On scattering of electromagnetic radiation by inhomogeneities of the velocity of motion of the medium

Analysis of the scattering of a plane monochromatic electromagnetic wave by an inhomogeneity of the velocity of motion of the medium is carried out. The inhomogeneity corresponds to the rotation of a finite portion of the medium with a constant angular velocity under the conditions of spatial homogeneity of the permittivity and the permeability. The case of oblique incidence of the wave is studied. The scattering cross sections for an inhomogeneity having the shape of a cylinder or a sphere of different dimensions are found for different angles of incidence of radiation.     

Transformation of electromagnetic radiation by rapidly moving inhomogeneities of a transparent medium

A theory of reflection and transmission of electromagnetic radiation by inhomogeneities of the parameters of a static transparent medium moving at the velocity of light is developed. Expressions are obtained for the Doppler frequency shift of radiation; it turns out that, under the condition of pronounced frequency dispersion, the frequency of incident radiation corresponds to two frequencies of reflected radiation (complementary waves). It is found that, as the velocity of an inhomogeneity tends to the phase velocity of radiation in the medium, the reflection and transmission coefficients of radiation by the inhomogeneity indefinitely increase. It is shown that the electromagnetic radiation frequency may increase severalfold, with a transformation coefficient of about unity, due to the Doppler shift by the inhomogeneities of a nonlinear medium that are induced by pulses (solitons) of intense counterpropagating radiation.     

Transformation of electromagnetic radiation at moving inhomogeneities of a medium

The possibility of a significant up-conversion of the electromagnetic-radiation frequency due to its Doppler shift by ultrarelativistic nonlinear-medium inhomogeneities induced by high-intensity counterpropagating radiation pulses is analyzed. It is shown that the efficiency of parametric redistribution increases resonantly as the velocity of the inhomogeneity approaches the phase velocity of the high-frequency radiation.     

Analysis of scattering medium structure from data on the multiple scattering of electromagnetic radiation

The radiation transfer equation for a semi -infinite scattering medium is solved. The solution provides information on the size distribution function of the scattering particles, starting from experimental data on the multiple scattering of electromagnetic radiation. A solution is obtained for the case where the probability of scattering is given by the solution of Mie's problem.     

Anisotropy of the velocity space of electromagnetic radiation in a moving medium

Anisotropy arising in moving media is considered. In these media, the phase velocity of light nonlinearly depends on the velocity vector field of the medium due to anisotropic binding forces between lattice atoms. Observations of the optical anisotropy of light in a rotating optically transparent medium are discussed. Laser radiation with wavelength ?? = 0.632991 ± 1 × 10^?7 ??m propagating in an interferometer was passed through a rotating optical disk D = 62 mm in diameter. The projection of the beam??s path length in the medium onto the flat surface of the disk is l = 41 mm; the refractive index of the glass and its thickness are, respectively, n = 1.71250 for ?? = 632.8 nm and 10 mm; and the angle of incidence of the beam on the flat surface of the disk is ?₀ = 60°. The optical disk is rotated in two directions, and its rotation frequency may reach 250 Hz. Experimental data confirm the linear dependence of the fringe shift on the velocity of the medium up to 29.6 m/s. The measurement accuracy is sufficient to detect angular variations ??? = 3 × 10^?5 in the position of fringes at a fixed rotation velocity of the optical disk.     

Crack velocity measurement by induced electromagnetic radiation

Our model of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) emanated from fracture implies that EMR amplitude is proportional to crack velocity. Soda lime glass samples were tested under uniaxial tension. Comparison of crack velocity observed by Wallner line analysis and the peak amplitude of EMR signals registered during the test, showed very good correlation, validating this proportionality.     

Backscattering of electromagnetic waves by large-scale inhomogeneities in a periodically inhomogeneous medium

It is shown that backscattering of electromagnetic waves is possible in a periodically inhomogeneous medium by random inhomogeneities whose scale is greater than the wavelength. A small scattered field emerges in the case of appearance of the Bragg cavity when the periodic layer is a matching system for the incident wave. Scattering is effective even for inhomogeneities whose scale is much greater than the Fresnel radius of the inhomogeneous layer. The correlation radius of the scattered field can also be that large. Radiophysical Research Institute, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 40, No. 10, pp. 1230–1240, October, 1997.     

Transformation of optical radiation by fast-moving smooth inhomogeneities of a medium

For the problem of the reflection and transmission of monochromatic radiation by a moving smooth inhomogeneity of parameters of a motionless transparent medium, transport equations are derived and an approximate solution to these equations is obtained for the case of weak reflection. Estimates of the effects for quartz in the transparency region are given.     

Gravitational scattering of electromagnetic radiation

The scattering of electromagnetic radiation by linearized gravitational fields is studied to second order in a perturbation expansion. The incoming electromagnetic radiation can be of arbitrary multipole structure, and the gravitational fields are also taken to be advanced fields of arbitrary multipole structure. All electromagnetic multipole radiation is found to be scattered by gravitational monopole and time-varying dipole fields. No case has been found, however, in which any electromagnetic multipole radiation is scattered by gravitational fields of quadrupole or higher-order multipole structure. This lack of scattering is established for infinite classes of special cases, and is conjectured to hold in general. The results of the scattering analysis are applied to the case of electromagnetic radiation scattered by a moving mass. It is shown how the mass and velocity may be determined by a knowledge of the incident and scattered radiation.This work was supported in part by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the National Science Foundation. It incorporates some of the results of the first author's doctoral dissertation at the University of Pittsburgh.     

