Raman散射探测南京地区气溶胶光学特性

利用位于中国气象局南京综合观测基地的Rayleigh-Raman-Mie激光雷达Raman通道实测数据反演分析南京北郊气溶胶光学特性。在反演计算消光系数的过程中发现Raman信号波动很大、起伏很多,对我们反演结果带来了很大的困难,导致消光系数值波动范围达到-0.1~0.4km~(-1)。经过反复试验计算,用小波去噪解决这个问题,并将其反演结果与同一时刻同一仪器不同通道(Mie通道)反演结果进行对比,2011年3月30日晴天条件下二者消光系数都在0.05km~(-1)左右,它们的趋势具有很好的一致性,表明小波去噪能提高Raman散射反演气溶胶光学特性的准确性。     

激光雷达数据应用于海气界面气体传输速率的估算

选取2007年1、4、7、10月4个月夜间无云的云-气溶胶激光雷达和红外探测者观测卫星(CALIPSO)星载激光雷达Version 3.01数据,提取532nm激光海面后向散射系数并计算海面波浪均方斜率。同时选用准同步AMSR-E海面风速数据,利用Wanninkhof等于2009年提出的包含线性、平方、立方项的海面风速与气体传输速率混合关系模型计算海水施密特数为660时的海气界面气体传输速率k660。通过回归分析,得到由星载激光雷达数据反演k660的关系模型。将激光雷达数据反演结果与采用4种典型海面风速关系模型的计算结果进行比较,给出由星载激光雷达数据反演的4个月平均的海气界面气体传输速率全球分布图和纬度分布图。研究表明,CALIPSO星载激光雷达532nm单脉冲测量数据可用于反演海气界面气体传输速率。     

银川上空大气气溶胶光学特性激光雷达探测研究

小型米散射激光雷达是广泛使用的探测大气气溶胶光学特性的有效工具。作者研制了一台小型米散射激光雷达,并利用该激光雷达于2009年4月1日至4月10日期间对宁夏银川地区(北纬38°29′, 东经106°06′)上空的大气气溶胶光学特性以及时空分布进行了观测。系统选用532 nm波长激光作为光源,采用Fernald法对接收到的大气回波信号进行反演,得到了气溶胶消光系数的高度分布廓线及24 h内气溶胶消光系数相对浓度的时空变化特性;并对期间一次明显的沙尘天气进行了观测和分析。观测结果表明,该小型米散射激光雷达能够对大气气溶胶及其时空分布情况进行有效、连续的观测,其观测结果有利于分析该地区气溶胶及沙尘天气的变化趋势。     

激光雷达遥感地表气溶胶消光吸湿因子及其对波长的依赖特性

介绍了一种在开放大气环境下、利用水平探测的双波长-偏振米氏散射激光雷达遥感地表气溶胶消光吸湿增长因子的新方法。在激光雷达垂直观测气溶胶吸湿性质相关研究报道的数据筛选方法的基础上,利用消光系数与实测相对湿度(RH)之间的强相关性,以及实测的粒子质量浓度和粒子退偏振比的变化规律作为判据,说明吸湿增长作用是引起地表气溶胶消光系数增大的主要原因。相比于激光雷达垂直方法观测气溶胶吸湿性质,该筛选过程更加严格地约束了激光雷达水平观测吸湿性质的筛选判据,且对气象条件的约束相对简单。利用筛选得到的有效数据,计算得到气溶胶消光吸湿增长因子,并分析其对波长的依赖特性。观测结果表明,在开放大气条件下,合肥地区粒子谱分布可能会出现单模态、双模态甚至多模态的复杂情况,导致Angstrom波长指数与相对湿度之间的变化规律表现为正相关、负相关和不相关3种结果;同样也导致短波的气溶胶消光吸湿增长因子弱于、等于或强于长波的气溶胶消光吸湿增长因子的多样性现象。     

激光雷达探测北京城区夏季大气边界层

为了研究北京城区夏季大气边界层结构变化特征及大气边界层内气溶胶消光特性,2004年8月利用便携式米散射激光雷达对北京城区夏季大气边界层进行了系统观测。反演了观测站上空大气气溶胶的消光特性垂直分布以及大气边界层的高度。分析了气象条件和人类活动对大气边界层结构的影响。观测数据表明： 北京城区夏季大气边界层有明显的日变化特征,早晚比较低,日间有一个从低变高再变低的过程,中午前后达到最高。结合气象参数对测量数据进行的统计分析表明：北京城区夏季大气边界层高度相对稳定,多分布在1.8km以下,平均值为0.68km;大气边界层内存在浓度较高的气溶胶粒子,平均光学厚度（3km以内）在0.30左右。     

偏振-米散射激光雷达的研制

研制的偏振-米散射激光雷达（PML）,可用于探测卷云和沙尘气溶胶的后向散射光退偏振比以及研究流层大气气溶胶的消光特性。采用窄带滤光片和光阑,将接收到的激光大气回波信号谱线（米散射和瑞利散射光谱）从天空太阳背景噪声中分离出来,以提高系统的白天探测能力。介绍了偏振-米散射激光雷达的结构、技术参数、测量方法和数据处理方法。对偏振-米散射激光雷达的性能参数进行了测定,并对测定结果进行了分析与讨论,给出了偏振-米散射激光雷达对合肥市地区(117.16°E, 31.90°N)上空大气气溶胶的消光特性和卷云的结构、退偏振比垂直廓线以及光学厚度的典型探测结果,对这些结果进行了分析和讨论。结果表明：研制的偏振-米散射激光雷达性能可靠,能对大气气溶胶和卷云的物理和光学特性进行有效的探测。     

