发光分析与中药质量控制

回顾了近年来发光(荧光，室温磷光)分析技术在中草药质量控制中的应用，总结其特点并展望了可能的应用。     

Qualitative analysis of chemical constituents in traditional Chinese medicine analogous formula cheng‐Qi decoctions by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry

Cheng‐Qi decoctions (CQs), a group of analogous formulas, are well‐known traditional Chinese preparations used as purgative remedies to treat ‘internal heat’‐induced symptoms, which manifest as a bloated and painful abdomen, hard stools, fever and other clinical observations. In this study, HPLC‐ESI‐MS/MS and UPLC‐TOF‐MS were employed for separation and structural identification of constituents in CQs. As a result, a total of 90 compounds, including seven anthraquinones, 39 flavones, 21 glycosides, 11 stilbene glycosides, six organic acids, five coumarins and one lignans, were detected and tentatively identified in CQs extracts. The characterization results shed some light on the scientific foundation for clinical application of the CQ analogous formulas. Our results also indicate that the HPLC‐MS method is useful for the systemic identification of major constituents in traditional Chinese medicine formulas. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Recent applications of capillary electrophoresis in the analysis of traditional Chinese medicine

Traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) are generally mixtures of herbal plants or extracts which comprise hundreds of different constituents with widely difference in the content and physiochemical properties. In order to analyze bioactive compounds in TCMs and control the quality, a large number of analytical tools have been developed, among which capillary electrophoresis (CE) has become a powerful technique with increasing importance. Some formats of CE, including capillary zone electrophoresis, micellar electrokinetic chromatography, non-aqueous CE and capillary electrochromatography have been widely employed for the analysis of TCMs. The general characteristics of these formats are briefly described, and their applications to the analysis of TCMs during the past five years are summarized.     

Chemometrics and modernization of traditional Chinese medicine

Development of chromatographic fingerprinting and its related chemometric methods in the research of quality control of traditional Chinese medicines(TCMs) are discussed. The quality control methods for guarantying the authentication and stability of products and semi-products of TCMs are firstly assessed. The technique based on chromatographic fingerprinting is essentially a kind of high-through put and integral tools to explore the complexity of herbal medicines. In order to further control the comprehensive quality of TCMs,confirmation and identification of their important chemical components are necessary. Some new strategies are proposed to trace the chemical changes of chromatographic fingerprints both in product processing and/or after their administration by modern chromatographic techniques and chemometrics. Combined with systems biology and bioinformatics,it seems possible for one to reveal the working mechanism of TCMs and to further control their intrinsic quality comprehensively.     

二维色谱技术及其在中药领域中的应用

二维色谱是近年发展起来的多维色谱分离技术,因其高分辨率、高峰容量、高灵敏度等优点,在复杂样品的分离分析中发挥了巨大作用．中药是一个复杂的化学体系,包含多种类化学成分,因此,分析和阐明中药中的化学成分是中药现代研究的一个关键问题．二维色谱技术在中药等复杂体系的应用中显示了重要的应用价值,也具有广阔的发展前景．本文对二维色谱的分类、主要部件以及在中药领域中的应用进行综述,重点介绍二维气相色谱和二维液相色谱在中药研究中的应用．     

Phytochemical analysis of traditional Chinese medicine using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is commonly considered to operate due to the synergistic effects of all the major and minor components in the medicines. Hence sensitive and comprehensive analytical techniques are needed to acquire a better understanding of the pharmacological basis of the herb and to enhance the product quality control. The present review mainly focuses on the phytochemical analysis of TCMs using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and electrospray ionization (ESI) are the two commonly used ion sources. Triple quadrupole, ion trap (IT), Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) and time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometers are used as on-line analyzer. The relationship between structural features and fragmentation patterns should be investigated as thoroughly as possible and hence be applied in the on-line analysis to deduce the structures of detected peaks. Characteristic fragmentation behaviors of the reference standards, as well as information regarding polarity obtained from retention time data, on-line UV spectra, data from the literature and bio-sources of the compounds allowed the identification of the phytochemical constituents in the crude extracts. Although a mass spectrometer is not a universal detector, high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with multistage mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS(n)) technique was still proved to be a rapid and sensitive method to analyze the majority of the many constituents in herbal medicines, particularly for the detection of those present in minor or trace amounts. The methods established using HPLC-MS techniques facilitate the convenient and rapid quality control of traditional medicines and their pharmaceutical preparations. However, the quantitative analysis is not the topic of this review.     

