常绿树叶自然衰老的红外光谱研究

应用傅里叶变换红外光谱技术对七种常绿树的幼叶、成叶和老黄叶进行了研究,以期探讨常绿树叶自然衰老的光谱规律。不同时期叶片红外光谱变化主要在1 800～700 cm-1范围,用吸光度比A_{1 070}/A_{2 927}和A_{1 070}/A_{1 160}考察叶样多糖相对含量变化,用A_{1 318}/A_{2 922}考察草酸钙相对含量变化,用1 800～1 500 cm-1范围拟合峰的峰高比H_{1 650}/H_{1 740}考察蛋白质相对含量变化。结果显示在自然衰老过程中蛋白质、糖类、草酸钙相对含量有变化,但不同种树变化规律不同,说明不同种树叶衰老过程中物质积累、动员规律不同。证明中红外光谱可用于植物衰老生理变化的研究。     

四种黑檀心材的红外光谱差异化与聚类分析

利用红外光谱结合模式识别和二维相关光谱对乌木、东非黑黄檀、风车木和成对古夷苏木四种黑檀硬木心材进行鉴别和聚类分析。红外光谱显示四种木材中的主体成分为纤维素（特征吸收峰位置在~1 370, ~1 158, ~1 034和~895 cm-1附近）、木质素（特征吸收峰位置~2 935, ~1 510, ~1 462和~1 426 cm-1附近）和草酸钙（特征吸收峰位置~1 615, ~1 318和~781 cm-1附近）。三种主体成分在四种木材红外光谱之间的相对峰强度H表明：乌木和东非黑黄檀中木质素含量较高,风车木中草酸钙含量较高,成对古夷苏木中含有一定量的脂类成分。根据红外光谱的差异性选取不同的波段,优选计算参数,分别对四种硬木心材进行相关系数判别分类和SIMCA聚类分析。相关系数判别分类模式识别中,成对古夷苏木中有一个样本未得到有效的验证,但是其余三个木材样品均得到了有效验证。SIMCA聚类模式识别中,四种木材心材之间的识别率、拒绝率和验证率都达到100%,说明不同木材之间没有重叠区域,可以完全的区分识别。二维相关红外光谱中,乌木与东非黑黄檀在升温过程中纤维素的C—O和C—C基团对温度敏感性较高,风车木中草酸钙热敏性较高,成对古夷苏木中木质素的热敏性高于纤维素。红外光谱结合聚类分析和二维相关红外光谱,不仅可以对木材主体成分进行的定性和相对含量的分析,在完善聚类模型基础上还可以对木材种类进行快速、有效的分类模式识别。     

九种蔷薇科植物叶片的傅里叶红外光谱与亲缘关系分析

以蔷薇科三个亚科九种植物的叶为材料,利用傅里叶变换红外光谱法对九种植物进行亲缘关系分析和品种鉴定。叶中主要含有大量的碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂类、核酸等物质。糖类物质的峰主要在1 440～775 cm-1之间,1 440～1 337 cm-1为纤维素、木质素的振动峰,1 000～775 cm-1为核糖的伸缩振动。蛋白质的峰主要在1 620～1 235 cm-1之间,1 620 cm-1为蛋白质酰胺Ⅰ带的CO伸缩振动,1 523 cm-1为蛋白质酰胺Ⅱ带N—H和C—N吸收峰。脂类物质的峰主要出现在2 930～1 380 cm-1之间,2 922 cm-1为脂肪CH₂的伸缩振动,1 732 cm-1是脂肪酸CO的伸缩振动。核酸的标志峰出现在1 250～1 000 cm-1,1 068 cm-1是磷酸基团的对称伸缩振动,1 246 cm-1是磷酸基团的不对称伸缩振动。研究结果表明：FTIR光谱数据经平滑、标准化处理、二阶求导、主成分分析和系统聚类建立的聚类分析模型与传统分类结果相一致。杏、樱桃聚为一类(李亚科),翻白叶、月季、草莓聚为第二类(蔷薇亚科),火棘、苹果、枇杷、海棠聚为第三类(苹果亚科),亚科聚类正确率为100%,但属聚类的正确率仅为55.56%。利用该聚类模型进行物种鉴定正确率为100%。该项研究为植物的亲缘关系分析提供了新的思路与方法。     

肺癌患者及正常人指甲的红外光谱比较研究

用傅立叶变换红外光谱研究了6例肺癌患者和16例正常人手指甲的红外光谱.结果表明,它们在峰形,峰频率,峰强等方面均有差异:在3315cm-1处蛋白质酰胺A带N-H峰向低波数频移,而在3061cm-1处蛋白质酰胺B带N-H峰向高波数频移;在1539cm-1处蛋白质酰胺I带和1396cm-1处角蛋白脂质CH3弯曲振动向低波数频移;CH2和CH3的相对吸收强度比值A2848/A2872和A2918/A2956在肺癌患者指甲中要小于正常人指甲;在1072cm-1处核酸分子磷酸二酯基团PO-2的对称伸缩振动的相对吸收强度明显高于正常人指甲;在1041cm-1处糖原C-O的伸缩和弯曲振动峰向高波数频移了约6cm-1.     

