酸性溶液和间-硝基苯酚溶液中的氧化还原行为和电催化活性。结果表明,纳米TiO2掺杂SnO2电极的氧化峰电流达到143×10-3A/cm2,氧化还原峰电位差明显减小,催化降解间-硝基苯酚的COD去除率达到86.1%,具有较高的电催化活性。     

粉煤灰漂珠负载Bi2WO6复合材料的制备及光催化性能研究

以工业固体废弃物粉煤灰漂珠(fly ash cenospheres,FACs)为载体,采用水热法制备了新颖的漂珠负载Bi2WO6复合材料(Bi2WO6/FACs),通过X射线衍射(XRD),扫描电子显微镜(SEM),X-射线光电子能谱(XPS),和紫外-可见漫反射光谱(DRS)技术对其进行了表征。XRD数据显示了正交相Bi2WO6的特征衍射峰。DRS结果证实了引入FACs后Bi2WO6对可见光的吸收增强。在可见光的照射下,以亚甲基蓝溶液的光催化降解评价了Bi2WO6/FACs复合材料的光催化性能。结果表明:Bi2WO6/FACs的光催化性能优于纯Bi2WO6的,其一级反应速率常数(k)为后者的2.4倍。尤其是由于漂珠质轻中空的特性,Bi2WO6/FACS复合光催化剂可长时间漂浮于水面,既能充分吸收光能,又有利于催化剂的回收和重复利用。     

Ag/TiO2对含酚废水的光电催化降解

Ag/TiO2对含酚废水的光电催化降解;Ag/TiO2; 光电催化; 苯酚;电解质     

粉煤灰漂珠负载Bi2WO6复合材料的制备及光催化性能研究

以工业固体废弃物粉煤灰漂珠(fly ash cenospheres, FACs)为载体, 采用水热法制备了新颖的漂珠负载Bi₂WO₆复合材料(Bi₂WO₆/FACs), 通过X射线衍射(XRD), 扫描电子显微镜(SEM), X-射线光电子能谱(XPS), 和紫外-可见漫反射光谱(DRS)技术对其进行了表征。XRD数据显示了正交相Bi₂WO₆的特征衍射峰。DRS结果证实了引入FACs后Bi₂WO₆对可见光的吸收增强。在可见光的照射下, 以亚甲基蓝溶液的光催化降解评价了Bi₂WO₆/FACs复合材料的光催化性能。结果表明：Bi₂WO₆/FACs的光催化性能优于纯Bi₂WO₆的, 其一级反应速率常数(k)为后者的2.4倍。尤其是由于漂珠质轻中空的特性, Bi₂WO₆/FACS复合光催化剂可长时间漂浮于水面, 既能充分吸收光能, 又有利于催化剂的回收和重复利用。     

Pr2O3/TiO2纳米粒子的制备及其US/UV协同催化降解苯酚的研究

以钛酸丁酯为原料,用溶胶-凝胶(Sol-gel)法制备了Pr2O3/TiO2纳米粒子.采用X光衍射仪对粉体的物相进行了表征.样品经500 ℃焙烧2 h后,0.5%(摩尔分数)Pr3 TiO2纳米粉末为单一的锐钛型结构.研究了US(超声波)/UV(紫外光)协同催化氧化水中苯酚的降解效果,考察了超声波声强、溶液pH值、反应温度和催化剂投加量对苯酚降解速率的影响.研究结果表明:US/UV协同催化氧化要比单独超声波或光化学处理效果显著,证实了声光联合技术具有明显的协同效应.     

二氧化钛包裹碘单质(I2/TiO2)制备及其光催化降解苯酚

采用水热法,以Ti(SO₄)₂为钛源,KIO₃为掺碘剂制备了具有高可见光活性,高稳定性的二氧化钛包裹碘单质(I₂/TiO₂)光催化剂.利用X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、X射线晶体粉末衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和紫外可见漫反射光谱(DRS)等表征手段对样品进行表征.结果表明,I₂/TiO₂中除含有锐钛矿相二氧化钛外、还含有碘单质和碘酸;I₂/TiO₂粒径大小为45 nm左右;在波长384 nm至700 nm范围内,该催化剂有强烈的吸收.探讨了该催化剂的形成过程和可见光催化机理.以苯酚降解反应为探针,测定了I₂/TiO₂光催化活性.结果显示:在全谱光源照射下I₂/TiO₂活性略高于P25,在可见光范围内其活性是P25的3倍多.确定了降解苯酚的最佳条件:全谱光源照射,投加量为0.5 g/L,苯酚浓度大于10 mg/L,溶液pH为3.2.I₂/TiO₂重复使用4次后,催化活性没有明显下降.     

