经验模态分解对瞬态电化学响应的滤波处理

用经验模态分解(EMD)对恒电量瞬态响应信号进行滤波处理. 通过计算机仿真实验评估EMD的滤波效果. 为了提高EMD滤波的实用性和减少滤波过程的主观性, 仿真实验主要针对混迭了白噪声、高频噪声和市电干扰以及上述混合噪声的恒电量瞬态响应. 在此基础上, 阐述了EMD滤波对多个时间常数恒电量瞬态响应的重要性, 并利用电化学阻抗谱结果验证了EMD滤波后的恒电量频谱. 结果表明, 经过EMD滤波的恒电量频谱和EIS有很好的相关性. 恒电量瞬态响应的EMD滤波, 采用前两项内在模函数(IMF)和IMF4的50 Hz成分置零的固定模式, 可以获得满意的滤波结果.     

氢氯混和气体受光爆炸的实验

高一化学教科书中,介绍了氢氯混和气体受光能爆炸。我们一般做了这个实验,都感到相当困难。我认为做这个实验,一定要在事前作好细致的研究,以便掌握实验中的熟练操作和反应中的特点,以免在做实验时,由于激烈的反应所引起的爆炸而感到惊惧或不能达到预期的效果。现将我在这一实验中,肤浅的见     

学习边讲边做实验的教学方法的体会

化学是一门以实验为根据的科学。历期本刊一再指出重视化学教学中的实验工作,以及如何改进教学中实验工作的宝贵经验和意见,尤其是去年本刊7月号有高同恩、贺健两同志所著的“介绍边讲边做实验的教学方法”一篇文章,文中具体地举出他们试行这一先进教法比“先讲后做实验”或“先做实验再讲”等方法有若干优点,以及在实施这一方法时应注意的事项。这以前我对学生应做的实验,也是采用先讲後做实验的方法,结果正如高、贺两同志所说的“缺点不少”,去年暑假我读了这篇介绍,暗中忖量了很久,结合学校的设备条件,     

“家庭小实验”的开设与素质教育──义务教育初中化学小议

九年义务教育的核心是实施素质教育。九年义务教育初中化学在原有教材“教师演示实验,学生必做实验,学生选做实验”三种基本实验教学形式的基础上又新设置了“家庭小实验”。     

促进科学观念与科学实践协同发展的学生必做实验的教材编写

国内外科学教育界普遍认为,科学观念与科学实践的协同发展是培养学生科学素养的重要途径。教材对于学生必做实验的编排和处理,对于教师的教学设计及实施具有重要的影响。简要介绍了科学观念与科学实践协同发展的内涵,并针对北京师范大学“新世纪”山东科学技术出版社高中化学必修教材中的学生必做实验编写的整体情况和具体策略进行了深入分析,阐释了该教材对于学生必做实验的编写是如何体现科学观念与科学实践的协同发展、彰显这些实验的核心素养发展功能的,并提出了新教材学生必做实验的教学实施建议。     

管理化学实验室的点滴经验

我校从1954年以后新添了合乎规格的实验桌14张,从初三到高三每个班级都分为28组实验,由于严格按照大纲的规定,实验的次数也加多了,上学期4个年级21班共做了实验225个班次,6300组次,和52年时两个年级六个班,每班分12组,每学期做4次,共做实验288组次相比较,增加了20多倍。本学期为了进一步贯徹边讲边实验的原则,所做的实验将达311个班次,8708个组次,如果再把同学课外研究组的实验活动计算在内,还要超过这个数字。我们只有一个化学实验室,一个管理员,     

鲁科版高中化学新教材学生必做实验解读及教学建议*

化学实验是探究和学习物质及其变化的基本方法,是发展学生化学学科素养的重要途径,《普通高中化学课程标准(2017年版)》明确规定了18个学生必做实验。在分析新课标中必做实验的地位、内容与分布及相关建议和新鲁科版高中化学教材中18个学生必做实验的内容、特点的基础上,提出了相应的教学建议。     

分析化学实验课程的分层次混合式教学研究与实践

为适应我校分析化学实验课程发展的需求,通过改革课程内容、将课程内容模块化、设置必做和选做实验、开展实验小组教学、建立"要点"评分机制等措施,构建了一套针对不同专业和学生的分层次、有特色的分析化学实验教学体系。探讨了分层次教学体系下,实验分组、选做实验开展、试剂准备等具体操作模式。在课程教学过程中开展了"线上线下"相结合的混合式教学探索,提高学生实验积极性和学习兴趣,实现多元化教学。     

导演“故事”须严谨聆听“故事”须用心——对化学实验的一点认识和思考

做化学实验是从事化学相关领域研究及开发工作的人所采用的最主要研究手段。将“化学实验”与“故事”进行类比：化学工作者做一个化学实验就好比是他导演了一个“故事”,而做此实验的整个过程也如同是他在聆听这一个“故事”。化学工作者进行化学实验的目的,就是要把“故事”听懂。就怎么样才能够更好地把“故事”听懂以保证化学实验成效的问题,以合成制备实验为例从几个方面进行了阐述。     

巧用长柄V型玻璃管做“木炭还原氧化铜”实验

采用长柄V型玻璃管做"木炭还原氧化铜"改进实验。改进后的实验装置简单,缩短了实验时间,降低了实验操作的难度,提高了实验的成功率和实用性。     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。