电化学冷蒸气发生-原子荧光光谱法测定人发中的痕量汞

采用自制的电化学流通池作为汞蒸气发生器,以玻碳为阴极材料,结合原子荧光光谱法,在断续流动条件下,建立了电化学冷蒸气发生法-原子荧光光谱联用技术(ECVG-AFS)对汞的分析方法.在优化的实验条件下,汞在0～5.0μg/L范围内荧光强度与浓度呈良好的线性关系,汞的检出限为1.2 ng/L.对1μg/L Hg测定的相对标准偏差为1.8%(n=11).可用于人发标准样品中汞的测定.     

流动注射在线吸附预富集-冷蒸气原子荧光法测定矿泉水中的痕量无机汞

研究了聚四氟乙烯管编结反应器(KR)在线吸附预富集技术与冷蒸气原子荧光联用测定矿泉水中痕量无机汞的方法.Hg2+与DDTC在线形成Hg2+-DDTC络合物并吸附在KR内壁上,采用电磁感应加热技术,用20% (V/V) HNO3在线加热洗脱并氧化预富集于KR内壁上的Hg2+-DDTC.洗脱液与KBH4溶液反应生成蒸气态汞,直接用冷蒸气原子荧光联用技术检测.20%(V/V)HNO3作为洗脱液的同时也为氢化发生提供了酸性介质.本方法未使用常用的有机洗脱液,具有操作简单和环保等优点.每小时可分析30个样品,最大吸附倍数为35倍,样品分析精密度RSD为2.2%(n=11),检出限(3σ)为2.0 ng/L.     

流动注射冷蒸气发生法测定环境样品中痕量汞

以气体扩散膜为分离装置，流动注射进样冷蒸气发生法测定了土壤中的汞。试验了载流种类，流速，浓度，还原剂的浓度，流速，载气及春流速等分析参数对测定的影响。实验中观察到Cr(Ⅵ）对汞的响应信号有负干扰。方法的线范围为0－20μg/L，检出限为0．01μg/L，在2μg/L、5μg/L含量水平测定，方法的相对标准偏差（RSD）分别为1．5％和0．54％，回收率在91％－110％之间。     

碲在汞中的扩散系数和溶解度

用阴极溶出计时安培法测定了碲在汞中的扩散系数和溶解度.在1 mol/L NH_3-NH_4 Cl和10~(-3)mol/L TeO_3~(2-)溶液中,用悬汞电极于-0.90 V进行预电解,使Te(Ⅳ)还原到元素Te.然后在另一个电解池中阴极溶出使Te还原为Te~(2-).阴极溶出是在0.1 mol/L NaOH溶液中,用计时安培法于-1.40 V测定.根据下列方程式计算了碲在汞中的扩散系数D及溶解度S:D=r_0~2/πt_0,S=(4nFπ~(3/2)D~(3/2)t_0)~(-1)(Δi_1/Δt~(-1/2).D和S的测定值分别为:1.52×10~(-5)cm~2/s及2.34×10~(-3)wt％.实验结果表明碲在汞中以单原子态存在.     

电化学-汞蒸气-原子荧光光谱法测定中药中可溶性汞

中药安宫牛黄丸(0.3 g试样)中可溶性汞用人工胃液(200 mL)于37℃的恒温水浴中提取4 h,分取其滤液1 mL,用0.5 mol.L-1硫酸溶液定容至25 mL,用电化学-汞蒸气-原子荧光光谱法测定其含汞量。方法中采用断续流动进样法引入试样溶液,进样体积为0.5 mL,试样溶液经过自制的电化学流通池,在阴极发生还原反应生成汞蒸气。文中对电化学流通池的结构作了详细描述,采用的电解电流为1.5 A(或0.54 A.cm-2),所用载气及屏蔽气的流量均为500 mL.min-1。试验结果表明:在所选择的试验条件下无基体效应。方法的检出限(3S/N)为2.1 ng.L-1。在1μg.L-1汞的浓度水平上连续测定11次作精密度试验,求得其相对标准偏差为1.9%。在此中药实样的基础上,分别加入40,50,60μg.g-1汞标准溶液,按方法测定其汞的回收值,算得其回收率在96%~102%之间。     

基于与HTPB相互作用共振光散射法测定Hg2+

在酸性介质中,汞(Ⅱ)与过量溴离子反应生成四溴合汞(Ⅱ)阴离子,后者进一步与1-十六烷基三苯基溴化膦((1-Hexadecyl)triphenylphosphonium Bromide,HTPB)通过静电作用形成离子缔合体,引起体系的共振光散射信号显著增强,最大散射波长位于291.0 nm处,增强的散射信号强度与Hg2+浓度在0.04～1.5μmol/L范围内呈线性关系,检测限(3σ)为4.0 nmol/L.讨论了体系的最佳反应条件及外来物质的干扰,同时研究了体系的吸收光谱,并探讨了反应机理.建立的共振光散射法用于环境水样中Hg2+的测定,RSD≤4.42%.     