中药指纹图谱技术

介绍中药指纹图谱的研究内容、意义和特点 ,以及中药指纹图谱采集和信息处理的主要技术手段     

Screening of enzyme inhibitors from traditional Chinese medicine

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been used for more than 4000 years. By comparison with large combinatorial chemistry libraries and natural products of the West for high-throughput screening (HTS) of new drugs discovery, an advantage of TCM is that the preparation has clear efficacies on the therapy of some diseases. Although the effective components are not clear, the clear efficacies of TCM have been identified for long time practice, Therefore, TCMs should be valuable lead compound libraries with a definite therapy efficacy from the viewpoint of HTS. Nevertheless, current HTS technologies are not easily adapted to investigate TCMs because they are designed for screening a relatively pure known chemical at a known concentration. In contrast, TCMs are mixtures of unknown compounds in unknown concentrations that may differ markedly between samples from different plants. This article reviews the current and future researches on the enzyme inhibitors screening from TCM.     

Rapid analysis of traditional Chinese medicine Pinellia ternata by microchip electrophoresis with electrochemical detection

Traditional Chinese herbal medicine has long enjoyed the reputation of the world's most advanced system of natural medicine. Pinellia ternata is one of the most commonly used herbs in the traditional Chinese medical science. In this study, five representative ingredients of Pinellia ternata guanosine, methionine, glycine, 3,4‐dihydroxybenzaldehyde, and homogentisic acid, were assayed using simple derivatization procedures. Under optimized experimental condition, five analytes in Pinellia ternata were rapidly separated and detected using microchip electrophoresis, affording the benefits of speed, minimal sample requirements, and sensitive on‐the‐chip electrochemical detection, in 5 min with linearity over a concentration of 20–500 μM (R² = 0.994) with nearly complete recovery (95.6–98.5%).     

Isolation and determination of p-hydroxybenzoylcholine in traditional Chinese medicine Semen sinapis Albae

A special component is isolated from Semen sinapis Albae (white mustard seed), a traditional Chinese medicine. According to the physical and chemical investigation and spectroscopic identification, this component can be known as p-hydroxybenzoylcholine bisulfate, a choline base. This component in the drug is also determined by RP-HPLC. A reversed-phase C₁₈ column is used to separate the p-hydroxybenzoylcholine with an eluent of methanol–0.05 mol/L monopotassium phosphate solution (30:70) (adjusted by phosphoric acid to pH 3.6) at the flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. Detection is carried out with a UV detector operated at 285 nm, and the column temperature is 25 °C. It reveals that there is 0.021% (w/w) of p-hydroxybenzoylcholine bisulfate in Semen sinapis Albae and 0.037% (w/w) in stir-baked Semen sinapis Albae.     

High-throughput screening for bioactive components from traditional Chinese medicine

Throughout the centuries, traditional Chinese medicine has been a rich resource in the development of new drugs. Modern drug discovery, which relies increasingly on automated high throughput screening and quick hit-to-lead development, however, is confronted with the challenges of the chemical complexity associated with natural products. New technologies for biological screening as well as library building are in great demand in order to meet the requirements. Here we review the developments in these techniques under the perspective of their applicability in natural product drug discovery. Methods in library building, component characterizing, biological evaluation, and other screening methods including NMR and X-ray diffraction are discussed.     

Application of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in research of traditional Chinese medicine

It is well known that traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) plays a more and more important role in modern pharmaceutical industry. It has been used in the therapy of many diseases for several thousand years because of its high pharmacological activity, low toxicity and rare side effects. In TCM, as an important group of secondary metabolites, essential oils have attracted a great deal of attention in recent years. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is the most commonly used technique for the analysis of liposoluble constituents, especially volatile/semi-volatile compounds, and their metabolites in biological fluids due to its high resolution, selectivity and sensitivity. This review briefly describes the applications of GC-MS for the isolation and characterization of volatile compounds from TCM. In addition, GC-MS methods adopted in the metabolic profiling of volatile compounds in biological matrices are also described.     

荧光光谱法测定中成药中微量铅

基于二价铅离子在浓盐酸体系中所形成的PbCl42-配合物在紫外光的照射下发出蓝色荧光的原理,提出了一种测定中成药品中的微量铅的灵敏的荧光分析法。体系的荧光强度与Pb(Ⅱ)的质量浓度在0.02～2.00μg/mL范围内有良好的线性关系,检测下限为8.7×10-3μg/mL。用本法测定了中成药丸及原料药粉中的铅含量,回收率分别介于92 0%～107%和94%～101%之间。     

Preparative isolation of bufalin and cinobufagin from Chinese traditional medicine ChanSu

In this investigation, a method is developed for the isolation and purification of bufadienolides (resibufogenin, cinobufagin, and bufalin) from the Chinese traditional medicine ChanSu. The crude ChanSu extract is prepared with solvent refluxing under optimal conditions. A new chromatographic approach for separating bufadienolides utilizes silica gel column chromatography with isocratic elution using cyclohexane-acetone (5:1) as the mobile phase to separate resibufogenin, followed by reversed-phase C18 preparative HPLC column using isocratic elution of methanol-water (72:28) to separate bufalin and cinobufagin. Combining these two methods, bufalin and cinobufagin could be completely separated in high purity and recovery, and the amounts obtained were 1.9 and 3.1 g, respectively, from 500 g of ChanSu. These two compounds have been identified by mass spectrometry and 1H NMR, and their purities were quantitated by HPLC at 99% and 98%, respectively.     