超临界流体干燥法制备纳米TiO2－ZnO复合催化剂及其对苯酚降解的光催化性能

 以TiCl4和Zn（NO3）2·6H2O为原料，采用溶胶－凝胶法结合超临界流体干燥法制备了纳米级TiO2－ZnO（7～10nm）复合催化剂，并用XRD和TEM等手段进行了表征．以苯酚光催化降解为模型反应对所制备催化剂的催化性能进行了评价．结果表明，与单组分TiO2及普通干燥法制备的TiO2－ZnO催化剂相比较，纳米TiO2－ZnO复合粒子的光催化活性有较大提高．用超临界干燥法制备的催化剂具有粒径小、分布窄、比表面积大、分散性好和光催化活性高等特点．采用超临界流体干燥法可直接制得纳米TiO2（锐钛矿型）－ZnO（非晶态）复合催化剂，可实现干燥、晶化一步完成．复合催化剂中ZnO的最佳掺入量为x（ZnO）＝0．8％．超临界流体干燥法是制备纳米材料的一种新技术，具有产物容易收集和溶剂可回收利用等优点．     

核-壳式纳米SnO2/TiO2光催化剂的制备和性能

 以纳米SnO2·nH2O胶体粒子为基质,采用活性层包覆法制备了纳米SnO2/TiO2复合光催化剂,并用R,TEM,XPS和XRD等手段进行了表征. 采用敌敌畏的光催化降解反应对所制催化剂的活性进行了评价. 结果表明,SnO2/TiO2为核-壳结构,粒径约为12 nm. SnO2/TiO2的光催化活性受TiO2含量及SnO2·nH2O乙醇溶液含水量的影响. 最佳条件为SnO2/TiO2中TiO2含量为56.45%,SnO2·nH2O乙醇溶液含水量为20%. 所制SnO2/TiO2光催化活性比纯TiO2显著提高,且光催化活性稳定,可重复使用.     

纳米SnO2的制备条件及其光催化活性

纳米粒子;光催化降解;纳米SnO2的制备条件及其光催化活性     

Density functional theory study on the structural and electronic properties of low index rutile surfaces for TiO2/SnO2/TiO2 and SnO2/TiO2/SnO2 composite systems

The present study is concerned with the structural and electronic properties of the TiO2/SnO2/TiO2 and SnO2/TiO2/SnO2 composite systems. Periodic quantum mechanical method with density functional theory at the B3LYP level has been carried out. Relaxed surface energies, structural characteristics and electronic properties of the (110), (010), (101) and (00) low-index rutile surfaces for TiO2/SnO2/TiO2 and SnO2/TiO2/SnO2 models are studied. For comparison purposes, the bare rutile TiO2 and SnO2 structures are also analyzed and compared with previous theoretical and experimental data. The calculated surface energy for both rutile TiO2 and SnO2 surfaces follows the sequence (110) < (010) < (101) < (001) and the energy increases as (010) < (101) < (110) < (001) and (010) approximately = (110) < (101) < (001) for SnO2/TiO2/SnO2 and TiO2/SnO2/TiO2 composite systems, respectively. SnO2/TiO2/SnO2 presents larger values of surface energy than the individual SnO2 and TiO2 metal oxides and the TiO2/SnO2/TiO2 system renders surface energy values of the same order that the TiO2 and lower than the SnO2. An analysis of the electronic structure of the TiO2/SnO2/TiO2 and SnO2/TiO2/SnO2 systems shows that the main characteristics of the upper part of the valence bands for all the studied surfaces are dominated by the external layers, i.e., by the TiO2 and the SnO2, respectively, and the topology of the lower part of the conduction bands looks like the core layers. There is an energy stabilization of both valence band top and conduction band bottom for (110) and (010) surfaces of the SnO2/TiO2/SnO2 composite system in relation to their core TiO2, whereas an opposite trend is found for the same surfaces of the TiO2/SnO2/TiO2 composite system in relation to the bare SnO2. The present theoretical results may explain the growth of TiO2@SnO2 bimorph composite nanotape.     

