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Olimpia Lombardi 《Foundations of Chemistry》2014,16(3):181-192
The many-faced relationship between chemistry and physics is one of the most discussed topics in the philosophy of chemistry. In his recent book Reducing Chemistry to Physics. Limits, Models, Consequences, Hinne Hettema (Reducing chemistry to physics. Limits, models, consequences, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Groningen, 2012) conceives this relationship as a reduction link, and devotes his work to defend this position on the basis of a “naturalized” concept of reduction. In the present paper I critically review three kinds of issues stemming from Hettema’s argumentation: philosophical, scientific and methodological. 相似文献
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This is a article about P.‐O. Löwdin's life, his work in shaping quantum chemistry into a mature discipline at the intersection of mathematics, physics, chemistry, and biology, and his founding of the International Journal of Quantum Chemistry in 1967. Unavoidably, it is, also, a article reflecting our views about the history of quantum chemistry. We attempt to convey the complexities in the becoming of a subdiscipline, like quantum chemistry, where a variety of factors will have to be taken into consideration for a comprehensive understanding of its historical developments: the relations of chemists to the Heisenberg‐Schrödinger formulation of quantum mechanics after 1926, the institutional dynamics centered around the establishment of new courses and chairs, the research agendas and the vying for dominance within the community of quantum chemists, the methodological, and philosophical issues that have never left the quantum chemists indifferent, and, of course, the dramatic role of the computer in transforming the culture for actually practicing quantum chemistry. Furthermore, attracted by American history, culture, and ways of life, Löwdin suggested in the late 1970s that the post‐WWII character of quantum chemistry was dependent on its ability to hub a “scientific melting pot,” much like the United States of America which he viewed as a fusion of people from diverse provenances and cultures. In this article, we attempt to investigate another metaphor, that of the “kaleidoscope.” Löwdin believed that quantum chemistry's strength arose from its ability to nurture a multiplicity of heterogeneous cultural elements/subcultures and practices, interacting with each other, exchanging perspectives and modes of action, which circulated in an increasingly extended network of actors and institutional frameworks. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
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对化学学科的世界观和方法论等哲学特征进行了分析,提出按照化学的学科思维模式构建新型化学课程体系——"学科思维体系"的理念。并对课程的设计、教学内容的安排提出了一些建议。希望能够对今后化学类专业课程体系设计、教材建设和教学内容改革提供一定的借鉴。 相似文献
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Sibel Erduran 《Foundations of Chemistry》2007,9(3):247-263
In this paper, domain-specificity is presented as an understudied problem in chemical education. This argument is unpacked
by drawing from two bodies of literature: learning of science and epistemology of science, both themes that have cognitive
as well as philosophical undertones. The wider context is students’ engagement in scientific inquiry, an important goal for
science education and one that has not been well executed in everyday classrooms. The focus on science learning illustrates
the role of domain specificity in scientific reasoning. The discussion on epistemology of science presents ideas from the
emerging field of philosophy of chemistry to highlight the much neglected area of epistemology in chemical education. Domain-specificity
is exemplified in the context of chemical laws, in particular the Periodic Law. The applications of the discussion for chemical
education are explored in relation to argumentation, itself an epistemologically grounded discourse pattern in science. The
overall implications include the need for reconceptualization of the nature of teaching and learning in chemistry to include
more particular epistemological aspects of chemistry. 相似文献
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Peeter Müürsepp 《Foundations of Chemistry》2016,18(2):113-123
This is an attempt to take a look at chemistry from the point of view of practical realism. Besides its social–historical and normative aspects, the latter involves a direct reference to experimental research. According to Edward Caldin chemistry depends on our being able to isolate pure substances with reproducible properties. Thus, the very basis of chemistry is practical. Even the laws of chemistry are not stable but are subject to correction. At the same time, these statements do not necessarily make Edward Caldin a predecessor of practical realism. The latter has other predecessors, like Rom Harré’s policy realism or Sami Pihlström’s pragmatic realism. Chemistry is an experimental science. The experiment is a purposeful and critically theory-guided constructive, manipulative, material interference with nature according to Rein Vihalemm, the founder of practical realism. Chemistry is physics-like science but just partly so. This is an important point in the context of the current paper. 相似文献
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Peeter Müürsepp 《Foundations of Chemistry》2016,18(3):213-223
This is an attempt to take a look at chemistry from the point of view of practical realism. Besides its social–historical and normative aspects, the latter involves a direct reference to experimental research. According to Edward Caldin chemistry depends on our being able to isolate pure substances with reproducible properties. Thus, the very basis of chemistry is practical. Even the laws of chemistry are not stable but are subject to correction. At the same time, these statements do not necessarily make Edward Caldin a predecessor of practical realism. The latter has other predecessors, like Rom Harré’s policy realism or Sami Pihlström’s pragmatic realism. Chemistry is an experimental science. The experiment is a purposeful and critically theory-guided constructive, manipulative, material interference with nature according to Rein Vihalemm, the founder of practical realism. Chemistry is physics-like science but just partly so. This is an important point in the context of the current paper. 相似文献
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Jonathan Simon 《Foundations of Chemistry》2012,14(1):83-96
Using the concept of purity to reflect on the relationship between chemical practice and the philosophy of science, this article
considers the philosophical significance of the chemical manipulations that aim to purify or otherwise transform matter. Starting
from a consideration of the nature and role of pure (or idealised) examples in philosophy of science, the article underlines
the temptation towards abstraction and theory for both scientists and philosophers. The article goes on to argue that chemistry,
despite its increasing theoretical sophistication, is a science that remains particularly close to laboratory manipulations.
