溶剂气浮法去除水中腐殖酸的动力学和热力学初步研究

研究了溶剂气浮法去除水中的腐殖酸,该技术可以作为生物处理后的填埋渗出液的后处理方法。腐殖酸通过与表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵生成离子缔合物气浮进入有机溶剂异戊醇而从水中去除。大于计量比的表面活性剂的量在10 m in之内可达92%的去除率。气浮速率在一定程序上随着气流速率的增加而增加,基本上与有机溶剂的体积无关。同时,还考察了电解质、乙醇及溶液的pH值对水中腐殖酸的溶剂气浮过程的影响。研究表明,该溶剂气浮过程遵从一级动力学。气浮过程的表观活化能作为一个特征参数被提出来,其值为2.87 kJ/mol。     

溶剂气浮法去除水中的刚果红的研究

以十六烷基三甲基溴化铵为表面活性剂, 与阴离子型染料刚果红形成缔合物, 对该缔合物的溶剂气浮过程进行研究. 研究多种参数对溶剂气浮过程的影响, 如气浮速率、共存溶质的量、pH等参数对溶剂气浮去除率的影响. 研究表明表面活性剂与染料的物质的量之比为2∶1, 约24 min水中刚果红的去除率可达97%;NaCl会大大降低溶剂气浮的去除率;溶剂气浮的速率随着气流速率的增加而增加, 但高速率反而降低溶剂的去除率;共存溶质乙醇存在会使去溶剂去除率降低, 有机溶剂的量对溶剂气浮影响较小;pH中性去除率最佳;考察了不同温度下溶剂气浮的热力学及动力学, 研究表明, 溶剂气浮过程遵从一级动力学, 计算了该过程中的气浮表观活化能为7.48 kJ/mol.     

十六烷基氯化吡啶溶剂气浮的热力学及动力学研究

研究了表面活性剂十六烷基氯化吡啶(HPC)的溶剂气浮回收动力学及热力学规律。通过测定不同温度及浓度下HPC的表面张力, 得到了HPC在气-液界面的标准吸附表面自由能为-33.17 kJ/mol。HPC的溶剂气浮过程符合一级动力学方程,表观速率常数k的值随气体流速升高而增加,随温度升高而降低。     

溶剂气浮分离技术研究现状与发展方向

溶剂气浮技术是一种较为简捷有效的水中微量、痕量组分分离与富集方法, 也可用于水中有机污染物的去除, 它在许多方面优于传统的萃取方法。本文比较全面地综述了溶剂气浮技术的装置、影响因素、机理及其应用, 并指出了溶剂气浮技术的发展方向。     

谷壳对水中Cr(Ⅵ)离子的生物吸附研究

以间歇吸附的方式考察农业副产物谷壳对模拟废水中Cr(Ⅵ)离子的生物吸附过程,用扫描电镜(SEM)、红外光谱(FTIR)分析谷壳的表面形态和表面官能团结构及其变化,探讨其吸附机理。结果表明,吸附反应符合Langmuir和Freunlich等温吸附模式、遵循拟二级动力学模型,Cr(VI)离子的最大去除率几乎可以达到100%,吸附过程包括物理吸附和化学吸附。用0.2mol/L的NaOH溶液解吸再生的谷壳,吸附能力增加,可以循环使用。     

离子液体溶剂浮选-光度法测定水中痕量四环素类抗生素

将离子液体应用于气浮溶剂浮选分离/富集四环素类抗生素(TCs),建立了一种离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐(\PF6)取代传统有机溶剂气浮溶剂浮选分离/富集四环素类抗生素的新方法.TCs与镧能形成疏水性络合物,易于浮选至离子液体相,考察了在离子液体中加入有机溶剂的种类和体积,试液的pH值、La的加入量、气体流速、浮选时间以及共存物质对浮选效率的影响,优化了浮选条件,与溶剂萃取方法相比,离子液体溶剂浮选四环素类抗生素富集倍数高,且无毒,无污染,试剂用量少,实测了鱼塘水和辽河水样,RSD分别为3.0%和4.3%(n=5),回收率为97%.本方法适合于环境水样中痕量四环素总量的分析检测.     