小型米散射激光雷达的研制及其探测

介绍了一台自行研制的用于大气气溶胶光学特性和水平能见度测量的小型米散射激光雷达系统,并进行了一系列观测实验和分析.系统选用532nm波长激光作为光源,采用Fernald反演算法对接收到的大气回波信号进行反演得到气溶胶消光系数.通过对西安城区上空的气溶胶光学特性进行连续观测,测得了西安城区不同时刻消光系数的高度分布廓线、以及24小时内大气边界层高度的时空变化特性,并对大气水平能见度进行了连续观测,其结果与当地气象部门提供的水平能见度数据的变化趋势基本一致.观测结果表明,利用该米散射激光雷达可以对大气气溶胶光学特性和水平能见度进行有效测量.     

南京地区低空雾霾气溶胶的拉曼-瑞利-米激光雷达测量

利用拉曼-瑞利-米激光雷达对南京北郊雾霾气溶胶进行观测和分析,并和气象预报相比对。2009年12月2日进行了长时间连续的观测实验,分析比较2009年12月2日观测的雾霾激光雷达距离矫正信号和2011年1月10日南京北郊晴空大气边界层气溶胶激光雷达距离矫正信号的区别和特征。实验结果表明:2009年12月2日10:00至19:00观测出现雾霾,激光雷达观测到雾霾出现的时间段和当天南京气象预报相吻合;南京北郊雾霾出现在低空300 m左右,厚度大约为700 m,大气边界层气溶胶出现的高度为1 000 m左右,厚度大约为1 500 m。     

双扫描激光雷达精细探测低层大气气溶胶方法

为实现水平非均匀分布的低层大气气溶胶光学特性的遥感探测,提出一种基于双扫描激光雷达的气溶胶精细探测方法.该方法以扫描激光雷达为遥感探测工具,通过双激光雷达相向交叉扫描工作模式,实现对同一空域近地表气溶胶全视野剖面的交叉探测,从而提供双激光雷达方程组以精确求解气溶胶消光和后向散射系数.在数据反演过程中,通过对交叉扫描区域进行坐标化和网格化处理、网格像素单元的初值预设,以及双扫描激光雷达方程组的数值逼近反演得到气溶胶消光.利用长距离扫描激光雷达的数据对该方法进行验证,结果表明,该方法与多角度方法反演所得到的结果随高度变化的趋势具有高度的一致性;同时双扫描激光雷达可提供交叉扫描区域剖面的气溶胶浓度分布,相比于单条廓线具有较大的优势.     

基于星载激光雷达数据的海面风速探测

使用新版(Version 3.01)星载激光雷达CALIPSO Level 1剖面数据和Level 2的大气气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)数据反演全球海面风速。将AOD数据用于大气双程透射率的校正。对CALIPSO所采集的2007年1月、4月、7月和10月532nm波长无云激光测量数据进行应用计算,采用532nm退偏比经验修正海面白帽及水下次表层水体散射的影响,同时选用准同步的AMSR-E海面风速测量值为真值进行对比。对应2007年的4个月,由CALIPSO星载激光雷达532nm单脉冲测量数据反演海面风速的标准偏差分别为1.24、1.24、1.24、1.20m/s,由5km滚动平均数据反演海面风速的标准偏差分别为0.98、1.02、0.98、0.94m/s。结果表明,采用的数据反演方法可行且数据利用率得到提高。     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.     

A stereo matching algorithm using multi-peak candidate matches and geometric constraints

Gray cross correlation matching technique is adopted to extract candidate matches with gray cross correla- tion coefficients less than some certain range of maximal correlation coefficient called multi-peak candidate matches. Multi-peak candidates are extracted corresponding to three closest feature points at first. The corresponding multi-peak candidate matches are used to construct the model polygon. Correspondence is determined based on the local geometric relations between the three feature points and the multi-peak candidates. The disparity test and the global consistency checkout are applied to eliminate the remaining ambiguous matches that are not removed by the local geometric relational test. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is feasible and accurate.     

Fiber Modal Index Measurements Based on Fiber Gratings

A novel method based on fiber gratings for measuring the effective indices of fiber modes is proposed. The effective index difference between the core mode and a cladding mode was obtained by analyzing the interference fringe of a pair of cascaded long-period fiber gratings. In order to extract the core mode index from the measured index difference, an index matching oil immersion method is proposed. By analyzing the interaction between the cladding mode and the oil applied on the cladding surface, the mode order and the effective index of the involved cladding mode might be calculated. Experimental results about the interference fringe shifts induced by the oil index and the oil-applied length are also presented.     

Optical Pulse Compression Schemes That Use Nonlinear Bragg Gratings

Nonlinear optical pulse compression of picosecond pulses typically requires long lengths of optical fiber and multiple components. Periodic structures, such as fiber Bragg gratings, are highly dispersive at wavelengths outside of the photonic bandgap. This implies that such gratings can be used as very short all-fiber compressors. In this paper a number of such compression schemes are reviewed involving uniform and nonuniform fiber Bragg gratings, relying on both soliton and nonsoliton compression principles. Experimental results supporting the corresponding underlying theory are also presented. Finally, an extension of one of the compression schemes is shown, which allows the generation of adjustable high-repetition rate soliton trains.