利用双面剥层X射线应力测定技术测量板状试样的残余应力分布

在具有矩形截面的平板或棒材的双面剥层X射线应力测定中,可以用幂级数来分段近似沿厚度方向变化的剥离面的实测应力曲线,从而计算剥层所产生的附加应力,求得原始真实应力沿厚度方向的分布.文中给出计算应力校正量的公式,并且用实测例说明,用项数不多的幂级数来近似实测应力曲线,就能得到足够高的近似程度,获得令人满意的校正结果.     

圆筒和圆柱残余应力沿层深分布的X射线测定

在圆筒或圆柱的剥层Ｘ射线应力测定中，可以用幂级数来分段近似剥离面的实测切向应力一层深函数和实测轴向应力一层深函数，从而计算剥层应力释放所产生的附加应力，求得原始的真实径向、切向和轴向应力沿半径方向的分布，文中给出计算应力校正量的公式。     

聚晶金刚石复合片热残余应力分布规律实验研究

利用改进的应力释放法、X射线衍射法以及Raman光谱,对平面界面结构金刚石复合片表面热残余应力分别进行了实验研究,得到了金刚石层表面热残余应力值及其分布规律,同时得到了基体厚度与热残余应力的相关关系.研究结果表明,采用应力释放法、X射线衍射法及Raman光谱法测试PDC表面热残余应力,其测试结果均与有限元分析结果相吻合,证明了这三种方法的有效性.其中,X射线衍射法测试结果的误差最大,应力释放法其次,Raman光谱法最为精确.由于应力释放法应变片尺寸及X射线衍射法光斑照射范围的限制,无法在试样表面上取较多的测试点,因此难以得到理想的热残余应力分布曲线.而Raman光谱法中所采用的激光光斑仅5μm,可以取更多的测试点,因此其结果更能真实的反映金刚石层表面热残余应力的分布规律.本文的研究结果为精确测试PDC热残余应力,从而为优化PDC界面结构、提高PDC使用性能提供了理论和实验依据.     

一维六方准晶有限板孔边对称反平面双裂纹问题的边界配置法

从断裂力学的观点出发,采用边界配置法研究了一维六方准晶中带双裂纹的圆孔口反平面问题.通过选取恰当的位移函数,求得声子场与相位子场的应力和应力强度因子.而板的边界条件由边界配置法近似满足.通过数值算例,讨论了裂纹长度、板的宽度、幂级数项数以及圆孔半径等对应力强度因子的影响.结果表明圆孔半径对应力强度因子的影响非常明显.在有限大板与无限大板两种情况下,裂纹长度与幂级数项数对应力强度因子的影响恰好相反.     

氮离子注入Cr2O3涂层的磨损性能研究

采用离子注入技术对Cr2O3涂层表面进行氮离子注入处理,用俄歇电子能谱仪、微区X射线衍射仪及X射线光电子能谱仪分析氮离子注入改性层的相组成及其氮元素沿层深的浓度分布,用销-盘式摩擦磨损试验机考察了注入前后Cr2O3涂层的磨损性能,用扫描电子显微镜观察其磨痕表面形貌及摩擦界面间的物质转移.结果表明,氮离子注入后Cr2O3涂层的显微硬度有所提高,表面残余压应力增加,表面粗糙度降低,在注入层内形成大量细小弥散分布的硬质析出相CrN和β-Cr2N等,从而提高了Cr2O3涂层材料的磨损性能.     

弹塑性梁的挠度及轴向位移

本文用小参数法求得弹塑性梁在较大位移下的挠度及轴向位移,结果表示为分析式,其中材料的应力-应变关系近似表达为幂级数形式.附表给出十二种常见梁的结果.与近似理论及实验给果进行比较,所得结果表明,当位移不太大时,本文公式可以适用.     