精氨酸的溶剂浮选分离技术及其分离机制

以表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸为捕收剂(DBSA),二(2-乙基己基)磷酸酯(P204)为萃取剂,正庚烷为有机溶剂,采用溶剂浮选法对水溶液中精氨酸进行分离富集,并与气浮络合萃取法、泡沫浮选法和溶剂萃取法进行了比较.结果表明,在常温下,0.09 g/L精氨酸水溶液250 mL、初始pH 7.0,DBSA浓度0.15 g/L,正庚烷体积10 mL, P204体积4.5 mL,气体流量200 mL/min,溶剂浮选法分离水溶液中精氨酸的富集比为16.2,回收率为97.2%.溶剂浮选法分离精氨酸的动力学实验结果表明,精氨酸的溶剂浮选过程阶段性明显,大致可分为3个阶段,第一阶段和第二阶段都符合一级动力学方程,第三阶段符合零级动力学方程,探索了溶剂浮选法分离精氨酸的分离机制.     

氯化钙甲醇溶液中离子溶剂化作用的理论研究

利用红外光谱研究不同温度下CaCl2/甲醇溶液体系的溶剂化作用,结果表明在溶液中CaCl2以离子形式与甲醇发生溶剂化作用,且溶剂化数随温度升高而降低.通过密度泛函理论（DFT）在B3LYP/6-31G＊＊水平下对CaCl2/甲醇溶液中可能存在的配位构型进行结构优化及热力学性质的计算,说明了在CaCl2/甲醇溶液中各种配位构型存在的可能性,得出温度升高热力学数据的变化规律,解释了溶剂化数随温度升高而降低的趋势.进一步对各种可能配位构型的红外吸收频率进行计算并与实验结果进行比较,推断在CaCl2/甲醇溶液中主要存在的配位构型为[CaCl（CH3OH）n]＋和[Cl（CH3OH）n]-.     

气液色谱法测量醇类在惰性溶剂中的无限稀热力学函数

用气液色谱法测量了在不同温度下C_1～C_4醇类的各种异构物在C_(16)～C_(23)正构烷烃、角鲨烷,和角鲨烯中的无限稀活度系数γ_i,偏摩尔过量焓、偏摩尔过量熵。在各种溶剂中γ_i、均大于1,在同一溶剂中γ_i依下列次序减小: 甲醇>乙醇>正丙醇>正丁醇; 正丙醇>异丙醇; 正丙醇>异丁醇>仲丁醇>叔丁醇同一种醇在角鲨烯中的γ_i较在角鲨烷中为低。异构醇类的低于正构醇类。所测的有随的增加而增加的趋势。     

The recent progress of solvent sublation

Solvent sublation is a kind of adsorptive bubble separation technique in which the surface-active (or hydrophobic) compounds in aqueous phase are adsorbed on the bubble surfaces of an ascending gas stream and then collected in an organic layer placed on top of the aqueous phase. The technique has many advantages, such as high separation efficiency, high concentration coefficient, low dosage of organic solvent, soft separation process, and simple operation. Thus, this technique has been widely applied in many fields. The present article reviews solvent sublation's theoretical research and some applications in the last 10 years, and gives the development trend in the future.     

溶剂浮选法分离富集葛根中大豆甙元的研究

采用溶剂浮选法分离富集葛根中的大豆甙元。考察了浮选溶剂、氮气流速、试液pH、浮选时间及电解质（KC1）等因素对浮选效率的影响,优选出最佳浮选条件;对最佳条件下的浮选效果进行了评价,并与溶剂萃取法进行了对照,前者明显优于后者。     

Effect of water droplet in solvent sublation

Aqueous phase layer around bubble and water droplet are two additional processes in solvent sublation. In the dynamic process of mass transfer, they are always neglected, but they are very important in the investigation of thermodynamic equilibrium. In this paper, the effect of water droplet in solvent sublation was discussed in detail, and the previous mathematical model of solvent subaltion was improved. Matlab 6.5 was used to simulate the process of water droplets, and the comparison between the previous hypothesis and the improvement in this paper showed the superiority, especially in the investigation of thermodynamic equilibrium. Moreover, the separation and concentration of the complex compound dithizone-Co（Ⅱ） from aqueous phase to n-octanol by solvent sublation also proved the improved mathematical model was reasonable.     

