Determination of chlorogenic acid by flow injection irreversible biamperometry

A flow injection irreversible biamperometric method for the determination of chlorogenic acid is described.The proposedmethod is based on the electrochemical oxidation of chlorogenic acid at pretreated platinum electrode and the reduction ofpermanganate at another electrode to form an irreversible biamperometric detection system.Under the external potential difference(△E)of 0 V,in the 0.05 mol/L sulfuric acid,chlorogenic acid can be determined over the range 0.8-120 mg/L with a samplemeasurement frequency of 80 samples/h.The detection limit is 0.18 mg/L.The proposed method exhibits the satisfactoryreproducibility with a relative standard derivation(R.S.D.)of 2.21%for 19 successive determinations of 40 mg/L.     

流动注射双安培法测定盐酸苯肼

使用经过恒电位预阳极化处理的双铂电极,在外加电压差为0.20 V时,通过偶合盐酸苯肼在一支电极上的氧化和氧化铂在另一支电极上的还原两个不可逆电极过程,建立快速准确分析测定盐酸苯肼的流动注射双安培检测法.结果表明:在pH为2.36的B-R缓冲溶液中,外加电位差为0.20 V时测得盐酸苯肼的氧化电流与其浓度在1.0×10~(-6)～1.0×10~(-4)mol/L范围内呈线性关系(r=0.9949,n=9),检出限为1.0×10~(-7)mol/L.对1.0×10~(-5)mol/L的盐酸苯肼溶液的连续23次测定,电流值的相对标准偏差为2.26%.常见离子均不干扰测定.样品处理方法简单,且有较高的选择性和灵敏性,结果令人满意.     

两个不可逆电对共存体系的流动注射双安培分析法

流动注射分析已有电位法[1]、单安培法[2]和双安培法[3～8]等电化学检测方法.安培法比电位法灵敏,颇受重视.单安培法由于在控制工作电位范围内受其它可氧化还原物质的干扰,选择性不高.双安培法仪器装置较简单,但应用范围仅限于I2/I-,Fe3+/Fe2+等少数几种可逆电对体系.迄今为止,尚未见到将双安培法应用于不可逆体系的报道.本文讨论两个独立的不可逆电对共存的流动注射双安培检测法,以拓展双安培法的应用范围,并选用溶解氧分别与抗坏血酸、羟胺和联氨构成的3个体系进行了考察验证.1　实验部分1.1　仪器和试剂　流动注射双安培检测系统由IFI…     

Determination of ethamsylate in pharmaceutical preparations by irreversible biamperometry

A novel flow-injection irreversible biamperometric method is described for the determination of ethamsylate. The proposed method is based on the oxidation of ethamsylate at one platinum electrode and the reduction of permanganate at another to form an irreversible biamperometric detection system. Ethamsylate can be determined over the range 1.0×10⁻⁶-1.0×10⁻⁴ mol l⁻¹ with a sample measurement frequency of 180 samples h⁻¹. The detection limit for ethamsylate is 4.0×10⁻⁷ mol l⁻¹. The stability of the proposed method is shown by a RSD of 0.52% for 11 replicate determinations of 2.0×10⁻⁵ mol l⁻¹ ethamsylate. The proposed method was applied to the determination of ethamsylate in pharmaceutical preparations.     

Determination of levodopa in pharmaceutical preparations by irreversible biamperometry

Based on the electrocatalytic oxidation of levodopa at gold electrode and the reduction of permanganate at platinum electrode, a novel flow injection irreversible biamperometric method is developed for the determination of levodopa under the potential difference of 0 V imposed between two electrodes. In H2SO4 solution, the linear relationships between currents and the concentrations of levodopa are obtained in the range from 0.04 mg/L to 20 mg/L with the detection limit of 0.012 mg/L. The proposed method is applied to the determination of levodopa in pharmaceutical preparations.     