锐钛矿光催化降解苯酚:氟离子吸附的影响大于磷酸根

已知氟离子和磷酸根能加快锐钛矿和P25 TiO₂光催化降解苯酚等有机物，但作用机理仍存在争议.合成了不含无机阴离子的锐钛矿，并在其表面沉积0.52 wt% Pt（Pt/TiO₂）.在初始pH 5.2的水溶液中，99%的氟离子和磷酸根分别为F^-和H₂PO₄^-.加入0.1～30 mmol/L阴离子，苯酚的光催化降解速率常数（k_obs）都增大，证实了氟离子和磷酸根均具有正效应.有趣的是，k_obs增加倍数均与阴离子吸附量呈线性关系，其中氟离子的斜率大于磷酸根，而Pt/TiO₂的斜率大于TiO₂.这表明阴离子的正效应源于吸附于固体表面的阴离子，并且氟离子的活性大于磷酸根.（光）电化学测试表明，氟离子和磷酸根分别抑制和促进O₂还原，但它们都促进苯酚氧化.此外，氟离子和磷酸根分别使TiO₂平带电位移动-159 mV和89 mV.前者有利于TiO₂价带与苯酚发生轨道重叠，后者有利于TiO₂导带分别与O₂发生轨道重叠，进而加快界面电荷转移.由于阴离子广泛存在，该结果将有助于半导体光催化的机理研究及其环境应用.     

SO42-/TiO2-SiO2的制备及对甲基橙的光催化降解

0 引言 水中难降解有机物的治理已成为当今重要的环境问题,对新型高效水处理剂的需求也愈加迫切。多相光催化氧化已成为国内外治理污水的新技术,但常规二氧化钛半导体光催化剂的量子效率     

Effect of TiO2–Ti and TiO2–TiN composite coatings on corrosion behavior of NiTi alloy

Two kinds of biocompatible coatings were produced in order to improve the corrosion resistance of nickel titanium (NiTi) alloy. A titanium oxide–titanium (TiO₂–Ti) composite was coated on NiTi alloy using electrophoretic method. After the coating process, the samples were heat‐treated at 1000 °C in two tube furnaces, the first one in argon atmosphere and the second one in nitrogen atmosphere at 1000 °C. The morphology and phase analysis of coatings were investigated using scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction analysis, respectively. The electrochemical behavior of the NiTi and coated samples was examined using polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy tests. Electrochemical tests in simulated body fluid demonstrated a considerable increase in corrosion resistance of composite‐coated NiTi specimens compared to the non‐coated one. The heat‐treated composite coating sample in nitrogen atmosphere had a higher level of corrosion resistance compared to the heat‐treated sample in argon atmosphere, which is mainly due to having nitride phases. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Degradation of PCDD/Fs in Fly Ash by Vortex-shaped Gliding Arc Plasma

PCDD/Fs in fly ash from municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs) can be decomposed in non-thermal plasma, more in particular in a vortex-shaped gliding arc. Typical operating conditions are 10 kV voltage, 40 kΩB external current-limited resistor, 11 L/min tangential gas and 2 L/min axial carrier gas flow rates. Degradation efficiencies of PCDD/Fs are respectively 54.9, 61.7 and 66.8 % on mass basis and 60.7, 73.3 and 70.1 % on toxicity basis under N₂, air and O₂ condition. After treatment the morphology of fly ash has changed: needle-shaped crystals increasing, pores and fragments appearing and high-temperature melting showing which is leaded by direct contact with high-temperature core of arc. The results are explained tentatively by the creation of reactive intermediates leading to dechlorination and oxidation of PCDD/Fs and finally producing end-products such as CO₂, CO, HCl and CH₄.     