Removal of 2,4-Dichloro phenoxy acetic acid pesticide by solvent sublation: Experimental and theoretical studies

The removal of the pesticide 2, 4 D from water using solvent sublation process was investigated in this paper. A lab scale unit was set up and various experimental runs were carried out to study the efficiency of the removal process. The experimental findings show that the method is very effective (>90% removal) in removing traces (ppb level) of the pesticide which is not easily removable by simple air stripping. In addition a mathematical model was developed to describe the experimental findings. Some parameters of the model were measured or calculated while others such as the aqueous mass transfer coefficient and the solute partition coefficient were adjusted to fit the experimental data. The calibration of the model was carried out using the experimental results of change in gas flow rate (the easiest parameter to vary). A numerical sensitivity analysis was carried out using the calibrated model to study the effect of various parameters such as the bubble radius, aqueous phase drag-up by air, column radius and ratio of organic to aqueous volume phases.     

Critical bubble radius in solvent sublation

The complex compound of dithizone-Co(Ⅱ) was separated and concentrated from the aqueous phase to n-octanol by solvent sublation.From the analysis of the coalescence behavior of bubbles on water-organic interface,the conception of critical bubble radius was proposed,and the value of the critical bubble radius in the water-octanol system was obtained:1.196×10~(-3)m.The simulation of the mathematical model using CBR and experimental data is completed with perfect results,and the simulation of the mathematical model using CBR is very different with the classic one.The analytical results proved that the critical bubble radius should be adequately considered in mathematical model of solvent sublation.     

溶剂浮选法分离富集工业废水中痕量有机污染物的研究

采用溶剂浮选法对工业废水中痕量有机污染物进行分离富集，用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用法对其进行鉴定。针对废水中几种主要有机污染物，对影响溶剂浮选的参数进行了优化。所述方法用于分析某石化工业废水中主要存在的39种痕量有机污染物，结果表明这是一种简便、可行的水质分析前处理方法。     

溶剂浮选-紫外分光光度法测定厚朴中总厚朴酚

建立了一种测定厚朴中总厚朴酚的新方法,即采用溶剂浮选法分离富集厚朴中的总厚朴酚,用紫外分光光度法测定其含量。考察了浮选溶剂、试液pH、氮气流速、浮选时间及电解质NaCl等因素对浮选效果的影响,优选出最佳浮选条件。采用所述方法对不同产地厚朴样品中总厚朴酚含量进行测定,样品加标回收率为94.9%-100.8%,RSD为2.8-4.1%。     

溶剂浮选-高效液相色谱法同时测定水体中痕量4-硝基甲苯、二苯甲酮和正丁苯

建立了一种同时测定水体中痕量4-硝基甲苯、二苯甲酮和正丁苯含量的新方法, 即采用溶剂浮选法分离富集水体中的痕量 4-硝基甲苯、二苯甲酮和正丁苯类环境激素, 用高效液相色谱法测定其含量. 考察了浮选溶剂、试液 pH、氮气流速、浮选时间等因素对浮选效果的影响, 优选出最佳浮选条件. 采用所述方法对石化地区水体中 4-硝基甲苯、二苯甲酮和正丁苯类环境激素进行测定, 样品加标回收率为92.7%～114.3%, RSD为4.8%～8.4%.     

Removal of zinc and mercury ions from aqueous solution by hydrous ceric oxide

The present work deals with study of uptake behavior of zinc and mercury ions by hydrous ceric oxide applying a radiotracer technique. The influence of various parameters such as concentration, temperature and pH have been examined. It was observed that the amount of zinc and mercury ions adsorbed at equilibrium increases with increase of adsorptive concentration (1.0·10⁻⁷ to 1.0·10⁻²M), temperature (303–333K) and pH (ca. 3–10). Concentration dependence data agree well with the classical Freundlich isotherm. The radiation stability of hydrous ceric oxide was also investigated by exposing it to a 11.1 GBq (Ra−Be) source associated with γ-dose of 1.72 Gy·h⁻¹ and also using a⁶⁰Co source (4.66 kGy·h⁻¹). Adsorption of these metal ions in the presence of some monovalent and divalent cations and complexing agents has also been included in the study.