THERMAL STRESSES IN ELASTIC MULTILAYER SYSTEMS

多层保护膜结构在光学窗口等领域有广泛应用,其中膜层中的热应力对系统的功能和可靠性有重要影响. 推导了条形多层薄膜结构系统中应力应变的计算方法,并针对薄膜厚度远小于基底厚度的薄膜结构计算进行了相应的简化,得到了其一阶近似以及零阶近似应力的计算公式. 采用此公式对ZnS-Y₂O₃-SiO₂ 双层膜系红外窗口系统进行了求解分析. 计算结果显示,热应力在两层薄膜上的相对误差分别为1.54% 和0.09%,零阶近似可以很好地满足计算精度要求.     

高强钢筋钢纤维混凝土黏结应力分布计算方法

基于内贴应变片的高强钢筋与混凝土局部黏结试验,研究高强钢筋与钢纤维混凝土的黏结性能。通过分析黏结试件的实测钢筋应变,提出了中点黏结应力插值计算方法,得到了各级荷载下黏结应力沿黏结区段的分布曲线。分析了钢纤维体积率对黏结性能的影响。结果表明:中点黏结应力插值法考虑了分段中点处的黏结应力值和黏结应力分布曲线的导数值,具有较高的精度;随着钢纤维体积率增大,黏结应力极值总体向加载端移动;在高强混凝土中掺入钢纤维后,高强钢筋与混凝土黏结应力沿黏结区段分布的不均匀性增加,二者之间的平均黏结应力得到了有效提升。     

薄壁绕丝筒体应力与变形的近似计算

将等张力缠绕筒体钢丝层中沿厚度方向近似呈阶梯状分布的预应力简化为均匀分布,其大小由钢丝层预应力降低系数η确定(η随钢丝层厚度的增大而减小),由此可获得薄壁绕丝筒体应力与变形的近似计算式.     

高温对砂岩宏细观损伤及BP神经网络单轴强度预测研究

为了研究高温后砂岩的力学特性和宏细观损伤变化,对高温作用后的砂岩进行单轴压缩试验、声波损伤检测、X射线衍射试验、扫描电镜试验,分析应力-应变曲线、峰值应力、峰值应变、弹性模量、质量损失率、X射线衍射成像和电镜扫描图像,得到砂岩的细观损伤变化对其单轴抗压强度的影响.利用BP神经网络模型对不同物理量进行训练,预测不同高温作...     

Evaluation of the stress–strain curve of metallic materials by spherical indentation

A method for deducing the stress–strain uniaxial properties of metallic materials from instrumented spherical indentation is presented along with an experimental verification.An extensive finite element parametric analysis of the spherical indentation was performed in order to generate a database of load vs. depth of penetration curves for classes of materials selected in order to represent the metals commonly employed in structural applications. The stress–strain curves of the materials were represented with three parameters: the Young modulus for the elastic regime, the stress of proportionality limit and the strain-hardening coefficient for the elastic–plastic regime.The indentation curves simulated by the finite element analyses were fitted in order to obtain a continuous function which can produce accurate load vs. depth curves for any combination of the constitutive elastic–plastic parameters. On the basis of this continuous function, an optimization algorithm was then employed to deduce the material elastic–plastic parameters and the related stress–strain curve when the measured load vs. depth curve is available by an instrumented spherical indentation test.The proposed method was verified by comparing the predicted stress–strain curves with those directly measured for several metallic alloys having different mechanical properties.This result confirms the possibility to deduce the complete stress–strain curve of a metal alloy with good accuracy by a properly conducted instrumented spherical indentation test and a suitable interpretation technique of the measured quantities.     