酶催化动力学光度法测定痕量汞(Ⅱ)

1 引言 基于酶催化反应高效专一、条件温和等优点,曾有人利用葡萄糖氧化酶(GOD)-过氧化物酶-邻联茴香胺偶联反应测定抑制剂Ag+、Hg2+、Pb2+、V*%及激活剂Pd2+;但邻联茴香胺是致癌物,且显色灵敏度低,制约了方法的发展.本文研究了氯取代苯酚衍生物结构对酶偶联体系显色反应的影响,以显色灵敏度更高的3,5-二氯-2-羟基苯磺酸钠(DHBS)代替邻联茴香胺做底物,利用酶催化动力学光度法可检测25～300 μg/L的痕量Hg2+,检出限为8.7×l 0-9 g/mL.用于尿汞测定,与冷原子吸收法无显著性差异,并且仪器简单,干扰较少,避免了汞蒸气的再度污染.     

钨酸盐/过钨酸盐体系阴极间接电氧化合成红曲黄色素

以自制SBS-g-(AA/StSO3Na)/SBS-g-DMAEMA双极膜作电解槽阴阳两极室的隔膜,借助正交试验确定阴极电还原氧气产生过氧化氢的最优条件,进而利用钨酸钠/过钨酸钠体系由阴极间接电氧化红曲红制备红曲黄色素.实验表明:以石墨作电极,阳极液为10%硫酸溶液,阴极液为0.5g·L-1红曲红丙酮水溶液,添加钨酸钠(浓度15mmol/L),调节pH至3,在通氧速率65cm3/min,电流密度5.78mA.cm-2下电解2h,阴极平均电流效率可达72.39%.电解产物经红外表征和紫外跟踪分析,证实了红曲红烯键环氧化反应的发生.     

冷原子蒸气发生-原子荧光光谱法测定尿中汞

采用冷原子蒸气发生-原子荧光光谱法测定尿中的汞。尿样加入溴化剂处理后,直接用冷原子蒸气发生-原子荧光光谱法测定汞的含量。汞的质量浓度在0.15~10.0μg·L-1范围内呈线性,检出限(3s)为0.15μg·L-1。方法用于质控样品的分析,测定值与认定值相符,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)在2.8%~3.8%之间。应用此方法对实样进行测定,结果与冷原子吸收光谱法的测定结果相符。     

一种用于水样检测的快速汞离子荧光传感器

在440 nm激发波长下,核黄素水溶液在525 nm处能够产生荧光,汞离子(Hg2+)存在时其荧光被猝灭,基于此开发了一种用于水样中Hg2+浓度快速检测的荧光传感器。该传感器对Hg2+的检测线性范围是50 nmol/L～50μmol/L,检出限是8.0 nmol/L,响应迅速(约1 min),对其他金属离子具有很好的选择性,将其应用于湖水中Hg2+检测结果满意。     

Evaluation of a new electrolytic cold vapor generation system for mercury determination by AFS

In this study we firstly report a new electrolytic cold vapor generation system for mercury determination on Pt/Ti cathode in the presence of organic acid catholyte. Comparing with the traditional inorganic acid, formic acid increased the signal intensity of Hg vapor from electrolytic generation on Pt cathode and reduced the impact of cathode erosion on the stability of signal intensity. Moreover, formic acid has better interference tolerance. The introduction location for carrier gas is probably the most important factor that influences the signal intensity of Hg from electrolytic vapor generation. The effects of the electrolytic conditions and interference ions on the ECVG have been studied. Under the optimized conditions, the detection limit (3σ) of Hg (II) in aqueous solutions is 1.4 ng L⁻¹; a relative standard deviation of 2.3% for 1 μg L⁻¹ Hg was obtained. The accuracy of this method was verified by the determination of mercury in the certified reference materials. This system has been applied satisfactorily to the determination of Hg in Traditional Chinese Medicines samples.     