流动注射双安培法测定柚皮苷

基于柚皮苷的不可逆氧化和氧化铂的不可逆还原构成双安培检测体系应用于柚皮苷的直接检测。使用两支经阳极化预处理的铂电极,在外加电压为0 V时,通过偶合柚皮苷在一支电极上的氧化和氧化铂在另一支电极上的还原两个不可逆电极过程,构成流动注射双安培检测体系。实验发现,在pH 9.62BR(Briton Robinson)缓冲溶液中,测得柚皮苷氧化电流与其浓度在6.0×10-5~1.0×10-3mol/L范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9953,n=8),检出限为1.0×10-5mol/L。连续20次测定6.0×10-4mol/L柚皮苷,其峰电流相对标准偏差(RSD)为3.3%。常用药物赋形剂和无机离子均不干扰柚皮苷的测定。方法用于模拟样品中柚皮苷的测定。     

流动注射双安培法测定橙皮甙

基于橙皮甙的不可逆氧化和氧化铂的不可逆还原体系构成了双安培法直接检测橙皮甙的新方法。在外加电压为0.2 V时,通过偶合橙皮甙在一支电极上的氧化和氧化铂在另一支电极上的还原两个不可逆电极过程,构成流动注射双安培检测体系。在pH 8.95的B-R缓冲溶液中,测得橙皮甙的氧化电流与其浓度在6.0×10-6~8.0×10-4mol/L范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9997,n=11),检出限为1.0×10-6mol/L。连续30次测定6.0×10-4mol/L橙皮甙,其峰电流相对标准偏差(RSD)为3.2%,常用药物赋形剂和无机离子均不干扰橙皮甙的测定。方法已用于江中健胃消食片中橙皮甙含量的测定。     

桑枝中桑色素的双安培法在线测定

桑色素是桑枝中的主要成分之一,属黄酮类化合物。该化合物是一种天然的生物活性物质,在自然界分布广泛,具有祛风湿、通血络、消浮肿和抗氧化等多种药理作用。同时,桑色素可与多种金属离子形成配合物作为配体进行分析。目前,有关桑色素的电化学行为及分析应用方法见报道的有高效     

流动注射双安培法测定联苯胺

基于联苯胺在预阳极化的铂电极上的催化氧化和不可逆电对的双安培检测原理,建立流动注射双安培直接检测联苯胺的新方法。使用经过恒电位预阳极化处理的双铂电极,在外加电压差为0.3 V时,通过偶合联苯胺在一支电极上的氧化和氧化铂在另一支电极上的还原两个不可逆电极过程,建立一种快速准确的在线分析测定联苯胺的流动注射双安培检测法。结果表明:在pH 5.2的KHC8H4O4-NaOH缓冲溶液中,外加电位差为0.3 V时测得联苯胺的氧化电流与其浓度在8.0×10-6~3.0×10-3mol/L范围内呈线性关系(r=0.9962,n=11)。检出限为1.0×10-6mol/L。连续20次测定1.0×10-4mol/L的联苯胺溶液,电流值RSD=1.9%。电极的稳定性良好,常见无机离子和有机物均不干扰测定。用该方法对样品中联苯胺进行了测定,样品处理方法简单,且有很高的选择性和灵敏性。     

流动注射双安培法测定硫脲

建立了流动注射双安培法检测硫脲的新方法。使用经过恒电位预阳极化处理的双铂电极,在外加电位差为0.30 V时,通过偶合硫脲在一支电极上的氧化和氧化铂在另一支电极上的还原两个不可逆电极过程,构成流动注射双安培检测体系。结果表明,在pH=5.3的HAc-NaAc缓冲液中,测得硫脲氧化电流与其浓度在1.0×10-5~1.0×10-3mol/L范围内呈线性关系(r=0.9989),检出限为5.0×10-6mol/L。对于6.0×10-4mol/L硫脲,测定的相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.80%(n=23)。该法样品处理简单,且有很高的选择性和灵敏度,结果令人满意。     