糖尿病人血清的表面增强拉曼光谱

研究了糖尿病人和正常人血清的表面增强拉曼光谱。糖尿病人血清中蛋白质主链酰胺Ⅱ的C—N伸缩振动的谱线位移到1 585 cm-1,相对强度增加了14%,酰胺Ⅵ的谱线593 cm-1相对强度减少了33%。蛋白质侧链色氨酸吲哚环 “埋藏式”的谱线1 368 cm-1位移到“暴露式”的1 365 cm-1,且相对强度减少了59%;侧链C—S键的扭曲构象的谱线635 cm-1相对强度减少了15%,而反式构象的谱线725 cm-1增加了58%, 说明C—S键的扭曲构象部分转变为反式构象,表明糖尿病人血清中蛋白质的有序结构发生变化;类脂物特征峰1 449 cm-1相对强度增加了58%,与糖类有关的特征峰谱线1 331,1 099和740 cm-1相对强度分别增加了35%,100％和62%, 从而表明糖尿病人血清中与脂类和糖蛋白有关的物质含量增加。上述拉曼特征峰为糖尿病的诊断以及生化机理研究提供了有力的实验依据。     

黑豆和牵牛子红外光谱的分析与鉴定

种子类中药材黑豆和牵牛子都含有大量的油脂和蛋白质,因此两种药材的一维红外光谱极其相似,为了区别科属不同的两种药材,采用红外光谱三级鉴定法对黑豆和牵牛子进行分析鉴定。经典红外光谱中,黑豆和牵牛子均有1 745 cm-1表征油脂类的特征吸收峰,以及1 656和1 547 cm-1表征蛋白质酰胺Ⅰ带和酰胺Ⅱ带的特征吸收峰。其中油脂特征吸收峰与蛋白质特征吸收峰的相对高度不同,说明二者的相对含量不同。同时,一维红外光谱对两种中药材主体成分的分析结果,即含有大量的油脂和蛋白质,与文献所报道的一致。在二阶导数红外光谱中,牵牛子中存在1 712 cm-1属于有机酸类的特征吸收峰,然而黑豆中却没有此吸收峰的存在。此外导数光谱中两种药材峰形和峰强度的差别更为明显。二维相关红外光谱中,黑豆和牵牛子自动峰的峰位置和峰强度等均具有显著差异。在1 500~1 700 cm-1波数范围内,黑豆有2个明显自动峰,牵牛子有3个明显的自动峰。在2 800~3 000 cm-1波数范围内,黑豆和牵牛子均有2个强自动峰,但最强自动峰的位置不同。运用红外光谱三级鉴定法,可以更直接快速简便的分辨出主体成分相同的两种种子类中药材,为今后的研究打下基础。     

钾镁胁迫对橡胶幼苗叶片物质成分影响的FTIR表征

养分亏缺是作物产量和质量提升的重要限制因子。我国砖红壤植胶区钾、镁缺乏及其低的有效性长期制约天然橡胶的产、质量。以“热研7-33-97”橡胶幼苗为研究对象,利用傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）对钾、镁胁迫下橡胶树叶片物质组成特征进行研究,分析不同钾、镁胁迫条件下叶片红外光谱图谱特征峰的变化及其差异,探讨钾、镁胁迫对叶片物质成分和结构的影响,以期为钾镁缺乏影响橡胶树生长与生理代谢的机理研究提供参考。结果表明：（1）缺钾条件下,1 554,1 519和1 075 cm-1处的吸收峰缺失,表明橡胶叶片中蛋白质酰胺Ⅱ带、酚类物质、碳水化合物的化学结构受到破坏,并且其他特征峰吸光度与正常处理相比均有不同程度的升高,表明缺钾造成蛋白质、碳水化合物等物质在叶片中大量积累,物质转运效率降低;（2）缺镁条件下,1 554 cm-1处吸收峰向高频方向位移了6 cm-1,说明缺镁造成蛋白质酰胺Ⅱ带的结构发生改变,同时,1 550~1 350 cm-1波数范围内吸收峰相对吸光度明显下降,说明缺镁降低了细胞壁多糖以及含油脂化合物的含量,且该波数范围内的三个吸收峰较其他吸收峰变化敏感,表明该波段可以较好地指示橡胶叶片镁营养状况;（3）钾镁同时缺乏条件下,各吸收峰的相对吸光度和强度明显减弱,1 554,1 519和1 075 cm-1处的吸收峰缺失,说明蛋白质酰胺Ⅱ带、酚类物质、碳水化合物的化学结构受到破坏,1 057 cm-1处吸收峰向高频方向位移了11 cm-1,表明橡胶叶片中果胶类多糖分子结构发生了变化。综上所述,缺钾造成橡胶叶片蛋白质、糖类物质的含量的大量积累,缺镁造成叶片细胞壁多糖和油脂化合物下降,而钾镁同时缺乏时蛋白质、脂类、糖类物质等物质含量均明显下降。研究表明,使用FTIR技术对养分缺乏下的橡胶叶片物质成分定性分析具有一定的可行性,同时可为橡胶钾、镁营养生理代谢的机制研究提供新的思路和方法。     