Continuous flow electrolytic cold vapor generation atomic fluorescence spectrometric determination of Hg in water samples

The determination of trace concentrations of Hg in water samples by the use of electrolytic cold vapor generation (ECVG) system and AFS was studied. Several buffer solutions were used and the detection limits with these systems were found to be by a factor of 1–2 lower than in the conventional electrolytic cold vapor generation system. Comparing with the traditional inorganic acid, phosphate buffer solution (PBS) increased the signal intensity of Hg vapor from electrolytic generation on Pt cathode and reduced the impact of cathode erosion on the stability of signal intensity. Moreover, buffer solution has better interference tolerance. The effects of the electrolytic conditions and interference ions on the ECVG have been studied. Under optimized conditions and with PBS as catholyte the detection limit for Hg was found to be 0.27 ng L⁻¹. The relative standard deviation was 2.8% for 11 consecutive measurements of 1 μg L⁻¹ Hg. This method has been applied in the determination of inorganic Hg in Yangtze River water.     

Electrochemical generation of mercury cold vapor and its in-situ trapping in gold-covered graphite tube atomizers

The combination of more efficient flow-through electrochemical mercury cold vapor generation with its in-situ trapping in a graphite tube atomizer is described. This coupled technique has been optimized to attain the maximum sensitivity for Hg determination and to minimize the limits of detection and determination. A laboratory constructed thin-layer flow-through cell with a platinum cathode served as the cold vapor generator. Various cathode arrangements with different active surface areas were tested. Automated sampling equipment for the graphite atomizer with an untreated fused silica capillary was used for the introduction of the mercury vapor. The inner surface of the graphite tube was covered with a gold foil placed against the sampling hole.     

A Novel Sample Introduction Technique for the Simultaneous Determination of As, Se, Ge and Hg in Chinese Medicinal Material

A novel technique of Moveable Reduction Bed Hydride Generator（MRBHG）was applied tohe hydride generation or cold vapor generation of As,Se,Ge,and Hg existing In TraditionalChinese Medicinal Material（TCM）．The simultaneous determination of the multi－elements wasperformed with ICP－MS．A solid reduction system involving the use of potassiumtetraborohydride and tartaric acid was applied to generating metal hydride or cold vaporefficiently．The factors affecting the metal cold vapor generation were studied．The mainadvantage of the technique is that only a 4μL volume of sample was required for the cold vapor     

Direct As,Bi, Ge,Hg and Se(IV) cold vapor/hydride generation from coal fly ash slurry samples and determination by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry

Direct cold vapor and hydride generation procedures for As, Bi, Ge, Hg and Se(IV) from aqueous slurry of coal fly ash samples have been developed by using a batch mode generation system. Ir-treated graphite tubes have been used as a preconcentration and atomization medium of the vapors generated. A Plackett–Burman experimental design has been used as a strategy for evaluation of the effects of several parameters affecting the vapor generation efficiency from solid particles, vapor trapping and atomization efficiency from Ir-treated graphite tubes. The effects of parameters such as hydrochloric acid and sodium tetrahydroborate, argon flow rate, trapping and atomization temperatures, trapping time, acid solution volume and mean particle size have been investigated. The significant parameters obtained (trapping and atomization temperatures for As and Ge; trapping temperature and trapping time for Bi; argon flow rate and atomization temperature for Se) have been optimized by 2²+star central composite design. For Hg, the trapping temperature has been also significant. Optimum values of the parameters have been selected for the development of direct cold vapor/hydride generation methods from slurry particles. The accuracy of methods have been verified by using NIST-1633a coal fly ash certified reference material. Absolute detection limits of 11.5, 48.0, 600, 55.0 and 11.0 ng l⁻¹ for As, Bi, Ge, Hg and Se have been achieved, respectively. A particle size less than 50 μm has shown to be adequate to obtain total cold vapor/hydride generation of metals content in the aqueous slurry particles.     

Determination of mercury(II) ion by electrochemical cold vapor generation atomic absorption spectrometry.

A technique for determination of mercury is described; it is based on electrolytic reduction of Hg(II) ion on a graphite cathode, the trapping of mercury vapor and its volatilization into a quartz tube aligned in the optical path of an atomic absorption spectrometer. The electrochemical cell consisted of a graphite cathode and an anode operating with constant direct current for the production of mercury atoms. A pre-activated graphite rod was used as the cathode material. The optimum conditions for electrochemical generation of mercury cold vapor (the electrolysis time and current, the flow rate, the type of electrode and electrolyte) were investigated. The characteristic electrochemical data with chemical cold vapor using NaBH4-acid were compared. The presence of cadmium(II), arsenic(III), antimony(III), selenium(IV), bismuth(III), silver(I), lead(II), lithium(I), sodium(I) and potassium(I) showed interference effects which were eliminated by suitable separation techniques. The calibration curve is linear over the range of 5-90 ng ml(-1) mercury(II). The detection limit is 2 ng ml(-1) of Hg(II) and the RSD is 2.5% (n = 10) for 40 ng ml(-1). The accuracy and recovery of the method were investigated by analyzing spiked tap water and river water.     