Nonuniform residual-stress measurement by hole-drilling method

Considering the general stress field as the summation of two terms of a power series, a method for the measurement of nonuniform stress fields in thin plates by the hole-drilling method has been devised. The relieved-strain equations for the uniform and linear terms of the assumed power series have been calculated and the related constants of these equations for a range of hole diameter have been plotted.From the relieved-strain equations, it is shown that for a linear approximation of a field, a rosette gage with at least five grid elements is needed. A special rosette is proposed for the linear approximation of the residual-stress fields. In addition the equations used to determine the uniform parts, the direction, and the slopes are given. An example of the linear approximation is presented. It is shown that for some residual-stress fields, the conventional equations based on a uniform stress field produce erroneous results. The improved equations, however, provide the correct solution.     

Solutions to and Validation of Matrix-Diffusion Models

A model transport system is considered in which a pulse of tracer molecules is advected along a flow channel with porous walls. The advected tracer thus undergoes diffusion, matrix-diffusion, inside the walls, which affects the breakthrough curve of the tracer. Analytical solutions in the form of series expansions are derived for a number of situations which include a finite depth of the porous matrix, varying aperture of the flow channel, and longitudinal diffusion and Taylor dispersion of the tracer in the flow channel. Novel expansions for the Laplace transforms of the concentration in the channel facilitated closed-form expressions for the solutions. A rigorous result is also derived for the asymptotic form of the breakthrough curve for a finite depth of the porous matrix, which is very different from that for an infinite matrix. A specific experimental system was created for validation of matrix-diffusion modeling for a matrix of finite depth. A previously reported fracture-column experiment was also modeled. In both cases model solutions gave excellent fits to the measured breakthrough curves with very consistent values for the diffusion coefficients used as the fitting parameters. The matrix-diffusion modeling performed could thereby be validated.     

基于应变计观测数据的混凝土温度应力解析

混凝土温度应力测定一直是人们致力解决的科学难题.本文根据振弦式混凝土应变计的工作原理,提出了基于混凝土应变计观测数据的温度应力计算公式,并采用电热带给试件直接施加温度作用的方法,模拟弹性约束条件进行了温度应力试验测定,确定了计算公式中温度应力修正系数与温度变化的关系.研究结果表明,振弦式混凝土应变计可以用来测定均匀温度作用产生的温度应力,根据本文提出的计算公式得到的温度应力计算值与实测值吻合良好.     

Hydraulic calculation of steady uniform flows in trapezoidal compound open channels

Hydraulic calculation of steady uniform flows in trapezoidal compound open channels is studied. Based on the force balance of water in each sub-section, the average velocities of the main channel, side slope, and floodplain are derived. The lateral momentum exchanges between the sub-sections are expressed by using the apparent shear stress. To verify the model, seven groups of UK Flood Channel Facility （UK-FCF） measured data with a relative water depth between the floodplain and the main channel varying from 0.057 to 0.4 are used for comparison. The result shows that the calculated velocity is larger than the measured data when the relative water depth is small, while it is less than or close to the measured value in the case of a larger relative water depth. The influence of the apparent shear stress on the calculation of velocity on the floodplain is not obvious, while it is much greater on the main channel. The three-stage model is compared with Liu’s two-stage model, showing that the former can give a better prediction for a three-stage trapezoidal compound channel. Finally, the apparent shear stress is calculated and compared with the measured data. The result shows that the chosen values of the momentum transfer coefficients are appropriate.     

Tikhonov regularization with Incremental Hole-Drilling and the Integral Method in Cross-Ply Composite Laminates

Background: Incremental hole-drilling with the integral method has been extensively used in composite laminates but is sensitive to small measurement errors. Error sensitivity can be reduced by limiting the number of depth increments used in the calculation procedure. This approach is limited if a rapidly varying residual stress distribution exists since the calculated stress in each incremental depth is considered constant. Distortion of stress results can consequently occur due to averaging effects if the depth increments become too large. Tikhonov regularization is usually applied in isotropic materials to smooth the resulting residual stress distribution and reduce stress uncertainties, but has only been applied to composite laminates using the slitting technique. Objective: The intention of this work is to extend the use of Tikhonov regularization to incremental hole-drilling of composite laminates using the integral method. Methods: Finite element modelling is used to calculate the necessary calibration coefficients for unit pulses of uniform stress. Monte Carlo simulation is used to the determine uncertainties in the calculated residual stress distributions. Tikhonov regularization is optimised to reduce the stress uncertainty, while ensuring that the stress solution is not distorted. Results: The method is demonstrated on a GFRP (Glass fibre reinforced plastic) laminate of [0₂/90₂]_s construction and the calculated residual stress field is compared with those obtained by the standard integral method and series expansion. Conclusions: It is found that Tikhonov regularization significantly improves the accuracy of the standard integral method in composite laminates and shows good agreement with the series expansion method.