Multiresidue analysis of 18 organochlorine pesticides in traditional chinese medicine

A simple and efficient method for simultaneous gas chromatographic (GC) determination of 18 organochlorine pesticides [tecnazene, hexachlorobenzene, alpha-benzenehexachloride (BHC), pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB), gamma-BHC, heptachlor, aldrin, methyl pentachlorophenyl sulfide, beta-BHC, delta-BHC, heptachlor epoxide, alpha-endosulfan, trans-chlorodane, cis-chlorodane, p,p'-dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethylene, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD, and p,p'-DDT] in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is described. The procedure involves ultrasonic extraction and sulphuric acid treatment as the cleanup method. Detection of the sample is performed by GC-electron capture detection. A series of experiments are conducted to optimize the final pretreatment conditions [acetone-petroleum ether (1:1) as the extract solvent, ultrasonication for 15 min, three steps, concentrated sulphuric acid with 10% water for sulphuric acid treatment]. Recovery studies are performed at 10, 50, and 100 parts-per-billion (ppb) fortification levels of each organochlorine pesticide, except for alpha-endosulfan, which are 20, 100, and 200 ppb. The percentage recoveries range from 77.9% +/- 6.4% to 114.0% +/- 8.1% (average +/- standard deviation). The simple and rapid method may be used to routinely determine organochlorine pesticides in TCM.     

黄芪中铅的初级形态分析

黄芪是我国盛名的大宗传统中药材,也是常用的中药及食疗药膳品.关于黄芪的研究较多,但主要集中于有机成分与药理作用的研究.中草药药效不仅同药材中的有机成分有关,与微量元素之间关系已被越来越多的研究所证实[1,2].因此对中药微量元素的研究仅仅提供元素总量的信息是不够的,更需要对金属元素的存在化学形态进行分析[3].中药中微量元素的形态分析属一新研究领域,文献报道较少[4-7].本实验选取不同产地的黄芪药材,采用微波消解样品,氢化物发生-电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(HG-ICP-AES)[8],对不同产地黄芪中重金属铅进行了形态分析,这对药材道地性研究,质量控制具有积极的意义.     

色谱及相关技术在中药质量评价中的应用

对中药物质基础的研究方法——化学物质组学,以及中药质量评价的关键技术——指纹图谱技术做了介绍,并在此基础上综述了中药化学信息获取的关键技术——色谱及相关技术在中药质量评价中的应用。论述的结果表明,以化学物质组学为指导,结合色谱及相关技术获取指纹图谱信息及多指标成分定量信息的研究模式,对中药质量评价体系的建立具有指导意义。     

Microemulsion electrokinetic chromatographic determination of bufadienolides in toad venom and in traditional Chinese medicine

A microemulsion electrokinetic chromatographic (MEEKC) method has been developed and validated for determination of resibufogenin and cinobufagin in toad venom and in traditional Chinese medicine prepared from the venom. The MEEKC method involved use of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as surfactant, heptane as organic solvent, and butan-1-ol as co-solvent. To improve the separation, the effect of temperature and running buffer pH were evaluated. The optimized conditions (heptane 0.81% (w/w), SDS 3.31% (w/w), butan-1-ol 6.61% (w/w), and 10 mmol L⁻¹ sodium tetraborate buffer, pH 9.2, and 298 nm as the detection wavelength) enabled useful and repeatable separation of the analytes.     

Rapid identification of traditional Chinese herbal medicine by direct analysis in real time (DART) mass spectrometry

Direct analysis in real time-mass spectrometry (DART-MS) was employed as a novel fast method to identify traditional Chinese herbal medicine (TCHM). In order to obtain high quality mass spectra, the ionization temperature was optimized for every kind of sample. With minimal or no sample pretreatment, major TCHM components, including alkaloids, flavonoids and some ginsenosides, were directly detected within several seconds, while thirteen ginsenosides need derivatization to get good mass spectra. Pseudoginsenoside F11, compound K, protopanaxatriol (PPT) and protopanaxadiol (PPD), for the first time were detected without derivatization. Among five of eight tested Chinese herbal medicines, Rhizoma Corydalis, Bulbus Fritillariae Thunbergii, Arecae Semen, Ramulus Uncariae Cum Uncis and Scutellariae Radix, were first time identified by DART-MS. In addition, the ionization mechanisms of major herbal components, alkaloids, flavonoids and ginsenosides, were discussed in detail. Our results demonstrated that DART-MS could provide a rapid, reliable and environmental friendly method for the rapid identification of TCHM, and may be applicable to other plants.