A new vapor generation system for mercury species based on the UV irradiation of mercaptoethanol used in the determination of total and methyl mercury in environmental and biological samples by atomic fluorescence spectrometry

A new vapor generation system for mercury (Hg) species based on the irradiation of mercaptoethanol (ME) with UV was developed to provide an effective sample introduction unit for atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS). Preliminary investigations of the mechanism of this novel vapor generation system were based on GC–MS and FT–IR studies. Under optimum conditions, the limits of determination for inorganic divalence mercury and methyl mercury were 60 and 50 pg mL⁻¹, respectively. Certified reference materials (BCR 463 tuna fish and BCR 580 estuarine sediment) were used to validate this new method, and the results agreed well with certified values. This new system provides an attractive alternative method of chemical vapor generation (CVG) of mercury species compared to other developed CVG systems (for example, the traditional KBH₄/NaOH–acid system). To our knowledge, this is the first systematic report on UV/ME-based Hg species vapor generation and the determination of total and methyl Hg in environmental and biological samples using UV/ME–AFS. Figure A new vapor generation system for mercury species using mercaptoethanol under UV irradiation was developed as an effective sample introduction unit for atomic fluorescence spectrometry     

Determination of mercury by electrochemical cold vapor generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry using polyaniline modified graphite electrode as cathode

An electrochemical cold vapor generation system with polyaniline modified graphite electrode as cathode material was developed for Hg (II) determination by coupling with atomic fluorescence spectrometry. This electrochemical cold vapor generation system with polyaniline/graphite electrode exhibited higher sensitivity; excellent stability and lower memory effect compared with graphite electrode electrochemical cold vapor generation system. The relative standard deviation was 2.7% for eleven consecutive measurements of 2 ng mL^− 1 Hg (II) standard solution and the mercury limit of detection for the sample blank solution was 1.3 рg mL^− 1 (3σ). The accuracy of the method was evaluated through analysis of the reference materials GBW09101 (Human hair) and GBW 08517 (Laminaria Japonica Aresch) and the proposed method was successfully applied to the analysis of human hairs.     

Determination of mercury by intermittent flow electrochemical cold vapor generation coupled to atomic fluorescence spectrometry

A novel method for determination of mercury was developed using an intermittent flow electrochemical cold vapor generation coupled to atomic fluorescence spectrometry (IF-ECVG-AFS). The mercury vapor was generated on the surface of glassy carbon cathode in the flow cell. The operating conditions for the electrochemical generation of mercury vapor were investigated in detail, and the interferences from various ions were evaluated. Under the optimized conditions, no evident memory effects of mercury were observed. The calibration curve was linear up to 5 μg L⁻¹ Hg at 0.54 A cm⁻². A detection limit of 1.2 ng L⁻¹ Hg and a relative standard deviation of 1.8% for 1 μg L⁻¹ Hg were obtained. The accuracy of method was verified by the determination of mercury in the certified reference human hair. The ECVG avoided the use of reductants, thereby greatly reducing the contamination sources. In addition, the manifold of IF-ECVG-AFS was simple and amenable to automation.     

Green method for ultrasensitive determination of Hg in natural waters by electrothermal-atomic absorption spectrometry following sono-induced cold vapor generation and ‘in-atomizer trapping’

Sono-induced cold vapor generation (SI-CVG) has been used for the first time in combination with a graphite furnace atomizer for determination of Hg in natural waters by electrothermal-atomic absorption spectrometry after in situ trapping onto a noble metal-pretreated platform (Pd, Pt or Rh) inserted into a graphite tube. The system allows ‘in-atomizer trapping’ of Hg without the use of conventional reduction reactions based on sodium borohydride or tin chloride in acid medium for cold vapor generation. The sono-induced reaction is accomplished by applying ultrasound irradiation to the sample solution containing Hg(II) in the presence of an organic compound such as formic acid. As this organic acid is partly degraded upon ultrasound irradiation to yield CO, CO₂, H₂ and H₂O, the amount of lab wastes is minimized and a green methodology is achieved.