This point is made in reference to the work of Gaston Bachelard on the production of purity and with the aid of historical
examples, notably exploring the interplay between techniques of purification and the definition of elements, with special
attention paid to Lavoisier’s definition of elements as the final limit of analysis. The closing section concerns the manufacture
of steel from iron ore in the eighteenth century, illustrating this process using texts by Pierre-Joseph Macquer and Denis
Diderot. Steel production is used to illustrate the kinds of philosophical question that are raised by paying attention to
the details of chemical practice rather than jumping straight to chemical theory and also suggests how scientific theory can
emerge from this practice itself. 相似文献
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Farzad Mahootian 《Foundations of Chemistry》2013,15(2):171-184
Friedrich Paneth’s conception of “chemical element” has functioned as the official definition adopted by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry since 1923. Paneth maintains a distinction between empirical and “transcendental” concepts of element; furthermore, chemical science requires fluctuation between the two. The origin of the empirical-transcendental split is found in Immanuel Kant’s classic Critique of Pure Reason (1781/1787). The present paper examines Paneth’s foundational concept of element in light of Kant’s attempt, late in life, to revoke key distinctions made in his Critique, including that of regulative and constitutive functions of reason. In a section of his Opus postumum devoted to the “Transition from the Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science to Physics,” Kant bends his philosophical system to address the newly emerging sciences of matter of his time. Specifically, he tried, without success, to develop the transcendental ground for microscale motions of bodies encountered in physical, electrical and chemical processes. Paneth’s discussion of chemical element does not take the Opus postumum into account, which is why it begins with a rejection of Kant’s rejection (in his earlier writings) of chemistry’s status as science. I make the case that Paneth’s definition of element effectively maintains something very like Kant’s critical separation of regulative and constitutive principles, while a advancing the concept of chemical science. 相似文献
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Following the tenets of a re-integrative philosophical framework for curriculum design and educational objectives, we provide strategies that describe our effort to change the educational experience of beginning college students in introductory chemistry. We focus on the explicit connection between instructional goals and practices. For instructors and students, whom we view as collaborators in learning, we address how mental models for instruction and information can affect the classroom environment. We also describe a series of classroom, laboratory, and outside-of-class tasks that are intended to promote meaningful engagement by individual students within the context of these recommendations. 相似文献
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Karl Hansel 《Chemie in Unserer Zeit》2006,40(6):392-397
Closely linked to the scientific‐philosophical work of the Nobel Laureat in chemistry in 1909, Wilhelm Ostwald, there exists an artistic work, that hardly was given attention to in the literature up to now. This contribution shows the creative periods of the painter Ostwald and their connection to the physical chemistry and the colour theory. More than 4000 paintings of the scientist are kept at his country house “Energy” in Großbothen. 相似文献
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Similarity searching in large combinatorial chemistry spaces 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
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Gregory Tate 《Ambix》2019,66(2-3):140-157
Analogy, the comparison of one set of relations to another, was essential to Humphry Davy’s understanding of chemistry. Throughout his career, Davy used analogical reasoning to direct and to interpret his experimental analyses of the chemical reactions between substances. In his writing, he deployed analogies to organise and to explain his theories about the relations between physical processes and between the properties of different chemical elements and compounds. But Davy also regularly expressed two concerns about analogical comparison: first, that it was founded not on the rational interpretation of facts but on imaginative speculation; and second, that it was a kind of rhetoric, the persuasiveness of which depended not on material evidence but on misleading figures of speech. This article discusses the influences that informed Davy’s ambivalent assessment of the value of analogy, and it examines the distinct yet overlapping ways in which this assessment was expressed in his notebooks, his lectures and treatises on chemistry, his philosophical writings, and his poetry. 相似文献
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Hasok Chang 《Ambix》2017,64(4):360-374
Attention to the history of chemistry can help us recognise the characteristics of chemistry that have helped to maintain it as a separate scientific discipline with a unique identity. Three such features are highlighted in this paper. First, chemistry has maintained a distinct type of theoretical thinking, independent from that of physics even in the era of quantum chemistry. Second, chemical research has always been shaped by its ineliminable practical relevance and usefulness. Third, the lived experience of chemistry, spanning the laboratory, the classroom and everyday life, is distinctive in its multidimensional sensuousness. Furthermore, I argue that the combination of these three features makes chemistry an exemplary science. 相似文献
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Mi Gyung Kim 《Foundations of Chemistry》2011,13(3):201-222
The ‘triumph of the anti-phlogistians’ is a familiar story to the historians and philosophers of science who characterize
the Chemical Revolution as a broad conceptual shift. The apparent “incommensurability” of the paradigms across the revolutionary
divide has caused much anxiety. Chemists could identify phlogiston and oxygen, however, only with different sets of instrumental
practices, theoretical schemes, and philosophical commitments. In addition, the substantive counterpart to phlogiston in the
new chemistry was not oxygen, but caloric. By focusing on the changing visions of chemical body across the revolutionary divide
with a more sensitive probe into the historical actors’ material manipulations and linguistic usage, we can historicize their
laboratory realities and philosophical agenda. An archeology of chemical bodies that configures the fragile stability of the
material worlds chemists created in succession promises a philosophical horizon that would recognize our hybrid (natural–artificial)
environment as an evolving investigative object of science. 相似文献