流动注射双安培法测定尿酸

基于尿酸在预阳极化的铂电极上的催化氧化和不可逆电对的双安培检测原理,使用经过恒电位预阳极化处理的双铂电极,在外加电位差为0 V时,通过偶合尿酸在一支电极上的氧化和氧化铂在另一支电极上的还原两个不可逆电极过程,建立了一种快速准确在线分析测定尿酸的电化学新方法———流动注射双安培检测法。在外加电位差为0 V时尿酸的氧化电流与其浓度在1.0×10-6~8.0×10-3mol/L范围内呈线性关系(r=0.998 5,n=11),检出限为5.0×10-7mol/L。连续28次测定4.0×10-4mol/L尿酸,电流值RSD为2.5%。电极的稳定性良好,常见无机离子和有机离子均不干扰测定。用该方法对尿酸含量进行了测定,样品处理简单,且有很高的选择性和灵敏度,结果令人满意。     

An alternative efficient redox couple for the dye-sensitized solar cell system

A series of new cobalt complexes [Co(LLL)(2)X(2)] were synthesized and evaluated as redox mediators for dye-sensitized nanocrystalline TiO(2) solar cells. The structure of the ligand and the nature of the counterions were found to influence the photovoltaic performance. The one-electron-transfer redox mediator [Co(dbbip)(2)](ClO(4))(2) (dbbip = 2,6-bis(1'-butylbenzimidazol-2'-yl)pyridine) performed best among the compounds investigated. Photovoltaic cells incorporating this redox mediator yielded incident photon-to-current conversion efficiencies (IPCE) of up to 80%. The overall yield of light-to-electric power conversion reached 8 % under simulated AM1.5 sunlight at 100 W m(-2) intensity and more than 4% at 1000 W m(-2). Photoelectrodes coated with a 2 microm thick nanoporous layer and a 4 microm thick light-scattering layer, sensitized with a hydrophobic ruthenium dye, gave the best results.     

Use of DPPH⋅|DPPH Redox Couple for Biamperometric Determination of Antioxidant Activity

A novel electrochemical method for selective determination of antioxidant activity based on 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl | 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazin (DPPH?|DPPH) redox couple and biamperometric technique is proposed. Two identical glassy carbon disk electrodes were mounted in a classic electrochemical cell and the tested working potential difference was between 50 and 200 mV. The DPPH?|DPPH redox couple exhibited a high degree of reversibility. Selectivity of detector was tested by different antioxidant compounds in ethanol‐phosphate buffer solution, pH 7.40. The results of antioxidant activity of pure antioxidant compounds and of actual samples of beverages, expressed as Trolox equivalents and determined by proposed biamperometric and spectroscopic measurements, were in good correlation (R=0.9959). The detection limit for Trolox established by the applied biamperometry was 0.05 μM while the resulting current was linear up to 25 μM of Trolox.     

Mn3+/Mn2+氧化还原体系的旋转圆盘电极法性能

氧化还原液流电池的独特性能受到关注[1～4]。本文综合运用循环伏安法,旋转圆盘电极法研究锰离子浓度较高(0 25～0 35mol·L-1、转速范围较宽(400～4200rpm)、同时考虑过电位的条件下Mn(Ⅲ)/Mn(Ⅱ)电对在RDE铂盘电极上的电极过程动力学并确定有关的动力学参数,了解其影响因素,为该电对作为氧化还原液流电池正极活性材料提供动力学依据。1　实验部分铂电极使用前在铬酸洗液中浸10min,水冲洗干净,蒸馏水淋洗,然后在6 3mol·L-1H2SO4中超声清洗10min,再用CHI660电化学工作站(美国CH仪器公司)控制,以0 05V/s的扫速在-1 0～1 2V之间扫…     

Lab-on-valve (LOV) system coupled to irreversible biamperometric detection for the on-line monitoring of catechol