玉米花粉中营养物质的傅里叶变换红外光谱特征

为了研究玉米花粉中的蛋白质和多糖等营养物质,采用傅里叶变换红外光谱结合曲线拟合技术分析曲辰9号和靖丰3号两种杂交玉米花粉.玉米花粉的傅里叶变换红外光谱显示蛋白质的特征吸收峰酰胺I带、酰胺II带和酰胺III带出现在1 653cm-1、1 546cm-1和1 241cm-1附近,多糖特征吸收峰出现在1 078cm-1、1 056cm-1、1 030cm-1和995cm-1附近.对比它们的傅里叶变换红外光谱的蛋白质和多糖特征吸收带,两种玉米花粉存在一定差异,表明它们所含的蛋白质和多糖含量不同.对1 900~950cm-1吸收带实施傅里叶自去卷积和二阶导数处理后再进行曲线拟合分析,剥离出因光谱叠加而掩盖的特征吸收子峰.子峰信息显示曲辰9号玉米花粉中多糖的含量高于靖丰3号玉米花粉,而蛋白质的含量关系则相反.研究表明,傅里叶变换红外光谱技术可为玉米花粉中营养物质的研究提供一种便捷的手段.     

中药三七不同部位和组织的红外光谱分析

采用溴化钾压片法及傅里叶变换红外光谱技术对中药三七(Panax notoginseng)的剪口、主根、筋条、绒根等不同部位以及表皮、韧皮部、形成层和木部等不同组织的红外光谱及其二阶导数谱进行了研究。三七不同部位及组织红外光谱的整体峰形相似;在3 400,2 930,1 645,1 155,1 080和1 020cm-1附近有淀粉的特征吸收峰,其主体成分均为淀粉。但各部位和组织的红外光谱及其特征性化学成分有差异。剪口在1 077和1 152cm-1处峰的强度比大于其他部位,皂苷的含量最高。剪口及其表皮在1 317和780cm-1特征峰明显,含草酸钙;并且剪口表皮中草酸钙的含量比剪口中的含量高。绒根在1 384和825cm-1处有硝酸盐的特征峰,说明绒根富含硝酸盐类成分。主根表皮在2 926,2 854和1 740cm-1处的吸收峰较强,酯类成分的含量较高。形成层的红外光谱中酰胺Ⅰ带和酰胺Ⅱ带峰明显,富含蛋白质。由此可见,三七不同部位和组织的红外光谱及其二阶导数谱各有特征,不仅揭示了整体化学成分,还能提供有机大分子、无机小分子等特征性成分信息。红外光谱可用于三七及其不同部位和组织的准确、快速鉴别及质量评价。     

胃炎和胃溃疡组织细胞的显微拉曼光谱研究

利用共焦显微拉曼光谱研究了胃炎组织和胃溃疡组织的粘膜细胞。结果表明,与胃炎组织细胞比较,溃疡组织细胞中胞嘧啶的振动峰781 cm-1相对较弱,而腺嘌呤和胸腺嘧啶793,823cm-1处的峰强有所增加; 对应于α螺旋结构蛋白质酰胺Ⅰ和酰胺Ⅲ带的1654和1230～1270cm-1的强度均相对减小,色氨酸特征峰1332cm-1和苯丙氨酸特征峰1003cm-1强度有所降低,同时与色氨酸残基微环境变化密切相关的1554频移到1556cm-1,且强度有所增加;脂类的特征谱线1073 cm-1向高波数频移到了1078cm-1, 对应于CH₂扭转振动的1303cm-1与来自于CH面内变形振动的1268cm-1强度比值减小。上述变化表明两种疾病组织细胞中的核酸,蛋白质和脂类在成分、结构和构型上都存在明显差异;研究发现利用C—H弯曲振动的谱线1449cm-1和蛋白质酰胺Ⅲ带的谱线1660cm-1的强度比值A₁₄₄₉/A₁₆₆₀区分两种疾病具有较好的准确性。     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.     

A stereo matching algorithm using multi-peak candidate matches and geometric constraints

Gray cross correlation matching technique is adopted to extract candidate matches with gray cross correla- tion coefficients less than some certain range of maximal correlation coefficient called multi-peak candidate matches. Multi-peak candidates are extracted corresponding to three closest feature points at first. The corresponding multi-peak candidate matches are used to construct the model polygon. Correspondence is determined based on the local geometric relations between the three feature points and the multi-peak candidates. The disparity test and the global consistency checkout are applied to eliminate the remaining ambiguous matches that are not removed by the local geometric relational test. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is feasible and accurate.