C/粉煤灰复合吸附材料的制备及表征

以粉煤灰和蔗糖为原料,浓硫酸为炭化剂,制备了一种新型的C/粉煤灰复合吸附材料。 采用X光电子能谱、红外吸收光谱、场发射扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射及N2气吸附实验对所制备复合材料进行了表征。 结果表明,粉煤灰表面被类石墨态炭纳米颗粒所包裹,复合材料表面密集分布着大量的介孔,Brunauer-Emmett-Teller(BET)比表面积SBET=5.4 m2/g,并且在该复合材料表面含有丰富的-SO3H、-COOH和-OH等含氧官能团。 考察了所制备的复合材料对典型阳离子型染料亚甲基蓝及重金属离子的吸附能力,结果表明,该复合材料具有优异的吸附性能,其对亚甲基蓝的吸附能力达到活性炭的83.7%,对典型重金属离子的吸附能力优于市售活性炭。 所制备复合材料可作为活性炭的一种替代品,用于水中有机染料和重金属离子的吸附处理。     

医疗垃圾焚烧飞灰中OCDD/OCDF的球磨机械化学法降解试验研究

利用机械化学法进行含二噁英废弃物的无害化处置,是一个值得关注的研究领域.本研究以去除大部分二噁英及其它有机成分的医疗垃圾焚烧飞灰作为反应基质,添加了八氯代二噁英和呋喃(OCDD/OCDF)后,在自行研制的行星式球磨试验装置上进行了球磨机械化学法降解试验研究.实验球磨两种飞灰分别采自某回转窑热解流化多段焚烧系统和某简易固定床焚烧系统的医疗垃圾焚烧炉布袋除尘器,其中对于简易固定床焚烧处置的飞灰,OCDD和OCDF分别减少了64.7%和63.6%,氯化度由6.86降至5.53.两种飞灰处理后,平均粒径大幅缩小,比表面积、孔容积显著增加,CaCO3强度显著减弱.实验证实飞灰本身的某些组分(CaCO3等)在球磨机械化学处理过程中起到类似氧化钙(CaO)的脱氯还原剂作用,且机械化学法降解二噁英的效果显著.研究结果对实际医疗垃圾焚烧飞灰中二噁英类污染物的脱除具有指导意义.     

Photocatalytic Degradation of Glyphosate in Water by N‐Doped SnO2/TiO2 Thin‐Film‐Coated Glass Fibers

Photocatalytic degradation of glyphosate contaminated in water was investigated. The N‐doped SnO₂/TiO₂ films were prepared via sol–gel method, and coated on glass fibers by dipping method. The effects of nitrogen doping on coating morphology, physical properties and glyphosate degradation rates were experimentally determined. Main variable was the concentration of nitrogen doping in range 0–40 mol%. Nitrogen doping results in shifting the absorption wavelengths and narrowing the band gap energy those lead to enhancement of photocatalytic performance. The near optimal 20N/SnO₂/TiO₂ composite thin film exhibited about two‐ and four‐folds of glyphosate degradation rates compared to the undoped SnO₂/TiO₂ and TiO₂ films when photocatalytic treatment were performed under UV and solar irradiations, respectively, due to its narrowest band gap energy (optical absorption wavelength shifting to visible light region) and smallest crystallite size influenced by N‐doping.     

TiO2/SiO2的制备及其光催化降解敌敌畏

二氧化钛;溶胶-凝胶法;表面复合物;TiO2/SiO2的制备及其光催化降解敌敌畏     

Foam-structured Activated Carbon-ceramic as TiO2 Supports for Photocatalytic Degradation of Phenol

An activated foam-structured carbon-ceramic(AFCC) was prepared and investigated as TiO₂ support for the photocatalytic degradation of phenol. AFCC and TiO₂/AFCC catalysts were characterized by N₂ adsorption- desorption and X-ray diffraction(XRD). The effects of AFCC on the photocatalytic activity and the crystallinity of TiO₂ were studied. The results show that the crystallinity and anatase/rutile ratio of TiO₂ loaded on AFCC could be significantly influenced by the calcination temperature. The degradation rate of phenol benefited from the synergistic effects of the adsorption of activated carbon(AC) and the photocatalysis of TiO₂, which suggests that a high surface area of AC is essential to achieve high degradation rates and efficiencies. It was found that the larger mean cell size of AFCC increased the light transmission within the foam.     

Photochemical processes involving TiO2 pigments and TiO2–light stabilizer combinations in commercial polyolefins

The photoactivity of titania pigments at different loadings in both polyethylene and polypropylene is examined by phosphorescence and carbonyl formation and a correlation between the two observed. A nickel (II) chelate stabilizer proved more effective than a hydroxybenzophenone stabilizer in the presence of anatase. This difference in stabilizing efficiency appears to be due to more efficient quenching of the excited state of the anatase by the nickel chelate than by the hydroxybenzophenone.