The analytical performance of lab-on-valve (LOV) system using irreversible biamperometry for the determination of catechol was evaluated. By integrating miniaturized electrochemical flow cell (EFC) designed and processed which is furnished with two identical polarized platinum electrodes, into the LOV unit, the lab-on-valve system combines sampling with analysis, realizing automated on-line analysis for catechol in a closed system. The biamperometric detection system was established to record the relationship between oxidation current and time by coupling the irreversible oxidation of catechol at one pretreated platinum electrode with the irreversible reduction of platinum oxide at the other pretreated platinum electrode. Factors influencing the analytical performance were optimized, including the potential difference (ΔE), buffer solution and pH, and flow variables in the LOV. A linear calibration curve was obtained within the range of 1.0 × 10⁻⁶-5.0 × 10⁻⁴ mol L⁻¹ of catechol with the detection limit (3σ) of 5.09 × 10⁻⁷ mol L⁻¹. The relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) was 2.39% for 11 successive determinations of 1 × 10⁻⁵ mol L⁻¹ catechol and the sample throughput was 35 h⁻¹. Moreover, this proposed method was applied to the analysis of catechol in beer sample, which was testified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).     

Study and analytical application of inhibitory effect of captopril on multienzyme redox system

Multienzyme redox system is the most important biological oxidation process in cellular respiration chain. Nicotinamide adanine dinucleotide redox state (NADH/NAD) can be directly control site in numerous biological processes linked to rhythm, senescence, cancer and death. Therefore, it is very important to investigate the influencing factor of this multienzyme redox system. We have already found a strong inhibitory effect of captopril on this enzyme-catalyzed reaction and further experimental results revealed that this inhibitory action belonged to competitive type. Based on this phenomenon, we developed a highly sensitive spectroflourimetry method for the determination of captopril in pharmaceuticals.     

Membranes and separators for redox flow batteries

Ion-exchange membranes are performance- and cost-relevant components of redox flow batteries. Currently used materials are largely ‘borrowed’ from other applications that have different functional requirements. The trend toward higher current densities and the complex transport phenomena of the different species in flow batteries need to be taken into consideration for the design of next-generation membrane/separator materials. In this article, the key requirements and current development trends for membranes and separators for the vanadium redox flow battery are highlighted and discussed.     

Highly sensitive fluorimetic determination of gluthione based inhibitory effect on multienzyme redox system

A highly sensitive spectrofluorimetric method for the determination of reduced glutathione (GSH,gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinylglycine) based on its inhibitory effect on hemoglobin activity was developed. Multienzyme redox system is the most important biological oxidation process in cellular respiration chain. Under the action of hemoglobin, NADH can be oxidized by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to form a dimmer that is optimally fluorescent. Under the optimum conditions, the degree of inhibitory effect was linear to the GSH concentration in the range of 5.00 x 10(-8) to 9.60 x 10(-6) mol l(-1). The relative standard deviation was 3.70% for 11 determinations of 5.00 x 10(-6) mol l(-1) GSH and the detection limit was 8.00 x 10(-9) mol l(-1). Further experimental results revealed that the inhibition of GSH on this system was of the competitive type.     

Theoretical investigation of the alloxan–dialuric acid redox cycle

The redox cycle between alloxan, a mild oxidizing agent, and its reduction partner, dialuric acid, is investigated using density functional theory. It is found that the initial step is the one‐electron reduction of alloxan followed by protonation, yielding a stable neutral radical, AH^·. The radical can then accept another electron to form the dialuric acid anion. The formation of this anion is thermodynamically favored in both the gas phase and in solution. The radical may also undergo dimerization to alloxantin, followed by the transfer of a proton from one moiety to another, yielding alloxan and dialuric acid. This reduction is thermodynamically feasible in the gas phase, but not in aqueous solution. In the case of reduction of alloxan by glutathione at the physiological pH, computed redox potentials indicate that a two‐electron reduction is the favored course of reaction, yielding directly the dialuric acid anion, which then undergoes aerial oxidation to yield the superoxide radical. The redox cycling between alloxan and dialuric acid is responsible for the diabetogenic activity of alloxan, producing cytotoxic radicals on reoxidation of dialuric acid. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.