Sound propagation and scattering in media with random inhomogeneities of sound speed, density and medium velocity

This review presents both classical and new results of the theory of sound propagation in media with random inhomogeneities of sound speed, density and medium velocity (mainly in the atmosphere and ocean). An equation for a sound wave in a moving inhomogeneous medium is presented, which has a wider range of applicability than those used before. Starting from this equation, the statistical characteristics of the sound field in a moving random medium are calculated using Born-approximation, ray, Rytov and parabolic-equation methods, and the theory of multiple scattering. The results obtained show, in particular, that certain equations previously widely used in the theory of sound propagation in moving random media must now be revised. The theory presented can be used not only to calculate the statistical characteristics of sound waves in the turbulent atmosphere or ocean but also to solve inverse problems and develop new remote-sensing methods. A number of practical problems of sound propagation in moving random media are listed and the further development of this field of acoustics is considered.     

Sound propagation and scattering in media with random inhomogeneities of sound speed,density and medium velocity

Abstract

This review presents both classical and new results of the theory of sound propagation in media with random inhomogeneities of sound speed, density and medium velocity (mainly in the atmosphere and ocean). An equation for a sound wave in a moving inhomogeneous medium is presented, which has a wider range of applicability than those used before. Starting from this equation, the statistical characteristics of the sound field in a moving random medium are calculated using Born-approximation, ray, Rytov and parabolic-equation methods, and the theory of multiple scattering. The results obtained show, in particular, that certain equations previously widely used in the theory of sound propagation in moving random media must now be revised. The theory presented can be used not only to calculate the statistical characteristics of sound waves in the turbulent atmosphere or ocean but also to solve inverse problems and develop new remote-sensing methods. A number of practical problems of sound propagation in moving random media are listed and the further development of this field of acoustics is considered.     

Scattering of electromagnetic radiation by an ionized gaseous medium

A statistical model is proposed for the scattering of microwave radiation by a weakly ionized gaseous medium irradiated by hard ionizing radiation. It is shown that owing to the correlation of the positions of the elementary scatterers, the predominant contribution comes from scattering on the tracks of the high-energy ionizing particles. The prospects for radar detection of the tracks of radioactive ionization of air are assessed. The maximum distance for radar detection of a cloud of radioactive contamination is calculated as a function of the second release of nuclide activity. An analysis is made of the dependence of the detection threshold on the type of radioactivity, observation geometry, and wavelength of the probe radiation. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 67, 76–82 (February 1997)     

Nonstationary heating of a plane-layered medium by pulsed electromagnetic radiation

Nonstationary heat exchange in a nontransparent plane-layered medium irradiated with a directional beam of pulsed radiation is investigated theoretically. The radiation is absorbed on the irradiated surface, which becomes a distributed source of heat. The propagation of the heat into the layers is described by the heat-conduction equation with nonlinear boundary conditions, which take into account convection and heat exchange with the radiation. Dimensionless parameters, on which the solution depends, are obtained, and their effect on the change of the surface temperatures of the layers with time for one- and two-layered media and also on the heat pulse transmitted through the medium is analyzed.M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 11, pp. 115–121, November, 1992.     

Multiple scattering of elliptically polarized light in two-dimensional medium with large inhomogeneities

For elliptically polarized light incident on a two-dimensional medium with large inhomogeneities, the Stokes parameters of scattered waves are calculated. Multiple scattering is assumed to be sharply anisotropic. The degree of polarization of scattered radiation is shown to be a nonmonotonic function of depth when the incident wave is circularly polarized or its polarization vector is not parallel to the symmetry axis of the inhomogeneities.     

Wave scattering by statistical ensembles of inhomogeneities

It is incorrect to solve the problem of wave scattering by clouds of passive reflectors by reducing this problem to one of radiation of a cloud of active radiators.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii Fizika, No. 1, pp. 125–128, January, 1970.The author thanks F. P. Tarasenko for useful discussions.     

磁化铁氧体材料电磁散射递推卷积-时域有限差分方法分析

根据递推卷积原理，将磁化铁氧体材料的频域磁导率过渡到时域，通过引入时域复数磁化率张量和时域复数磁感应强度矢量，提出了磁化铁氧体材料电磁散射的三维时域有限差分方法.为了验证该方法，用它计算了磁化铁氧体球的后向雷达散射截面，与文献结果符合很好.计算结果表明，该方法是分析磁化铁氧体材料电磁散射一种可行的方法. 关键词： 递推卷积 磁化铁氧体 电磁散射 时域有限差分方法     

基于直接离散方式的磁化铁氧体材料电磁散射的时域有限差分方法分析

根据磁化铁氧体材料的磁场强度和磁感应强度之间色散的本构关系式,利用时间微分算子/t和jω的时域和频域对应关系,将磁化铁氧体材料频域的本构关系转化为时域的本构关系,然后将时间微分算子/t在时域采用直接离散的方式,得到磁场强度和磁感应强度的时域有限差分迭代式.数值结果表明,该方法易于实现,简单可行,并节约内存. 关键词： 电磁散射 磁化铁氧体 时域有限差分方法 直接离散方法     

The doppler frequency shift caused by the inhomogeneities of a medium induced by pulses of intense laser radiation

Self-reflection of pulses of intense laser radiation from an inhomogeneity induced by them in a medium with fast optical nonlinearity is analyzed. The reflected radiation is characterized by a considerable Doppler shift and by a signal magnitude that is sufficient for experimental detection.