     

A study on robust indentation techniques to evaluate elastic–plastic properties of metals

Spherical indentation is studied based on numerical analysis and experiment, to develop robust testing techniques to evaluate isotropic elastic–plastic material properties of metals. The representative stress and plastic strain concept is critically investigated via finite element analysis, and some conditions for the representative values are suggested. The representative values should also be a function of material properties, not only indenter angle for sharp indenter and indentation depth for spherical indenter. The pros and cons of shallow and deep spherical indentation techniques are also discussed. For an indentation depth of 20% of an indenter diameter, the relationships between normalized indentation parameters and load–depth data are characterized, and then numerical algorithm to estimate material elastic–plastic curve is presented. From the indentation load–depth curve, the new approach provides stress–strain curve and the values of elastic modulus, yield strength, and strain-hardening exponent with an average error of less than 5%. The method is confirmed to be valid for various elastic properties of indenter. Experimental validation of the approach then is performed by using developed micro-indentation system. For the material severely disobeying power law hardening, a modified method to reduce errors of predicted material properties is contrived. It is found that our method is robust enough to get ideal power law properties, and applicable to input of more complex physics.     

缓坡方程的推广

为了描述水波和强烈的环境流在非平整海底上的相互作用,运用无旋运动的Lagrangian变分原理,对经典的Berkhoff缓坡方程进行了改进。假定水流沿水深方向基本上保持均匀性,这正如潮流运动的特征。海底地形由慢变、快变两个分量叠加构成;慢变分量满足缓坡逼近假定,快变分量的波长与表面波波长为同一量级,但其振幅小于表面波的振幅。在以上假定条件下,得到了适用于非平整海底的推广型浅水方程和应用性更加广泛的波－流－非平整海底相互作用的一般缓坡方程,并且从理论上证明一般缓坡方程包含了以下3种著名的缓坡型方程：经典的Berkhoff缓坡方程;波－流相互作用的Kirby缓坡方程、Dingemans关于沙纹海底的缓坡方程。最后,通过与Bragg反射实验数据的比较,表明该模型可以准确地反映快变海底的典型地貌特征。     

煤层底板突水突变模型

本文建立了煤层底板突水的一个尖点突变 (cusp)模型 ,并分析了煤层底板失稳破坏发生突水的机制。基于定态曲面方程 ,可求得煤层底板水压应力比 Ip。当 Ip >1时 ,发生突水 ;当 Ip <1时 ,不会发生突水。基于分支曲线方程 ,可求得煤层底板突水临界采动导水裂隙带深度 h1l,当 h1 >h1l 时 ,发生突水 ;当 h1 相似文献   

考虑压头曲率半径和应变梯度的微压痕分析

在压头尖端曲率半径取100nm的前提下，采用Chen和Wang的应变梯度理论，对微压痕实验进行了系统的数值分析. 首先通过拟合载荷-位移实验曲线的后半段来确定材料的屈服应力和幂硬化指数值,然后用有限元方法数值模拟压痕实验，并将计算得到的整段载荷-位移曲线及硬度-位移曲线和实验结果进行了比较. 结果表明应变梯度理论所预测的计算结果和实验结果很好地符合,包括压痕深度在亚微米和微米范围内的整段曲线.